LIBRARY 

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OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
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I  m 


Works  of  ALFRED  I.  COHN,  Ph.G., 

PUBLISHED   BY 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS. 


Indicators  and  Test-papers. 

Their  Source,  Preparation,  Application,  and  Tests  for 
Sensitiveness.  With  Tabular  Summary  of  the  Applica- 
tion of  Indicators.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and  "En- 
larged. i2mo,  ix  -f-  267  pages.  Cloth,  $2.00. 

Tests  and  Reagents, 

Chemical  and  Microscopical,  known  by  their  Authors' 
Names;  together  with  an  Index  of  Subjects.  8vo,  iii+sSs 
pages.  Cloth,  $3.00. 

Fresenius'  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis. 

New  Authorized  Translation  of  the  latest  German 
Edition.  In  two  volumes.  By  Alfred  I.  Cohn,  Ph.G. 
Recalculated  on  the  basis  of  the  latest  atomic  weights, 
and  also  greatly  amplified  by  the  translator.  (In  press.) 


TESTS  AND   REAGENTS 


CHEMICAL  AND  MICROSCOPICAL 


KNOWN  BY  THEIR  AUTHORS'  NAMES,  TOGETHER  WITH  AN  INDEX 
OF  SUBJECTS.    COMPILED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  CHEMISTS, 
MICROSCOPISTS,    PHARMACISTS, 
STUDENTS,  ETC. 


BY 

ALFRED  I.  COHN,   Pn.G. 

AUTHOR  OF  "  INDICATORS  AND  TEST-PAPERS  ".       MEMBER  OF  THE  AMERICAN 

CHEMICAL  SOCIETY  ;    SOCIETY   OF  CHEMICAL  INDUSTRY  ; 

VEREIN   DEUTSCHER   CHEMIKER  ;   ETC. 


FIRST    EDITION 


NEW  YORK 
JOHN   WILEY    &   SONS 

LONDON:    CHAPMAN  &   HALL,   LIMITED 
1903 


GENERAL 


Copyright,  1903, 

BY 
ALFRED  I.  COHN. 


Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall. 


ROBERT  DRUMMOND,    PRINTER,  NEW  YORK. 


PREFACE. 


THE  matter  here  presented  was  compiled  from  a  great  num- 
ber of  sources  (the  small  brochures  of  Altschul,  Schneider,  and 
Wilder  having  served  as  a  nucleus),  and  with  very  numerous 
additions  was  published  in  a  series  of  monthly  installments 
in  MERCK'S  REPORT,  from  March  1900  to  September  1902  ;  it 
is  here  republished  by  the  kind  permission  of  Messrs.  Merck 
&  Co.  Since  its  first  appearance  in  serial  form,  however,  the 
matter  has  been  further  greatly  amplified. 

The  compilation  has  been  made  with  a  view  to  supplying 
the  busy  chemist,  microscopist,  and  pharmacist  with  data  which 
are  frequently  desired,  but  which  are  often  either  not  at  hand, 
or  inaccessible.  While  the  nature  of  the  subject  precludes  any 
claim  being  made  as  to  completeness,  it  is  believed,  neverthe- 
less, that  the  contents  of  the  volume  will  be  sufficiently  exten- 
sive to  be  of  practical  utility. 

ALFRED  I.  COHN. 

NEW  YORK,  January,  1903. 


8093 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 


Abram  (LEAD  IN  URINE).  Add  ammonium  oxalate  to  urine 
(1:150  and  introduce  metallic  magnesium  (wire  or  rod). 
Lead  is  precipitated  on  the  magnesium,  and  can  be  identified 
by  warming  with  fragment  of  iodine — yellow  lead  iodide;  or 
dissolving  in  nitric  acid  and  applying  other  reagents.  Sensi- 
tive to  i :  50,000. 

Adamkiewicz  (ALBUMIN).  Acetic-acid  solutions  of  albuminous 
substances  are  colored  violet  by  cone,  sulphuric  acid,  and 
show  greenish  fluorescence.  A  similar  reaction  results  if  albu- 
min is  treated  with  a  mixture  of  i  vol.  cone,  sulphuric  acid  and 
2  vol.  glacial  acetic  acid.  Heating  hastens  reaction,  and, 
according  to  Wurster,  so  does  addition  of  a  few  grains  sodium 
chloride.  Gelatin  gives  no  reaction. 

Adamkiewicz  (NERVE-CENTER  STAIN).  Harden  sections  in 
Muller's  solution  for  i  to  3  months,  wash  with  water,  then  with 
water  acidulated  with  nitric  acid,  then  stain  with  cone,  solu- 
tion safranine.  Remove  superfluous  color,  clear  with  alcohol 
and  clove  oil,  pass  into  water  again,  wash  in  water  acidulated 
with  acetic  acid,  stain  with  methylene  blue,  and  clear  as  before. 
Myelin  is  stained  red;  nuclei  violet. 

Adams  (FAT  IN  MILK  ANALYSIS).  Diy  a  known  quantity  of 
milk  on  a  fat-free  paper  coil,  then  extract  latter  with  ether  in  a 
Soxhlet  apparatus. 

Adrian  (DIFFERENTIATING  NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL  METHYL 
SALICYLATES).  Carefully  overlay  5  Cc.  methyl  salicylate  on  5 
Cc.  cone,  sulphuric  acid.  A  synthetic  product  affords  a  slight 
development  of  heat  and  a  faint  pink  color.  Natural  oil  de- 
velops decided  heat,  and  liquid  becomes  pink,  changing  to  a 
wine-red  and  finally  reddish-brown. 


2  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Adrian  (ESTIMATING  GUAIACOL).  i. — Heat  100  Gm.  with  10 
Cc.  water  for  i  hour  in  a  current  of  HBr  gas,  take  up  residue 
(containing  pyrocatechol  and  homopyrocatechol)  with  ether, 
evaporate  solvent,  and  treat  residue  with  benzene.  From 
weight  of  pyrocatechol  so  obtained  and  after  recrystallizing, 
calculate  percentage  of  guaiacol.  2. — Dissolve  5  Gm.  guaiacol 
in  a  little  water  and  10  Cc.  alcohol,  and  make  up  solut.  to  i  ,000 
Cc.  Mix  20  Cc.  solut.  in  a  test  tube  with  i  Cc.  i :  100  NaNO2 
solut.  and  i  Cc.  dil.  (1:200)  HNO3 — characteristic  reddish- 
brown  color  develops,  and  is  compared  within  10  minutes  with 
that  of  a  standard  solut. 

Agostini  (GLUCOSE).  Mix  5  drops  urine,  5  drops  0.5-%  gold- 
chloride  solution,  and  3  drops  20-%  potassa  solution  and  warm 
gently ;  sugar  will  give  a  red  color. 

Alferow  (SILVER  STAIN).  Acid  solution  of  silver  picrate  (or 
lactate,  acetate,  or  citrate),  prepared  by  adding  10  to  15  drops 
cone,  solution  of  acid  of  the  salt  taken  to  800  Cc.  solution  of 
salt. 

Alf raise  (IODINE).  Add  i  drop  hydrochloric  acid  to  10  Cc.  water 
containing  i%  each  of  starch  and  potassium  nitrate,  and  boil, 
i  drop  of  this  reagent  gives  blue  color  if  iodine  present  in  sus- 
pected liquid. 

Alleger  (GELATIN  MOUNTING  PROCESS).  Add  few  drops  for- 
maldehyde to  each  gramme  0.5-  to  i-%  gelatin  solution. 
Mount  section  in  this,  heat  slide  till  paraffin  is  softened,  and 
let  gelatin  excess  drain  from  edge  of  slide. 

Allen  (EMBRYO  STAIN).  Dissolve  i  part  methylene  blue  and  7^ 
parts  sodium  chloride  in  1,000  parts  water,  and  dilute  with  15 
to  20  volumes  sea- water. 

Allen  (FATS,  VEGETABLE).  Shake  together  equal  volumes  fat 
and  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.4)  for  |  minute,  then  set  aside  for  15 
minutes.  Vegetable  fats  (cottonseed  oil)  afford  coffee-brown 
color. 

Allen  (FEHLING'S  TEST,  MODIFIED).  Boil  7  to  8  Cc.  urine,  add 
5  Cc.  Fehling's  cupric-sulphate  solution,  cool,  and  add  i  to  2 
Cc.  faintly  acid  saturated  solution  sodium  acetate.  Filter, 
add  5  Cc.  Fehling's  alkaline  tartrate  solution,  and  boil. 

Allen  (NITROGEN  IN  URINE).  Modification  of  Knopp's  method. 
Boil  25  Cc.  urine  with  10  Cc.  strong  sulphuric  acid  in  porcelain 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3 

dish  till  volume  reduced  to  10  Cc.  and  sulphuric  acid  vapors 
evolved.  Transfer  liquid  to  Kjeldahl  flask,  add  5  Gm.  potas- 
sium sulphate,  and  heat  till  liquid  pale-yellow.  Cool,  neu- 
tralize with  cone,  caustic  soda,  and  add  water  to  100  Cc. 
Treat  10  Cc.  of  neutral  solution  with  alkaline  hypobromite  as 
in  urea  estimation.  Each  Cc.  nitrogen  =  0.00 12  Gm.  urea 
(approx.). 

Allen  (PHENOL),  i  or  2  drops  suspected  liquid,  few  drops  of 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  i  drop  nitric  acid,  give  purple-crimson 
if  phenol  present. 

Allen  (SPIRIT  NITROUS  ETHER).  Fill  an  Allen  nitrometer  with 
strong  brine  and  introduce  5  Cc.  spirit  to  be  tested.  Then  add 
5  Cc.  strong  solution  potassium  iodide,  then  5  Cc.  dil.  sulphuric 
acid.  Shake.  When  action  ceases,  adjust  surfaces  of  liquid 
in  both  limbs  to  same  level;  read  off  volume  of  nitric  oxide, 
and  add  1.5  Cc.  as  correction  for  solubility  of  gas  in  solution. 
Multiply  volume  by  0.0638;  result  =  parts  ethyl  nitrite  in  100 
by  weight  of  spirit. 

Allen  (STRYCHNINE).  Extract  with  ether,  concentrate  by  let- 
ting fall  by  drops  into  warmed  porcelain  capsule,  cool  resi- 
due, and  treat  with  sulphuric  acid  and  manganese  dioxide. 
Strychnine  gives  violet  color. 

Allen  (ZINC  IN  SOLUTION).  Few  drops  of  potassium-ferrocy- 
anide  solut.  causes  white  precipitate  in  slightly  alkaline, 
boiling  solution  containing  zinc. 

Allesandri-Guaceni  (NITRIC  ACID;  NITRATES).  Dissolve  a  few 
Gm.  phenol  in  hydrochloric  acid  by  heating  12  hours  on 
water-bath.  Heat  10  drops  of  reagent  with  dry  residue  of 
suspected  liquid  on  water-bath.  Nitric  acid  or  nitrates  give 
intense  violet  color,  changed  by  ammonia  to  green. 

Alme"n  (ALBUMIN),  i. — 4  Gm.  tannin,  8  Cc.  25-%  acetic  acid, 
and  190  Cc.  40-  to  50-%  alcohol.  Also  precipitates  nucleoalbu- 
min.  2. — Mix  i  part  2-%  tannin  solution  in  dilute  alcohol 
with  6  parts  urine.  Albumin  causes  turbidity. 

Alme"n  (BLOOD).  Shake  liquid  containing  blood,  with  mixture 
of  equal  parts  guaiac  tincture  and  turpentine  oil;  becomes 
blue  owing  to  oxidation  of  guaiac  resin.  Color  is  permanent 
on  heating.  See  also  Weber  and  Schoenbein. 

Almen    (CARBOLIC    OR  SALICYLIC  ACID).     Dissolve  mercury  in 


4  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

fuming  nitric  acid  and  dilute  solut.,  with  double  its  vol.  of 
water.  Add  5  to  10  drops  of  reagent  to  20  Cc.  of  liquid  and 
boil — carbolic  or  salicylic  acid  affords  a  yellow  ppt. ;  on  add- 
ing nitric  acid  until  ppt.  is  dissolved  liquid  acquires  a  red 
color.  Sensitiveness,  i :  400,000. 

Alme'n  (GLUCOSE).  Digest  2  Gm.  basic  bismuth  carbonate  with 
100  Cc.  potassa  solution,  sp.  gr.  1.33,  and  4  Gm.  Rochelle  salt, 
cool  clear  solution  and  decant  from  precipitate.  Boil  i  Cc.  of 
reagent  for  several  minutes  with  10  Cc.  of  urine.  Glucose 
produces  yellowish-brown  precipitate,  which  becomes  darker, 
and  finally  black. 

Also    known    as    Boettger-Almen    reagent.     Compare    with 
Nylander's  solution. 

Alme'n  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Make  solut.  alkaline  with  soda 
lye,  add  yellow  ammonium  sulphide,  evaporates  to  dryness, 
exhaust  residue  with  water,  then  add  hydrochloric  acid  and 
ferric  chloride.  In  concentrated  solutions  a  blood-red  color 
develops — in  very  dilute  an  orange-red.  Sensitiveness, 
1:4,000,000. 

Alm6n  (PHENOL),  i. — Dissolve  i  part  mercury  in  i  part  nitric 
acid  sp.  gr.  1.4,  and  dilute  with  2  volumes  water.  On  heating 
to  boiling  5  to  10  drops  of  this  with  20  Cc.  solut.  containing 
phenol  yellow  precipitate  forms,  soluble  in  nitric  acid  with  red 
color.  2. — Blue  color  forms  on  adding  ammonia  and  chlorin- 
ated-soda solution  to  phenol  solution. 

Alm&i-Nylander  (GLUCOSE).     See  Almen's  glucose  test. 

Alpers  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Acidulate  urine  with  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  add  equal  vol.  of  i-per  cent,  mercury-suc- 
cinimide  solution— a  white  cloudiness  forms.  Sensitiveness, 
i :  150,000. 

Alt  (NERVE  STAIN).  Solution  of  Congo  red  in  absolute  alcohol. 
Squire  recommends  a  2-%  aqueous  solution. 

Altmann  (AMMONIUM  MOLYBDATE).  2.5-%  ammonium-molyb- 
date  solution  containing  about  0.25-%  chromic  acid. 

Altmann  (CORROSION  METHOD).  Inject  tissue  with  olive  oil, 
then  immerse  thin  slices  for  24  hours  in  i-%  osmic-acid  solu- 
tion, then  treat  with  Javelle  water  for  several  hours  till  cor- 
rosion completed,  finally  dry  with  blotting-paper,  and  mount 
in  glycerin. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  5 

Altmann  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  Mixture  of  equal  parts  of  5-% 
potassium-bichromate  solution  and  2-%  osmic-acid  solu- 
tion. 

Altmann  (IMPREGNATION  METHODS),  i. — Immerse  small  por- 
tions fresh  tissue  for  5  to  8  days  in  mixture  of  2  vol.  olive  oil 
and  i  vol.  each  of  ether  and  absolute  alcohol,  then  throw  into 
water  to  precipitate  oil  in  the  tissue,  next  harden  with  osmic 
acid,  corrode  with  Javelle  water,  and  mount  in  glycerin.  2. — 
Impregnate  with  mixture  of  2  vol.  castor  oil  and  i  vol.  alcohol, 
then  proceed  as  in  i . 

Altmann  (NITRIC  ACID).  A  3-  to  3.5-%  aqueous  solution  used 
as  a  fixing  agent.  Sp.  gr.  about  i  .02. 

Alvarez-Jean-  (SULPHIDES,  HYPOSULPHITES  AND  SULPHITES  OF 
ALKALI  METALS).  Sulphides  give  a  violet  color  with  sodium 
nitroprussiate.  Hyposulphites  in  dilute  solution  give  a  yel- 
lowish-brown precipitate  with  a  cone,  solut.  of  bismuth  sub- 
nitrate  and  potassium  nitrate  in  water  with  smallest  possible 
quantity  of  nitric  acid  to  effect  solution.  An  excess  of  this 
reagent  gives  a  precipitate  also  with  sulphites. 

Anderson  (DISTINGUISHING  BETWEEN  QUINOLINE  AND  PYRI- 
DINE  SALTS).  Chloroplatinates  of  the  latter,  boiled  with 
water,  are  converted  into  insoluble  double  salts  with  lib- 
eration of  hydrochloric  acid;  those  of  former  remain  in  solu- 
tion. 

Anderson  (PAPAVERINE).  Dark- red  color  appears  on  adding 
concentrated  nitric  acid  to  solution  of  papaverine  in  dilute 
nitric  acid,  and  yellow  crystals  separate. 

Andr6  (QUININE).  Chlorine  and  ammonia  produce  green  color 
changing  to  blue  on  saturation  with  acid.  Excess  of  acid 
changes  color  to  violet  or  bright  red,  but  ammonia  again  turns 
it  green. 

Andreasch  (CYSTEIN).  On  adding  few  drops  of  dilute  ferric- 
chloride  solution,  followed  by  ammonia,  to  solution  of  cystein 
acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid,  a  beautiful  red  color  forms 
and  darkens  on  shaking,  after  exposure  to  air. 

Andreasch  (!RON).  Dark  purplish-red  color  forms  on  adding 
little  ammonia  and  sulphoglycolic  acid  to  solution  containing 
iron;  the  color  soon  fades,  but  reappears  on  shaking  after 
exposure  to  air. 


6  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Anstie  (ALCOHOL  IN  URINE).  Solut.  of  potass,  bichromate 
i,  in  cone,  sulphuric  acid  300.  Add  reagent  by  drops.  Em- 
erald-green color  signifies  presence  of  alcohol  in  toxic  quantity. 

Apathy  (HEMATOXYLIN  STAIN).  Stain  in  i-%  solution  hema- 
toxylin  in  70-  or  80- %  alcohol,  and  wash  out  in  i-%  potas- 
sium-bichromate solution  in  alcohol  of  the  same  strength. 
Bichromate  solution  should  be  freshly  made  by  mixing  one 
part  of  5-%  aqueous  solution  with  about  4  parts  of  80-  to 
90-%  alcohol. 

Apathy  (METHYLENE-BLUE  PROCESS).  Wash  -preparations 
stained  with  strong  methylene-blue  solution  in  salt  solution 
(0.75-%),  then  place  for  an  hour  or  more  in  freshly-prepared 
i-  to  2-%  solution  neutral  ammonium  carbonate  saturated  with 
picrate.  If  methylene-blue  solution  is  very  dilute  omit  treat- 
ment with  salt  solution.  Afterwards  immerse  preparation  in 
saturated  solution  of  ammonium  picrate  in  50-%  glycerin,, 
then  transfer  to  saturated  solution  of  the  picrate  in  mixture 
of  2  parts  glycerin  (50-%),  i  part  of  cold  saturated  sugar 
solution,  and  i  part  of  cold  saturated  gum-arabic  solution. 
When  thoroughly  penetrated,  mount  in  Apathy's  mounting- 
medium. 

Apathy  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Picked  acacia  50  Gm.;  cane 
sugar,  50  Gm.;  distilled  water,  50  Gm.  Dissolve  on  water- 
bath  and  add  0.05  Gm.  thymol.  This  medium  sets  very  hard 
and,  combined  with  a  paper  cell,  may  be  used  for  ringing  gly- 
cerin mounts. 

Arata  (ARTIFICIAL  DYES  IN  WINE).  Wool  immersed  in  wine 
containing  artificial  dyes  abstracts  these  from  the  wine.  The 
fiber  may  be  afterwards  subjected  to  special  reactions. 

Archetti  (CAFFEINE;  URIC  ACID).  Heat  a  solution  of  potassio- 
ferric  cyanide  with  half  its  vol.  of  nitric  acid  to  boiling,  then 
dilute  with  water.  Reagent  gives  a  precipitate  of  Prussian 
blue  with  caffeine  (uric  acid  does  also). 

Arndt.  Determination  of  sugar  by  means  of  the  ferment  sac- 
charometer.  See  Einhorn. 

Arnold  (ACETO-ACETIC  ACID  IN  URINE),  a. — Dissolve  i  Gm. 
para-amido-acetophenone  in  80  to  100  Cc.  water  by  shaking 
and  adding  hydrochloric  acid  by  drops,  then  add  more  cone, 
acid  till  solution  is  colorless,  b. — Dissolve  T  Gm.  sodium  ni- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  7 

trite  in  100  Cc.  dist.  water.  Just  before  using  mix  2 
parts  a  with  i  part  6,  add  an  equal  vol.  urine,  and  2  or  3 
drops  cone,  ammonia  water — an  intense  brownish-red  de- 
velops with  every  urine.  Now  add  i  vol.  of  this  colored 
urine  to  10  to  12  vols.  cone,  hydrochloric  acid — a  beauti- 
ful purplish- violet  develops  if  aceto-acetic  acid  present. 
Strongly  colored  urine  should  first  be  decolorized  with  ani- 
mal charcoal. 

Arnold  (ALKALOIDAL  TESTS),  i. — Some  alkaloids,  heated  on 
water-bath  with  syrupy  phosphoric  acid  obtained  by  dissolv- 
ing metaphosphoric  acid  or  phosphoric  acid  anhydride  in 
25~%  phosphoric  acid  yield  characteristic  color  reactions: 
Aconitine — violet;  nicotine — yellow;  coniine — green. 

2. — Triturated  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  many 
alkaloids  yield  characteristic  color  reactions  upon  adding  30- 
to  40-%  alcoholic  (in  some  instances  aqueous)  potassa  solu- 
tion. 

Arnold  (CODEINE).  Heat  fragment  with  a  few  drops  cone,  sul- 
phuric acid  and  add  by  drops  an  excess  of  a  30-  to  40-% 
alcoholic  or  aqueous  solut.  potassa — mixture  should  remain 
colorless  but  a  dirty-yellow  develops,  changing  to  lemon- 
yellow,  if  colchicine  present. 

Arnold  (NARCEINE).  On  warming  substance  containing  nar- 
ceine  with  cone,  sulphuric  acid  and  trace  of  phenol,  a  reddish 
color  forms. 

Arnold- Vital!  (ALKALOIDAL  TESTS).  Particle  of  alkaloid  trit- 
urated with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  a  grain  of  so- 
dium nitrate  is  added;  then,  strong  alcoholic  (40-%)  potassa 
solution.  Number  of  alkaloids  give  characteristic  color 
reactions.  Atropine  and  homatropine  give  orange  color, 
which,  on  addition  of  potassa,  becomes  reddish- violet  and 
fades  to  rose-red. 

Arzberger  (OiL  PEPPERMINT).  Warm  i  drop  of  oil  with  5  Cc. 
formaldehyde — rose-red  color  develops  (not  given  by  menthol 
or  menthenes).  Add  cone,  acetic  acid — a  handsome  red  color 
forms,  changing  rapidly  to  violet-red  and  finally  dirty-brown. 
Japanese  oil  does  not  give  this  reaction,  and  various  pepper- 
mint oils  give  different  colors.  Spearmint,  melissa,  bay,  lav- 
ender, and  pinus  oils  do  not  give  the  reaction. 


8  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Ashby  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  Logwood  infusion  (i :  50) 
in  boiling  water.  After  standing  few  hours  place  few  drops 
on  porcelain,  add  drop  of  the  suspected  sample  and  evaporate 
to  dryness  on  water-bath.  If  mineral  acids  present  residue 
has  red  color.  Pure  vinegar  leaves  bright-yellow  stain. 

Astolfi  (SANTONICA).  Powder  i  Gm.  of  the  substance  and 
shake  with  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol  for  some  time,  then  boil  and 
filter.  Now  add  a  small  piece  caustic  potassa  and  heat  again 
— if  article  is  good,  distinct  red  develops;  if  much  adulterated, 
color  will  be  yellowish-red;  if  no  genuine  santonica  present, 
sample  will  not  color  at  all. 

Austen-Chamberlain  (NITRIC  ACID).  A  rose-red  color  is  pro- 
duced with  solution  of  20  Gm.  iron  and  ammonium  sulphate, 
2  Gm.  sulphuric  acid,  and  100  Cc.  of  water. 

Autenrieth  (INDICATOR).  Luteol  (oxychlordiphenylquinoxa- 
line).  Gives  with  alkalies  a  yellow  color,  rendered  colorless 
by  acids. 

Autenrieth- Hinsberg  (PHENACETIN).  Add  10-  to  12-%  nitric 
acid  to  powdered  substance  and  heat  to  boiling — yellow  crys- 
talline needles  deposit.  Antipyrine  and  acetanilid  do  not  re- 
spond. 

Axenfeld  (ALBUMIN).  o.i-%  solution  gold  chloride.  Acidulate 
solution  to  be  tested  with  formic  acid  and  heat  with  drop  of 
reagent.  If  albumin  present,  solution  becomes  purplish-red; 
on  addition  of  more  gold  chloride,  blue.  Latter  color  reaction 
also  produced  by  glucose,  starch,  tyrosine,  leucine,  etc.,  but 
purplish  color  is  characteristic  of  albumin. 

Aymonier  (ALPHA-NAPHTOL).  15-%  alcoholic  solution  alpha- 
naphtol  colored  violet  on  adding  cane  sugar,  and  admixture  of 
2  vol.  sulphuric  acid.  On  addition  of  one  drop  of  mixture  of 
i  part  potassium  bichromate,  10  parts  water  and  i  part  con- 
centrated nitric  acid,  the  alpha-naphtol  solution  yields  black 
precipitate.  Beta-naphtol  gives  neither  of  these  reactions. 

Azoulay  (OsMic-AciD  METHOD).  Harden  thin  sections  of 
material  in  Mtiller's  solution,  place  for  5  to  15  minutes  in 
osmic-acid  solution  (i :  500  or  i :  1,000),  then  rinse  with  water 
and  leave  for  2  to  5  minutes  in  a  5-  or  io-%  tannin  solution,  the 
latter  being  warmed  meanwhile  until  vapor  given  off.  After 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  9 

washing  in  water,  double-stain  sections  with  carmine  or  eosine, 
and  mount  in  balsam. 

Babes  (ACTINOMYCOSIS).  Stain  sections  in  Babes'  safranine 
solution  No.  3  for  2  minutes,  rinse  in  alcohol,  and  decolorize  in 
Gram's  solution. 

Babes  (SAFRANINE  STAINS),  i.— Mixture  of  equal  parts  con- 
centrated alcoholic  and  aqueous  solutions  of  safranine.  2. 

Cone,  or  supersaturated  solution  made  with  the  aid  of  heat. 
3. — Mix  100  parts  water,  2  parts  aniline,  and  an  excess  of 
safranine.  Warm  mixture  to  60°  to  80°  C.  and  filter  through 
wet  filter. 

Babo  (URic  ACID).  Boil  dilute  Fehling's  solut.  with  a  urate  of 
an  alkali— cuprous  oxide  is  precipitated.  If  uric  acid  present 
in  excess,  a  white  precipitate  of  cuprous  urate  also  deposits, 
decomposed  on  boiling  with  caustic  alkali  into  a  urate  and 
cuprous  oxide. 

Bach  (BUTTER).  Butter  is  soluble  in  20  parts  of  a  mixture  of 
3  vol.  ether  and  i  vol.  95-%  alcohol  at  19°  to  21°  C.  Foreign 
fats,  lard,  tallow,  etc.,  are  insoluble  or  but  slightly  so, 
even  on  warming  some  degrees  above  20°  C. 

Bach  (COPPER).  Mix  equal  molecular  weights  of  formaldehyde 
in  2o-per  cent  solution  with  hydroxylamine  hydrochlorate 
(formaldoxim  results).  Add  to  15  Cc.  of  solut.  to  be  tested 
0.5  Cc.  of  formaldoxim  solution  and  0.5  Cc.  potassa  lye — an 
intense  violet  develops  in  even  very  dilute  copper  solu- 
tions. 

Bach  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE),  a. — 0.03  Gm.  potassium  bichro- 
mate and  5  drops  aniline  in  i  liter  of  water;  b. — 5-%  oxalic- 
acid  solution.  Shake  5  Cc.  of  solution  to  be  tested,  with  5 
Cc.  solution  a  and  i  drop  solution  b;  violet-red  color  forms  if 
hydrogen  dioxide  present. 

Bach  (SOLANINE).  Treatment  with  equal  volumes  sulphuric 
acid  and  alcohol  develops  a  red  color. 

Bachmeier  (ALKALIES).  Tannin  solution  produces  a  red  to 
reddish-brown  color,  changing  to  dirty  green. 

Bachmeier  (ORGANIC  ACIDS  IN  PHENOL).  Aqueous  Brazil- 
wood decoction  is  permanently  discolored  by  organic  acids, 
but  not  by  phenol. 

Baemes  (TANNIN).     Solution  of  i  Gm.  sodium  tungstate  and  2 


io  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS 

Gm.  sodium  acetate  in  each  io  Cc.  precipitates  from  acid  or 
alkaline  tannin  solutions,  straw-yellow  precipitate  insoluble 
in  water. 

Baeyer  (EosiNE).  Shake  with  water  and  sodium  amalgam, 
heat  gently,  then  dilute  with  water,  and  add  drop  of  potassium 
permanganate  solution — opaque  green  color  appears  in  re- 
flected light. 

Baeyer  (GLUCOSE).  Heat  solution  with  excess  of  nitrophenyl- 
propiolic  acid  and  soda — blue  color  appears  if  glucose  present, 
owing  to  formation  of  indigo. 

Bailey  (NITRIC  ACID).  Crystals  of  the  double  compound  of 
mercuric  cyanide  and  potassium  iodide  turn  black  when  intro- 
duced into  nitric  acid,  but  red  in  other  acids. 
Bailey  (SULPHUR).  A  blood-red  color  forms  on  heating  with 
sodium  carbonate,  dissolving  in  water  and  adding  sodium 
nitro-prusside  solution. 

Balmer-Fraentzel  (TUBERCLE  BACILLI  STAIN).  Immerse  sec- 
tions for  24  hours  in  solution  of  2  Gm.  freshly  powdered  gentian 
violet  in  100  Gm.  aniline  water.  Subsequently  treat  as  in 
Ehrlich's  method. 

Bar  bier  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  A  viscid  solution  is 
formed  on  distilling  off  about  one-tenth  and  adding  to  distil- 
late excess  of  dry  potassium  acetate.  Compare  Bernouilly's 
test. 

Barbot  (FATTY  OILS).  Fuming  nitric  acid  with  different  oils 
behaves  differently  with  regard  to  coloration  and  solidifica- 
tion—e.  g. :  Olive  oil  yields  a  white  (not  red  or  brown)  mixture, 
which  solidifies  in  i  to  2  hours. 

Barbsche  (GLYCERIN).     No  blue  color  should  be  produced  on 
adding  one  drop  ferric- chloride  solution  to  glycerin  diluted 
with  20  volumes  water  containing  one  drop  carbolic  acid. 
Barff  (PRESERVATIVE  MEDIUM).     Saturated  solution  boric  acid 
in  glycerin  (boroglyceride)  is  prepared  by  application  of  mod- 
erate heat  for  4  or  5  hours.     When  required  for  use  i  part  of 
solid  product  is  dissolved  in  40  parts  by  weight  of  water 
Barfoed   (GLUCOSE).     Solution  of  14  Gm.   crystallized ' copper 
acetate  in  200  Cc.  water,  and. 5  Cc.  acetic  acid;  or,  according 
to  a  more  recent  formula,  0.5  Gm.  copper  acetate,  100  Cc 
water,  and  i  Cc.  acetic  acid.     Glucose  reduces  solution  in  the 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  n 

cold,  and  more  rapidly  on  heating.  Dextrin,  cane  sugar,  and 
milk  sugar  do  not  reduce  solution.  Used  also  for  distinguish- 
ing between  glucose  and  lactose  in  urine. 

Barfoed  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Acidify  solution  with  sulphuric 
or  tartaric  acid  and  shake  with  ether;  the  latter  takes  up 
hydrocyanic  acid,  but  not  hydro-ferrocyanic  acid. 

Barfoed  (SILICIC  ACID).  Cautiously  heat  mixture  of  i  part  of 
suspected  substance,  and  2  parts  cryolith  with  4  to  6  parts  of 
sulphuric  acid,  and  hold  near  surface  of  mass  a  thin  platinum 
wire  loop  containing  a  drop  of  water;  white  pellicle  of  silicic 
hydrate  will  form  on  the  water. 

Barral  (ALBUMIN,  AND  BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Overlay  urine 
with  a  20-%  solut.  sozolic  acid — a  white  ring  develops  at  con- 
tact point  if  albumin  present ;  a  green  ring  if  biliary  pigments. 

Barralet  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  The  pale-blue  freshly  pre- 
cipitated ferrous  ferrocyanide  obtained  by  adding  solut.  po- 
tassium ferrocyanide  to  a  solut.  of  a  ferrous  salt  is  immediately 
changed  into  Prussian  blue  by  hydrogen  dioxide  even  in  very 
dilute  solution  of  H2O2. 

Barreswil  (CHROMIC  ACID).  Blue  color  appears  on  adding  few 
drops  of  chromic-acid  solution  and  a  little  ether  to  a  very 
dilute,  acidified  hydrogen-dioxide  solution. 

Barreswil  (GLUCOSE).  Reduction  takes  place  on  boiling  a 
liquid  containing  glucose  with  the  following  solution:  60  Gm. 
potassium  hydroxide;  40  Gm.  potassium  tartrate,  and  200  Cc. 
water;  then  dissolve  65  Gm.  copper  sulphate  in  560  Cc.  water 
and  add  the  first  solution. 

Bartley  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  On  adding  HC1  and  Fe2Cle  to 
a  liquid  (e.  g.  urine)  containing  bile,  an  intense  green  color 
develops. 

Barry  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Acidify  liquid  slightly,  if  neces- 
sary, with  acetic  acid,  then  put  2  or  3  drops  in  a  watch-glass. 
Cover  with  another  watch-glass  containing  2  or  3  drops  i-% 
silver-nitrate  solution;  latter  becomes  cloudy  if  hydrocyanic 
acid  present. 

Basham  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Shake  liquid  with  chloroform, 
decant,  evaporate  chloroform,  and  add  a  drop  nitric  acid  to 
residue.  Play  of  colors,  finally  ending  in  ruby-red,  ensues. 
Reaction  very  delicate. 


'12  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Basoletto  (SESAME  OIL).  Mixture  of  equal  volumes  sesame 
oil  and  2-%  solution  cane  sugar  in  hydrochloric  acid,  sp.  gr. 
1.124,  is  colored  red  in  the  cold,  but  more  rapidly  on  heating. 
With  glucose  and  lactose,  color  is  produced  only  when  mixture 
is  boiled  with  the  hydrochloric  acid  and  allowed  to  become 
perfectly  cold.  Compare  Baudouin's  test. 

Bastelaer  (PHOSPHORUS  IN  TISSUES  AND  EJECTA).  Dissolve 
out  phosphorus  with  ether  by  repeated  shaking,  evaporate, 
add  water  at  end  of  evaporation,  warm  to  50°  or  60°  C.,  shake 
with  cone,  ammonia,  then  wash  with  dil.  sulphuric  acid,  and 
then  with  water.  Residue  =  phosphorus,  recognizable  by  its 
properties. 

Bastion  (GOLD  STAIN).  Solution  of  gold  chloride  (1:2,000), 
acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid  (i  drop  to  75  Cc.). 

Bates  (EXAMINING  BACTERIAL  CULTURES).  Remove  a  little  of 
growth  by  means  of  sterilized  platinum  hook  or  small  loop ,  and 
spread  on  a  cover- glass  in  as  thin  a  film  as  possible.  When 
almost  dry  allow  one  or  two  drops  of  weak  aqueous  methyl- 
violet  solution  to  fall  on  film  from  pipette.  Carefully  turn 
cover-glass  over  on  to  a  slide  after  a  minute,  then  gradually 
remove  excess  of  stain  by  gentle  pressure  with  strip  of  filter 
paper. 

Bates  (SAFRANINE  SOLUTION).  Saturated  solution  in  aniline 
3  Cc.  and  distilled  water  90  Cc.,  prepared  at  60°  C.  and  after- 
wards filtered. 

Bates  (STAINING  KOCH  COMMA  BACILLI).  Leave  sections  for 
24  hours  in  aqueous  solution  fuchsine,  then  wash  in  distilled 
water  faintly  acidulated  with  acetic  acid,  or  in  sublimate  solu- 
tion (1:1000).  Afterwards,  pass  rapidly  through  alcohol 
and  clove  oil,  dry  with  filter  paper,  and  preserve  in  balsam. 

Bates  (STAINING  LEPROSY  BACILLI).  Stain  with  solution  of 
rosaniline  hydrochlorate  in  aniline  water,  decolorize  in  33-% 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  after-stain  with  methylene  blue. 

Bauer  (SOLANINE).  Add  a  few  drops  of  a  solution  of  telluric 
acid  in  diluted  sulphuric  acid  to  the  alkaloidal  solut.  in  a 
watch-glass  and  warm  slightly  on  water-bath — a  raspberry- 
fed  color  develops  and  persists  2  or  3  hours.  Reaction  very 
delicate.  Atropine,  morphine,  quinine,  etc.,  do  not  give  the 
reaction. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  13- 

Baudouin  (SESAME  OIL),  o.i  Gm.  sugar  dissolved  in  10  Cc, 
hydrochloric  acid  sp.  gr.  1.18.  One  volume  of  solution  is. 
shaken  with  2  volumes  of  oil  to  be  tested.  If  sesame  oil  pres-. 
ent,  the  oil  on  separation  is  cherry-red. 

Lewin  carries  out  reaction  as  follows:  Cover  0.5  Gm.  pow-. 
dered  sugar  with  2  Cc.  of  oil  in  test-tube,  and  then  pour  i  Cc.. 
hydrochloric  acid,  sp.gr.  1.18,  carefully  down  side  of  the  tube. 
If  sesame  oil  present,  a  rose-red  zone  appears  within  i  to  5 
minutes. 

According  to  Millian,  Baudouin's  test  is  more  delicate  when 
carried  out  with  well  dried,  free,  fatty  acids  from  oil  to  be- 
tested. 

Villavecchia  and  Fabris  replace  sugar  and  hydrochloric- 
acid  by  furfurol.  Compare  also  Carlinjanti,  and  Gassend. 

Baumann  (POLYATOMIC  ALCOHOLS,  CARBOHYDRATES,  AND  DIA- 
MINES).  Benzoyl  chloride  added  to  solution  of  alcohol  or 
amine  in  aqueous  soda-solution,  produces  insoluble  benzoyl 
esters.  Test  can  be  used  for  detection  of  glycerin,  carbohy- 
drates and  various  bacterial  products  in  urine. 

Baumann- Goldman  (CYSTINE).  Benzoyl  chloride,  dissolved  in 
aqueous  sodium-hydroxide  solution,  throws  down  a  precipitate, 
of  benzoyl-cystine. 

Baumann- Preusse  (HYDROQUINONE).  Heat  substance  rapidly 
in  open  test-tube — violet  fumes  evolved,  condensing  as  an. 
indigo-blue  sublimate  if  hydroquinone  is  present. 

Baumgarten  (BLEU  DE  LYON  STAIN).  Place  sections  of  ma-, 
terial  previously  stained  with  borax-carmine  for  12  hours  in 
0.2-%  solution  bleu  de  Lyon  in  absolute  alcohol,  and  wash 
out  for  6  hours  before  mounting  in  balsam. 

Baumgarten  (FUCHSINE  AND  METHYLENE-BLUE  STAIN).  Place- 
sections  of  material  hardened  in  chromic-acid  solution  for 
24  hours  in  watch-glassful  water  containing  8  to  10  drops 
cone,  alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine.  Rinse  with  alcohol,  stain  for 
4  or  5  minutes  in  cone,  aqueous  solution  methylene  blue,  wash 
out  with  alcohol  for  5  to  10  minutes  and  clear  with  clove-oil.. 
Nuclei  are  stained  red,  and  tissues  blue. 

Baumgarten  (LEPRA-BACILLUS  STAIN).  Stain  6  to  7  min.  in  cold 
dil.  alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine,  and  decolorize  for  15  seconds, 
in  acidulated  alcohol  (iHNO3  and  10  alcohol);  rinse  in  water, 


14  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

and  double-stain  in  aq.  solut.  methylene  blue.  Lepra  bacilli 
stain  red  on  blue  ground;  tubercle  bacilli  do  not  stain  in  this 
space  of  time. 

Baumgarten  (TUBERCLE  BACILLI  EXAMINATION).  Immerse 
cover-glass  preparations  in  watch-glass  of  distilled  water  con- 
taining i  to  2  drops  33-%  potassa  solution,  then  press  down 
on  slides  and  examine  unstained.  If  putrefactive  bacteria 
present,  stain  with  aqueous  fuchsine  or  gentian  violet  to  dis- 
tinguish from  tubercle  bacilli  which  remain  colorless. 

Baumgarten  (TUBERCLE  BACILLI,  NEW  METHOD  FOR).  Stain 
sections  in  watch-glassful  water  containing  4  to  5  drops  cone, 
alcoholic  methyl- violet  solut.  Wash  in  water,  immerse  for 
5  minutes  in  semi-saturated  potassium-carbonate  solut.  if 
necessary,  and  decolorize  in  absolute  alcohol  for  5  to  10  min- 
utes. Pass  through  clove-oil,  mount  in  equal  parts  Canada 
balsam  (free  from  chloroform)  and  clove  oil,  place  sections  in 
alcohol  for  5  minutes,  then  in  cone,  solut.  of  Bismarck  brown 
in  i-%  acetic  acid. 

Bayer  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  Mix  urine  (or  distillate)  with 
equal  vol.  of  solut.  of  nitrobenzaldehyde  in  water,  then  add 
soda  or  potassa  to  alkalinity — indigo  blue  formed.  Sensitive 
to  1:2500.  Also  known  as  Drewsen's,  or  Penzoldt's,  indigo 
test. 

Bayer  (!NDOL).  Indol  solution  yields  red  color  or  precipitate 
on  addition  of  dilute  nitric  acid  and  dilute  potassium-nitrite 
solution. 

Bayerl  (DECALCIFYING  FLUID).  Equal  parts  3-%  chromic-acid 
solut.  and  i-%  hydrochloric  acid. 

Bayrac  (URIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Evaporate  50  Cc.  urine  to 
dryness  on  water-bath,  treat  residue  with  hydrochloric  acid 
(1:5),  wash  residue  with  alcohol,  dissolve  in  20  drops  sodium- 
hydroxide  solution  heated  to  90°  or  100°  C.  on  water-bath, 
and  decompose  with  sodium  hypobromite  in  apparatus  for 
determining  urea.  Each  i  Cc.  nitrogen  at  ordinary  tem- 
perature equals  0.00357  Gm.  uric  acid. 

Beale  (AMMONIA  CARMINE),  i. — Carmine,  15  grn.;  strong  solu- 
tion ammonia,  30  min.;  glycerin,  2  fl.  oz.;  alcohol,  6  fl.  dr. 
This  fluid  was  specially  designed  for  purpose  of  staining  by 
means  of  injection.  2. — Carmine,  10  grn.;  strong  solution 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  15 

ammonia,  30  min.;  distilled  water,  2  fl.  oz.;  alcohol,  4  fl.  dr.; 
glycerin,  2  fl.  oz.  Dissolve  carmine  in  ammonia  with  heat, 
boil  for  few  seconds,  and  cool.  Then  evaporate  excess  of 
ammonia,  add  other  ingredients,  and  filter.  If  any  carmine 
deposits  on  keeping,  add  one  or  two  drops  ammonia  to  redis- 
solve. 

Beale  (CARMINE  GLYCERIN  MASS).  Dissolve  5  grains  carmine 
with  5  drops  ammonia  in  little  water,  and  add  to  4  fl.  dr. 
glycerin.  Then  add  gradually,  with  agitation,  4  fl.  dr.  gly- 
cerin, containing  8  to  10  drops  acetic  or  hydrochloric  acid. 
If  necessary  add  more  acid  to  insure  decided  acidity.  Finally 
add  glycerin  4  fl.  dr.,  alcohol  2  fl.  dr.,  and  water  6  fl.  dr. 

Beale  (CEMENT).  Thick  solution  of  shellac  in  alcohol.  Addi- 
tion of  20  drops  castor  oil  to  each  fl.  oz.  has  been  recom- 
mended. 

.Beale  (CREOSOTE  MOUNTING  MIXTURE).  Dissolve  n  Gm. 
creosote  in  180  Gm.  methyl  alcohol,  add  sufficient  chalk  to 
make  thick  paste,  then  add  1920  Gm.  water  gradually,  con- 
stantly stirring,  then  a  few  fragments  camphor.  After  stand- 
ing several  weeks,  filter. 

Beale  (DIGESTION  FLUID).  Dissolve  dried  mucus  from  the 
stomach  glands  of  pig  (or,  prepared  pepsin)  in  water  or  gly- 
cerin, and  keep  tissues  in  solution  for  some  hours  at  37°  C. 

Beale  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Soak  gelatin  or  isinglass  for  2  or  3 
hours  in  cold  water,  then  remove  and  melt.  Cool,  but  while 
still  fluid,  add  a  little  white  of  egg,  shake  well,  and  heat  to 
boiling-point.  Filter  through  fine  flannel  to  remove  coagu- 
lated albumin,  and  to  clear  solution  add  equal  bulk  of 
glycerin. 

Beale  (PRUSSIAN- BLUE  GLYCERIN  MASS).  a. — Potassium 
ferrocyanide  12  grains;  glycerin,  4  fl.  dr.;  water,  4  fl.  dr. 
b, — Tinct.  ferric  chloride,  i  fl.  dr.;  glycerin,  4  fl.  dr.;  water, 
4  fl.  dr.  Add  b  to  a  very  gradually,  shaking  well  after  each 
addition.  Then  add  alcohol,  i  fl.  oz.,  and  water,  3  fl.  oz., 
shaking  mixture  constantly.  Preserve  injected  specimens  in 
acidulated  glycerin. 

Beale  (PRUSSIAN-BLUE  GLYCERIN  MASS,  ACID),  a. — Potas- 
sium ferrocyanide,  3  grains;  glycerin,  i  fl.  oz.  b. — Tinct. 
ferric  chloride,  10  drops;  glycerin,  i  fl.  oz.  Add  b  to  a  by 


1 6  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

drops,  then  add  water,  i  fl.  oz.  and  strong  hydrochloric  acid, 
3  drops.  If  desired,  add  also  2  fl.  dr.  alcohol. 
Bechamps  (NITROBENZENE).  Essential  oil  almonds  adulterated 
with  nitrobenzene  yields  blue  color  on  distilling  with  ferric 
acetate,  and  adding  chlorinated  lime  to  distillate. 
Bechi  (COTTONSEED  OIL).  Warmed  with  an  alcoholic  ethereal 
silver-nitrate  solution,  cottonseed  oil  (or  colza  oil  if  present) 
yields  reddish-brown  color;  olive  oil  and  other  oils  remain 
uncolored.  The  Swiss  Society  for  Analytical  Chemists  in 
1895  suggested  the  following  reagent:  Dissolve  i  Gm.  silver 
nitrate  in  5  Cc.  water,  200  Cc.  alcohol,  20  Cc.  ether,  and  add 
i  Cc.  nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.4.  To  test  for  cottonseed  oil,  mix 
10  Cc.  of  fat  and  3  Cc.  of  reagent,  and  heat  on  water-bath  10 
minutes.  If  cottonseed  oil  present,  brown  or  even  black 
color  develops.  Compare  Million's  test. 
Becker  (PICROTOXIN)  This  reduces  Fehling's  solution  when 

gently  warmed  with  the  latter. 

Bedot  (FIXING  DELICATE  PELAGIC  ANIMALS).  Add  suddenly 
a  large  quantity  of  15-  to  20-%  cupric- sulphate  solution  to  the 
sea  water  containing  the  animals,  and  as  soon  as  latter  are 
fixed  add  few  drops  nitric  acid  and  leave  for  4  or  5  hours. 
Harden  by  adding  two  volumes  Flemming's  "strong  "  solution 
to  each  volume  copper  solution,  leave  for  24  hours,  then  add 
few  drops  of  25-%  alcohol,  and  during  next  15  days  add  more 
alcohol  gradually  until  strength  of  70%  attained.  Use  90-% 
alcohol  for  definite  preservation. 

Bedson  (APOMORPHINE).  On  boiling  morphine  solution  con- 
taining apomorphine  with  potassuim  hydroxide,  brown  color 
develops. 

Behier  (URIC  ACID).— See  Babo's  test. 

Behren  (FATTY  OILS).  By  treatment  with  a  mixture  of  equal 
parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.835  to  1.84,  and  nitric  acid, 
sp.  gr.  1.3,  different  oils  behave  differently.  Sesame  oil  gives 
green  color;  olive  oil,  yellow. 

Beilstein   (HALOGENS).     Chlorine,  bromine  or  iodine  may  be 

1  m  organic  substances  by  a  green  or  blue  color  on  dip- 

pmg  cupnc-oxide  beads  into  suspected  substance,  and  heating 

in  lower  part  of  Bunsen  flame. 

Beissenhirtz  (ANILINE).     Solution  of  aniline  in  corrc.  sulphuric 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  17 

acid  acquires,  when  a  grain  potassium  bichromate  is  added, 
first  a  red,  then  blue,  gradually-disappearing  color. 

Bela-von  Bitto  (ALDEHYDES  AND  KETONES).  Fine  greenish 
fluorescence  is  produced  in  few  minutes  on  adding  to  suspected 
solution  a  few  Cc.  of  aqueous  or  alcoholic  solution  (0.5-  to  i-%) 
of  a  meta-diamine  salt.  Fluorescence  disappears  on  adding 
alkali  and  reappears  on  acidulating. 

Bela-Haller  (MACERATING  MIXTURE).  Flacial  acetic  acid, 
i;  glycerin,  i;  water,  2.  Cells  of  central  nervous  system  of 
mollusca  show  less  shrinkage  after  macerating  30  to  40  min- 
utes in  this  than  in  other  liquids. 

Bell,  Carter  (ALUM  IN  FLOUR  OR  BREAD).  Fresh  5-%  log- 
wood tincture  in  methylated  spirit.  Moisten  10  Gm.  flour 
with  water,  then  add  i  Cc.  tincture  and  an  equal  quantity 
saturated  ammonium-carbonate  solution.  Sample,  if  pure, 
gives  pinkish  color  gradually  fading  to  buff  or  brown.  If 
alum  present,  a  lavender  or  bluish  tint  develops,  becoming 
more  marked  on  drying. 

Bellamy  (COPPER  AND  IRON).  Tincture  logwood  affords  blue 
color. 

Bellonci  (NEUROLOGICAL  METHOD).  Treat  material  with  0.5- 
to  i-%  osmic-acid  solut.,  hardening  for  14  to  24  hours  only; 
cut  sections,  and  treat  with  8o-%  alcohol,  then  with  ammonia. 

Benda  (COPPER-HEMATOXYLIN).  Harden  material  with  chromic- 
acid  or  Flemming's  solut.,  leave  sections  for  24  hours  in  5-% 
neutral  copper-acetate  solut.  at  about  40°  C.,  wash  well  with 
distilled  water,  and  stain  dark-gray  or  blackish  in  saturated 
aqueous  hematoxylin.  Decolorize  sections  in  0.2-%  hydro- 
chloric acid  till  light-yellow,  put  back  into  copper  solut.  till 
bluish-gray,  wash,  dehydrate,  clear,  then  mount  in  balsam. 

Benda  (DOUBLE  STAIN),  Stain  sections  24  hours  in  aniline- 
water  safranine  solut.,  then  about  half  minute  in  solut.  of  0.5 
Gm.  Lichtgrim  F.  S.  or  Saureviolett  (Grubler)  in  200  Cc. 

""  alcohol.     Dehydrate,  then  mount  in  balsam. 

Benda  (!RON-HEMATOXYLIN).  Mordant  sections  24  hours  in 
following  solution  diluted  with  i  or  2  vol.  water:  Ferrous 
sulphate,  80;  water,  40;  sulphuric  acid,  15;  nitric  acid,  18. 
Wash  well,  place  in  i-%  aqueous  hematoxylin  until  quite 
black,  wash  again,  and  differentiate  in  30-%  acetic  acid. 


1 8  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Benysek  (TUBERCLE  BACILLI  STAIN).  Press  sputum  between 
two  sterilized  object-glasses,  and  expose  to  air  (preferably 
under  a  bell- jar)  to  dry.  Avoid  heat,  otherwise  stain  less  dis- 
tinct. Now  moisten  dry  sputum  with  mixture  of  cone,  alco- 
holic solut.  fuchsine,  4;  carbolic  acid,  5;  and  water  45,  and 
warm  gently  over  spirit  lamp  till  vapors  rise,  then  wash  with 
water  and  stain  with  solut.  methylene  blue  containing  10  per 
cent,  sulphuric  acid.  Wash  again  after  4  to  6  minutes  and 
dry.  Tubercles  are  thus  stained  a  dark-red,  while  rest  of 
specimen  is  light-blue.  Other  bacteria  not  stained  by  this 
process. 

Bergman  (MINERAL  ACIDS).  If  wine  or  vinegar  contains  free 
mineral  acid,  calcium  oxalate  is  not  precipitated  on  adding  5 
drops  normal  ammonium-oxalate  solution,  followed  by  5 
drops  normal  calcium-sulphate  solution. 

Bergonzini  (STAINING  METHOD  FOR  PLASMA  CELLS).  Mix  i 
vol.  of  acid-fuchsine  solution  (0.2-%)  with  2  vol.  methyl-green 
solut.  (0.2-%)  and  2  vol.  gold-orange  solution  (0.2-%),  and  filter 
through  cotton  wool.  The  gold  orange  used  must  not  pre- 
cipitate methyl  green.  Take  sections  from  alcohol  or  corro- 
sive-sublimate solut.;  wash  with  water,  and  stain  for  3  to  4 
minutes.  Then  wash  with  water  for  i  or  2  minutes,  immerse 
in  absolute  alcohol  for  2  minutes,  clear  in  bergamot  oil  or 
creosote,  wash  in  turpentine,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Berkley  (MODIFIED  WEIGERT'S  STAINING  METHOD).  Harden 
sections  of  tissue  not  thicker  than  2.5  Mm.  for  24  to  30  hours 
in  Flemming's  solut.  at  25°  C.  Then  put  in  absolute  alcohol, 
changed  twice  during  first  24  hours;  when  sufficiently  hardened 
imbed  in  celloidin  and  cut.  Wash  sections  in  water,  immerse 
over  night  in  satur.  solut.  copper  acetate  (or  warm  therein  at 
35°  to  40  C.  for  half  hour)  then  wash,  and  stain  for  15  to  20 
minutes  in  mixture  of  2  Cc.  satur.  solut.  lithium  carbonate, 
5  Cc.  boiling  water  (boil  2  minutes),  and  1.5  to  2  Cc.  io-% 
hematoxylin  solution.  Warm  stain  to  40°  C.;  when  sections 
cool,  differentiate  for  i  to  3  minutes  in  Weigert's  ferricyanide 
liquid,  diluted  if  necessary  with  one-third  water.  Then  treat 
with  water,  alcohol,  and  bergamot  oil,  and  mount  in  xylol 
balsam. 

Berlin  (URIC  ACID).     See  Babo. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  19 

Berlinerblau  (REGENERATING  WEIGERT'S  HEMATOXYLIN). 
Add  2.5  to  5%  baryta  water  to  used  solution,  shake  well,  and 
leave  for  24  hours.  Then  pass  in  carbon  dioxide,  let  stand  24 
hours  and  filter. 

Bernouilly  (ALCOHOL).  Essential  oils  adulterated  with  alcohol 
form  dense  solutions  on  adding  dry  potassium  acetate.  Com- 
pare Barbier's  test. 

Berthelot  (ALCOHOL).  Shake  dilute  solution  of  alcohol  with  few 
drops  benzoyl  chloride  and  soda-solution  until  odor  of  benzoyl 
chloride  disappears — characteristic  odor  of  ethyl  benzoate 
develops. 

Berthelot  (PHENOL).  Add  a  little  sodium  hypochlorite  or  solu- 
tion chlorinated  lime  to  slightly  ammoniacal  liquid  (urine) 
and  warm — blue  color  develops  if  phenol  present.  Acid 
changes  color  to  red,  and  ammonia  subsequently  added  re- 
stores original  blue.  Compare  Bodde,  Jacquemin,  Lee,  and 
Salkowski. 

Bertoni- Raymond!  (NITROUS  ACID  IN  BLOOD).  Dialyse, 
evaporate  dialysate  to  dryness,  take  up  with  hot  alcohol,  and 
add  starch  paste  and  potass,  iodide — blue  color  develops. 

Bertrand  (ALKALOIDS).  Silicotungstic  acid,  or  a  $-per  cent, 
solution  of  one  of  its  salts,  gives  precipitates  with  alkaloids. 
Reaction  very  delicate.  Many  precipitates  give  with  oxidiz- 
ers  characteristic  color  reactions. 

Bertrand  (URic-Acio  ESTIMATION).  Add  AgNO3  to  liquid 
containing  uric  acid  in  presence  of  an  alkaline  carbonate,  col- 
lect pptd.  silver,  wash  out  any  soluble  silver  salt  present,  treat 
with  NH3,  and  weigh  residual  metallic  silver,  o.ooi  Gm.  uric 
acid  =  o. 001235  Gin.  Ag. 

Berzelius  (ALBUMIN).  Fresh,  cone,  metaphosphoric-acid  solu- 
tion precipitates  all  albuminous  substances  (except  peptone) 
from  their  aqueous  solutions. 

Berzelius  (ARSENIC).  Mirror  is  formed  and  alliaceous  odor 
given  off  on  heating  arsenic  in  test-tube  with  charcoal. 

Berzelius  (BROMIDES).  Heat  fragment  with  a  bead  of  salt  of 
phosphorus  containing  cupric  oxide  in  blowpipe  flame — latter 
acquires  bluish-green  color. 

Berzelius  (MUSK).  Aqueous  infusion  of  pure  musk  should  not 
precipitate  solution  mercuric  chloride. 


20  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Betelli  (FUSEL  OIL).  Mix  alcohol,  5  Cc.;  water,  6  Cc.;  chloro- 
form, 15  drops.  Shake  well,  and  on  standing,  fusel  oil  in 
alcohol  can  be  detected  on  evaporating  separated  chloroform. 

Bethe  (METHYLENE-BLUE  METHOD).  Stain  tissues  of  verte- 
brates and  rinse  in  salt  solution,  place  for  2  to  5  hours,  accord- 
ing to  size,  in  solut.  of  ammonium  molybdate,  i  Gm. ;  water, 
10  Gm.;  hydrogen  dioxide,  i  *Gm.  (For  invertebrates  use 
ammonium  molybdate,  i  Gm.;  water,  10  Cc.;  hydrogen 
dioxide,  0.5  Cc.)  This  should  be  not  more  than  8  days  old,, 
and  is  best  cooled  to  o°  C.  Subsequently  wash  in  water  for 
0.5  to  2  hours,  dehydrate  in  alcohol  at  o°  C.,  clear  in  clove  oil 
or  xylene,  and  imbed  in  paraffin  or  celloidin  in  the  usual  way. 

Bethe  (STAIN  FOR  CHITIN).  Place  series  of  mounted  sections 
on  slides  in  fresh  io-%  aniline-hydrochlorate  solut.  (contain- 
ing i  drop  hydrochloric  acid  in  each  10  Cc.)  for  3  or  4  minutes, 
then  rinse  in  water,  and  put  slide  with  sections  downwards  in 
io-%  potassium-bichromate  solut.  Repeat  process  if  stain 
not  sufficiently  intense,  but  sections  must  be  well  rinsed  with 
water  after  each  immersion. 

Bettendorf  (ARSENIC).  Heat  solution  of  stannous  chloride  in- 
cone,  hydrochloric  acid  sp.  gr.  1.19,  with  solution  of  arsenic 
or  arsenous  acids  in  strong  hydrochloric  acid.  Brownish  tur- 
bidity or  precipitate  of  metallic  arsenic  and  tin  results.  Pres- 
ence of  much  sulphuric  acid,  or  of  oxidizing  or  organic  sub- 
stances, interferes  with  reaction. 

Betz  (AMMONIA  CARMINE).  Make  thick  syrupy  mass  by  rub- 
bing up  commercial  carmine  with  water  and  ammonia,  with 
continual  stirring,  to  effect  solution.  Add  large  quantity  of 
water,  after  which  filter  solution  and  expose  to  sun  in  un- 
corked green  glass  bottle  until  precipitate  is  deposited.  Ex- 
pose again,  then  filter,  and  repeat  operation  a  third  time. 
When  no  further  precipitate  deposited,  the  stain  is  ready  for 
use. 

Betz  (HARDENING  FLUID).  Mixture  of  equal  parts  sulphuric 
ether  and  alcohol.  Used  for  hardening  brain  of  insects  prior 
to  cutting  sections. 

Bial  (PENTOSE;  GLYCURONIC  ACID).  The  reagent  is  prepared 
from  i  to  1.5  Gm.  orcine,  500  Gm.  fuming  HC1,  and  25  to  30. 
drops  i-%  solut.  Fe2Cl6.  On  heating  urine  with  the  reagent 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  21 

until  bubbles  begin  to  rise,  a  fine  green  color  develops.  Gly- 
curonic  acid  also  gives  the  reaction,  but  much  more  Fe2Cl6  is 
required.  In  this  case  employ  a  pinch  of  orcine  to  2  or  3  Cc. 
of  urine,  and  4  to  5  Cc.  fuming  HC1,  and  add  i  to  2  drops  io-% 
solut.  Fe2Cl6. 

Bianco  (CHROMO-ACETIC  ACID).  Add  to  concentrated  acetic 
acid  one-tenth  its  bulk  of  i-%  chromic-acid  solution. 

Bianco  (NARCOTISING  MIXTURE  FOR  ACTINIAE,  ETC.).  Gly- 
cerin, 20;  alcohol  (70-%),  40;  sea  water,  40.  Pour  carefully 
on  surface  of  water  containing  the  animals,  and  allow  to  diffuse 
quietly  through  it.  Several  hours  may  be  necessary  for  this. 

Bickfalri  (DIGESTION  FLUID).  Mix  i  Gm.  dried  stomach  mu- 
cus with  20  Cc.  of  hydrochloric  acid  (0.5-%),  and  put  into  incu- 
bator for  3  or  4  hours,  then  filter.  Macerate  tissue  in  this  % 
to  i  hour. 

Bieber  (FIXED  OILS).  5  vol.  of  a  fixed  oil  with  i  vol.  of  a  mix- 
ture of  equal  weights  cone,  sulphuric  acid,  fuming  nitric  acid 
and  water.  Color  reaction  occurs,  varying  with  kind  of  oil. 

Bieber  (PEACH  KERNEL  AND  ALMOND  OILS).  With  Bieber's 
reagent  for  fixed  oils,  peach-kernel  oil  gives  deep  orange  color, 
while  true  almond  oil  forms  yellowish  zone. 

Biel  (BENZENE  AND  BENZIN).  These  differ  in  behavior  to 
iodine  (color),  alcohol  (solubility),  asphalt  (solubility),  nitric 
acid  (nitrobenzene),  and  specific  gravity. 

Biel  (COCAINE  TEST).  Heat  solution  of  o.i  Gm.  of  a  cocaine  salt 
in  i  Cc.  cone,  sulphuric  acid  for  several  minutes  on  water- 
bath,  and  add  several  Cc.  water.  White,  crystalline  precipi- 
tate of  benzoic  acid  forms. 

Bill  (BROMIDES).  Mixture  of  i  drop  each  hydrochloric  acid 
and  gold- chloride  solution  with  a  bromide  gives  a  yellow  to 
dark  orange-red  color. 

Bill-Seligsohn  (CINCHONINE).  Acid  salts  of  cinchonine  (even 
in  urine)  give  an  amorphous  precipitate  with  potassium  ferro- 
cyanide,  soluble  on  heating,  but  reprecipitated  on  cooling  in 
form  of  acicular  prisms. 

Biltz  (looic  ACID).  lodic  acid  in  nitric  acid  gives  blue  color 
on  diluting  acid  with  equal  vol.  water,  adding  few  drops 
starch  solution,  and  then  few  drops  sulphuretted-hydrogen 
water. 


22  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Biltz  (SODIUM  CARBONATES).  Aqueous  solut.  pure  sodium 
bicarbonate  (1:15)  gives  white  cloudiness  when  one-sixth 
its  volume  of  aqueous  solution  mercuric  chloride  (1:20) 
added.  If  monocarbonate  present,  brownish-red  precipitate 
falls. 

Binz  (CARBON  MONOXIDE  IN  BLOOD).  Saturated,  warm  (40° 
C.)  solut.  tannic  acid. 

Binz  (QUININE  IN  URINE).  Reagent  consists  of  2  parts  iodine, 
i  part  potassium  iodide,  and  40  parts  water,  i  Gm.  quinine 
in  40  to  50  liters  urine  detected. 

Biondi  (STAIN).     See  Ehrlich-Biondi. 

Bird  (SULPHUR  COMPOUNDS  IN  PETROLEUM).  Prepare  solut. 
of  sodium  plumbate  by  dissolving  1.5  dr.  caustic  soda  in  dis- 
tilled water  to  make  10  fl.  drs.,  heating  to  boiling  point,  and 
while  boiling  adding  litharge  to  saturation.  Decant  clear 
liquid  from  undissolved  litharge.  Shake  well  i  fl.  dr.  of  white 
petroleum  oil  to  be  examined,  with  30  min.  absolute  alcohol, 
add  2  drops  test  solution,  shake  again  for  few  seconds,  and 
let  stand  for  half  hour.  According  to  amount  of  sulphur 
present,  the  mixture  assumes  tint  varying  from  deep  orange 
with  much  sulphur,  through  orange  and  yellow  to  very  pale 
yellow  with  traces  only. 

Bischoff  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  Heated  with  diluted  sulphuric  acid 
and  cane  sugar  these  yield  red  color.  See  also  Pettenkofer  and 
Strassburg. 

Bischoff  (MELTING-POINT  TEST  FOR  BUTTER).  See  Drouot's 
test. 

Bitto  (ALCOHOLS,  MONATOMIC).  Methyl  violet  0.5  Gm.,  water 
i  liter.  Shake  i  to  2  Cc.  of  this  solution  with  5  to  10  Cc.  of 
the  fluid  to  be  tested  and  0.5  to  i  Cc.  potassium-sulphide 
solut. — a  monatomic  alcohol  develops  a  cherry-red  to  violet- 
red  color.  If  no  alcohols  present,  mixture  becomes  greenish- 
blue,  precipitates  reddish  flocks,  and  finally  appears  yellow. 
Di-  and  poly-atomic  alcohols,  carbohydrates,  acids,  aromatic 
compounds,  and  phenols  do  not  give  the  reaction. 

Bitto,  von-Bela. — See  Bela-von  Bitto. 

Bizzari-Bruno. — See  Bruno-Bizzari. 

Bizzozero  (GENTIAN-VIOLET  METHOD).  Stain  in  Ehrlich's  gen- 
tian-violet solut.  for  5  or  10  minutes  or  longer;  wash  in  alcohol 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  23 

5  seconds;  in  Gram's  iodine  solut.  2  minutes;  alcohol  20 
seconds;  aqueous  chromic-acid  solut.  (o.i-%)  30  seconds; 
alcohol  15  seconds;  chromic-acid  again  30  seconds;  and 
alcohol  30  seconds.  Afterwards  treat  with  changes  of  clove 
oil  until  final  decoloration,  and  mount  in  dammar.  In  another 
process  by  Bizzozero,  treatment  with  iodine  solution  is 
omitted. 

Bjeloussow  (ACACIA  INJECTION  MASS).  Mix  syrupy  solut. 
acacia  and  saturated  aqueous  solut.  borax,  so  as  to  have  in 
the  mixture  i  part  borax  to  2  parts  gum.  Add  distilled  water 
gradually  to  resulting  mass,  then  force  through  fine-grained 
cloth,  and  repeat  operation  until  a  mass  free  from  suspended 
gelatinous  clots  obtained. 

Bjorklund  (CACAO  BUTTER).  3  Gm.  cacao  butter  should  give 
a  clear  solution  with  6  Gm.  ether  at  18°  C.  (otherwise  wax 
present).  Dip  test-tube  in  water  at  o°  C. ;  a  cloudiness  within 
10-15  minutes  indicates  presence  of  foreign  fats. 

Blachez  (ALCOHOL).  Alcohol  in  chloroform  gives  precipitate 
on  adding  small  piece  potassium  hydroxide,  agitating,  pour- 
ing off  chloroform  after  standing  five  minutes,  shaking  with 
equal  volume  water,  then  decanting  latter  and  adding  solut. 
copper  sulphate. 

Blaise  (QUININE).     See  VogeVs  reaction. 

Blanc  (FIXING  INFUSORIA).  For  larvae  of  Echinodermata, 
Medusae,  and  Porifera,  mix  saturated  solut.  picric  acid,  100; 
sulphuric  acid,  2 ;  water,  600.  For  Rhizopoda  and  Infusoria, 
add  2  to  3  drops  of  i-%  acetic  acid  to  every  15  Cc.  of  above 
mixture.  Wash  out  with  8o-%  alcohol,  followed  by  90-%,  and 
absolute  alcohol;  then  stain  with  tincture  saffron  (saffron,  5 
Gm.;  absolute  alcohol,  15  Cc.),  wash  out  with  8o-%  alcohol, 
and  pass  through  absolute  alcohol  into  clove  oil. 

Blanchard  (STAINING  BACTERIA).  Treat  cover-glass  prepara- 
tion with  osmic  acid,  placed  in  position  on  slide,  and  run  under 
a  drop  of  methyl- violet  solut.  After  half  an  hour,  complete 
preparation  by  running  in  glycerin  or  saturated  calcium- 
chloride  solut.  tinted  with  methyl  violet.  If  hematoxylm 
used  as  stain,  it  should  be  allowed  to  act  24  hours,  and  the 
preparation  must  then  be  washed  repeatedly  before  mounting., 

Blarez  (ANILINE   COLORS).     Shake    20    Cc.  wine  with    5    Gm,. 


24  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

lead  peroxide  for  one  minute;  color  due  to  natural  coloring 
matter  disappears,  but  aniline  colors  unaffected. 

Bloxam  (ALKALOIDS).  Distinctive  color  reactions  are  given  by 
various  alkaloids  on  dissolving  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and 
adding  bromine  water  drop  by  drop. 

Bloxham  (UREA).  If  a  nitrate  present  add  few  drops  ammo- 
nium chloride  solution;  if  absent  acidulate  with  hydrochloric 
acid.  Evaporate  to  dryness  in  watch-glass  and  heat  cau- 
tiously as  long  as  thick  white  fumes  evolved.  Dissolve  residue 
in  a  drop  or  two  ammonia,  add  a  drop  barium  chloride  solut. 
and  stir.  If  urea  present  crystalline  streaks  of  barium  cyan- 
urate  will  form  in  track  of  the  rod. 

Blum  (ALBUMIN).  Dissolve  0.03  to  0.05  Gm.  manganous 
chloride  in  little  water  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid  and 
treat  with  100  Cc.  io-%  solut.  sodium  metaphosphate.  Then 
add  lead  dioxide  a  little  at  a  time,  let  liquid  settle,  and  filter. 
Resulting  pink  solution  of  manganic  metaphosphate  detects 
albumin  in  urine.  Place  reagent  in  a  test-tube  and  filter  urine 
into  it. 

Blum  (HARDENING  SOLUTION).  Formaldehyde  diluted  with  10 
vol.  water. 

Blyth  (LEAD).  Lead  in  potable  water  precipitates  coloring 
matter  on  adding  tincture  cochineal  (i-%). 

Boas  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  Solut.  i  Gm.  resorcin  and  3  Gm. 
cane  sugar  in  100  Gm.  alcohol  (50-%)  gives  red  color  on  adding 
one  drop  to  a  solution  containing  free  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
evaporating  to  dryness.  Compare  Conrady's  test. 

Boas  (LACTIC  ACID).  Test  for  lactic  acid  in  gastric  juice 
depends  on  oxidation  of  the  acid  to  aldehyde  and  formic 
acid  by  action  of  sulphuric  acid  and  manganese.  The  alde- 
hyde detected  by  addition  of  Nessler's  reagent  or  by  formation 
of  iodoform  when  iodine  solution  added.  This  test  for  lactic 
acid  more  delicate  than  that  of  Uffelmann,  (q.  v.). 

Boas  (REAGENT).  Tropaeolin  solution,  or  paper  saturated  with 
such  solution. 

Boas  (TEST  PAPER).  Tropaeolin  Paper.  Paper  impregnated 
with  tropaeolin  OO  gives  with  alkalies  a  yellow,  with  acids  a 
red,  color.  Also  known  as  Lutke's  paper. 

Bobierre  (LEAD).     Lead  in  tin  gives  yellow  stain  on  applying  a 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  2 5 

drop   glacial  acetic  acid,  heating,  and  adding  a  drop  potas- 
sium-iodide solution  (5-%). 

Boccardi  (SOLUTION),  i. — Oxalic-acid  solut.  (o.i-  to  0.3-%). 
2. — Formic  acid,  5  Cc.;  oxalic-acid  solut.  (i-%),  i  Cc.;  water, 
25  Cc. 

Bodde  (DIFFERENTIATING  RESORCIN  AND  PHENOL,  BENZOIC 
AND  SALICYLIC  ACIDS).  Resorcin  solut.  yields  violet  color 
with  sodium  hypochlorite,  changing  to  yellow;  with  more 
hypochlorite  and  heat,  a  yellowish-red  to  brown.  If  ammo- 
nia added  before  addition  of  hypochlorite,  a  violet  first 
ensues,  changing  to  yellow,  and,  on  boiling,  liquid  becomes 
dark  green. 

Phenol,  salicylic  acid,  and  benzoic  acid  yield  a  slight  color 
with  hypochlorite  only  on  heating.  On  previous  addition  of 
ammonia  the  carbon  acids  are  not  colored,  but  phenyl  yields 
a  greenish-blue. 

Boedecker  (ALBUMIN).  With  albumin  (e.  g.,  in  urine)  acidu- 
lated with  acetic  acid,  potassium  ferrocyanide  causes  turbidity 
or  flocculent  precipitate. 

Boedecker  (SULPHITES).  Sulphites  in  neutral  liquids  give  with 
zinc- sulphate  solut.  and  little  sodium  nitroprusside,  a  rose  to 
dark-red  color.  Potassium  ferrocyanide  gives  purple  pre- 
cipitate. 

Boehm  (BOMBAY  MACE).  Filter  alcoholic  extract  of  Bombay 
mace  through  pure  white  filter-paper — paper  only  stained 
pale-yellow  color,  and  when  dried,  red  color  of  Bombay  mace 
appears  round  the  edge. 

Boehmer  (HEMATOXYLIN).  i. — Add  2  or  3  drops  i-%  hema- 
toxylin  solut.  in  absolute  alcohol  to  a  v/atch-glassful  of 
aqueous  solut.  alum  (0.5-%),  leave  sections  in  the  mixture 
half  to  i  day,  then  pass  in  succession  through  absolute  alcohol, 
alcohol  solut.,  tartaric  acid,  absolute  alcohol  again,  then 
through  benzene  or  turpentine.  Finally  mount  in  castor  oil. 
2. — Dissolve  (a)  crystallized  hematoxylin,  i  Gm.,  in  absolute 
alcohol,  10  Cc.,  and  (b)  ammonia  alum,  10  Gm.,  in  distilled 
water,  200  Cc.  Mix  and  allow  to  ripen  some  days  before  use. 
Filter  after  standing  a  week.  Wash  out  with  aqueous  alum 
solut.  (0.5-%)  or  with  acids. 

Boehn  (NEUTRAL  CARMINE).     Triturate  3   or  4  Gm.  carmine 


26  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

and  200  Gm.  of  water;  add  ammonia  drop  by  drop,  until  the 
solution  acquires  a  cherry-red  color.  Then  add  acetic  acid 
until  solution  sealing-wax  red  in  color  and  filter.  To  inten- 
sify color  add  2  drops  ammonia  before  filtering,  and  expose  in 
open  vessel  until  odor  of  ammonia  gone.  Stain  tissues  in  this, 
for  24  hours  (or  longer  if  more  than  i  Mm.  thick),  after  which 
wash  out  with  mixture  of  equal  parts  glycerin  and  water,, 
acidulated  with  0.5-%  hydrochloric  acid. 

Boernstein  (SACCHARIN).  Extract  substance  with  ether,  and 
heat  extract,  after  ether  removed  by  distillation,  with  resorcin 
and  sulphuric  acid,  and  add  excess  of  soda  solution.  If  saccha- 
rin present,  a  strong  fluorescence  develops.  According  to 
Hooker,  other  substances,  e.  g.,  succinic  acid,  also  give  this 
reaction. 

Boettger  (ALCOHOL).  Alcohol  gives  blue  color  with  solut.  mo- 
lybdic  acid  in  sulphuric  acid.  Alcohol  present  in  essential  oils 
can  be  removed  by  shaking  with  glycerin.  Or,  a  piece  of  dry 
potassium  hydroxide  added  to  the  oil  is  soon  covered  with  a 
yellowish  film. 

Boettger  (AMMONIA).  Gaseous  ammonia  changes  the  color  of 
alkanin  paper  from  red  to  blue. 

Boettger  (ANIMAL  FIBER).  Treat  fabric  with  alcoholic  solution 
rosolic  acid,  then  with  soda  solution,  and  wash.  Animal  fibers 
(as  wool)  are  dyed  red,  linen  (flax)  pink,  but  cotton  remains 
uncolored.  Compare  with  Liebermanris  test. 

Boettger  (CARBON  MONOXIDE  [COAL  GAS]).  Fabrics  impreg- 
nated with  a  palladium-chloride  solut.  are  rapidly  blackened 
on  exposure  to  coal  gas.  Ethylene,  methane,  and  hydrogen 
sulphide  afford  a  similar  reaction. 

Boettger  (COLORING  MATTERS  OF  RED  WINE).  Mix  i  vol. 
cone,  copper-sulphate  solut.  with  3  vol.  wine  diluted  to  ten 
times  its  volume.  Pure  red  wine  is  thereby  discolored.  Un- 
fermented  wine,  as  well  as  coloring  matter  of  huckleberries, 
malva,  and  cherries,  and  fuchsine,  remain  unchanged  or  are 
colored  violet. 

Boettger  (COTTON  AND  LINEN  FIBERS).  Dye  fabric  with  fuch- 
sine solution,  wash  out  with  water,  then  treat  with  ammo- 
nia. Cotton  is  decolorized;  flax  retains  the  dye.  See  Lieber- 
mann's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  27 

Boettger  (ERGOT  IN  RYE-FLOUR).  Heat  several  minutes  with 
equal  bulk  ether  and  few  crystals  of  oxalic  acid — reddish 
color  develops. 

Boettger  (FLOUR  IN  STARCH).  Flour  in  starch  gives  more  or 
less  persistent  foam  on  boiling  i  Gm.  of  the  mixture  with  180 
Cc.  water,  and  stirring  briskly  with  a  glass  rod. 

Boettger  (GLUCOSE).  Boil  dilute  glucose  solution  (or  diabetic 
urine)  with  sodium-carbonate  solut.  and  some  bismuth  sub- 
nitrate  or  bismuth  oxy hydrate.  Reduction  causes  blacken- 
ing of  suspended  bismuth.  According  to  Krueger,  a  stable 
reagent  can  be  prepared  by  heating  15  Gm.  bismuth  nitrate, 
15  Gm.  tartaric  acid,  75  Gm.  water,  sufficient  potassa  lye  to 
effect  solution,  and  some  glycerin. 

Boettger  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE),  i. — To  a  solution  containing 
hydrogen  dioxide  add  some  cadmium-iodide,  and  starch- 
paste,  containing  also  a  little  ferrous  sulphate;  blue  color 
(starch  iodide)  develops.  (Also  known  as  Schoenbein's 
reagent.)  2. — Heat  liquid  containing  hydrogen  dioxide  with 
few  drops  ammoniated  silver-nitrate  solut.  containing  no  free 
ammonia ;  cloudiness  caused  and  silver  is  reduced. 

Boettger  (INDICATOR).  Color  of  tincture  Coleus  verschaffelti  is 
changed  from  red  to  green  on  adding  to  an  alkaline  solution. 

Boettger  (MANGANESE).  Red  color  develops  on  throwing  a 
little  manganese  into  fused  potassium  chlorate. 

Boettger  (NITRIC  ACID).  Nitric  acid  in  potable  water  gives  a 
red  to  brownish-red  color  on  mixing  3  drops  of  the  water, 
with  two  drops  brucine  solution,  and  3  or  4  drops  sulphuric 
acid. 

Boettger  (NITROUS  ACID).  Nitrous  acid  gives  blue  color  on 
adding  diluted  sulphuric  acid  and  cadmium-iodide  starch 
paste.  See  Boettger' s  reagent. 

Boettger  (OZONE).  Filter-paper  saturated  with  gold-chloride 
solution,  free  from  acid,  is  colored  violet  by  ozone.  A  test- 
paper  formerly  suggested  by  Boettger  contained  thallium 
hydroxide,'  which  was  colored  brown  by  ozone. 

Boettger  (REAGENT).  Solution  of  cadmium  iodide  and  starch. 
Dissolve  starch,  i,  in  water,  200,  and  hydrochloric  acid,  i. 
Neutralize  with  calcium  carbonate,  10;  then  add  sodium 


sg  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

chloride,  10;  and  cadmium  chloride,  0.5,  and  make  up  to  250 
with  water. 

Boettger  (SAFRANINE).  With  sulphuric  acid  safranine  turns 
blue,  and  subsequent  addition  of  water  changes  color  to 

green. 

Boettger  (STAINING  METHOD).  Treated  preparations  with 
Muller's  fluid,  then  alcohol,  then  stain  with  rosaniline  nitrate 
dissolved  in  glycerin  and  water,  wash  out  with  alcohol,  clear 
with  creosote  or  clove  oil,  and  finally  mount  in  balsam. 

Boettger  (SUGAR  IN  GLYCERIN).  Heat  5  drops  glycerin  to 
boiling  with  100  drops  water,  i  drop  nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.3, 
and  0.03  to  0.04  Gm.  ammonium  molybdate.  Sugar  colors 
solution  intensely  blue. 

Boettger  (SULPHOCYANIDES).  Filtering  paper  dipped  in  tinc- 
ture guaiac  and  dried,  then  moistened  with  copper-sulphate 
solution  (1:2,000),  is  colored  blue  by  sulphocyanides  in 
solution. 

Boettger  (TEST-PAPER),  i. — Anchusin  Paper.  Gives  with 
alkalies  a  green  to  blue  color;  with  acids  a  red.  2. — Colein 
Paper.  Gives  with  alkalies  a  yellow  color,  and  with  acids  a 
red. 

Boettger  (WATER  IN  ETHER).  Ether  containing  water  causes 
a  milky  appearance  on  shaking  gently  with  an  equal  bulk 
carbon  bisulphide. 

Bogomolow-Wassilieff  (ALBUMIN  AND  PEPTONES),  i. — Car- 
minic  acid  precipitates  albumin  (either  egg  or  in  urine)  even 
in  very  dilute  solutions  (1:9,000).  Also  precipitates  proteo- 
albumoses  and  deutero-albumoses.  The  latter  change  color 
of  carminic-acid  solut.  (33-per  cent,  aqueous)  to  black,  and 
precipitate  does  not  dissolve  on  boiling;  former  simply  darken 
it,  and  the  ppt.  dissolves  on  boiling.  Albumoses  insol.  in 
water  give  reddish- violet  color  with  carminic-acid  solut. 
2. — Precipitate  any  accompanying  albuminoids  with  tri- 
chloracetic  acid.  Peptone  revealed  in  filtrate  by  biuret 
reaction.  See  Devoto's  reaction  for  peptone. 

Bohland  (URINARY  DEPOSITS).  To  preserve  urinary  deposits, 
decant  supernatant  urine,  wash  residue  with  physiological  salt 
solution  (sodium  chloride,  4;  sodium  carbonate,  3;  water, 
1,000),  then  treat  with  Muller's  solution,  renewing  this  3  or  4 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  29 

times  in  14  days.  Finally  harden  with  alcohol,  frequently 
renewed  until  colorless. 

Bohlig  (AMMONIA).  a. — Mercuric  chloride,  i;  water,  30. 
6. — Potassium  carbonate,  i ;  water,  50.  Free  ammonia  and 
its  carbonate  cause  white  turbidity  with  solution  a.  If  reac- 
tion is  first  induced  on  addition  of  solution  b,  the  ammonia 
is  combined  with  other  acids. 

Bolas  (NITRIC  ACID).  Mix  10  parts  sulphuric  acid  with  i  of 
ferrous-sulphate  solution,  heat,  and  carefully  overlay  on 
suspected  liquid.  Nitric  acid  causes  brown  zone. 

Bollet  (CASTOR  OIL).  Heat  10  Gm.  of  the  oil  with  6  Gm.  alco- 
hol solut.  silver  nitrate  (silver  nitrate,  5  Gm.;  nitric  acid,  i 
Gm. ;  alcohol,  100  Gm.)  five  minutes  on  a  water-bath  after 
thorough  mixing — if  cottonseed  oil  present  a  reddish  color 
develops. 

Bolley  (BUTTER).  Butter  exposed  to  sunlight  in  contact  with 
a  moistened  strip  of  blue  litmus  paper  reddens  the  latter;, 
artificial  butter  does  not. 

Bolton  (INDICATOR).  Polysulphide  solution — a  very  cone, 
solut.  of  sublimed  sulphur  in  a  solut.  of  an  alkaline  sulphide. 
Gives  with  alkalies  no  ppt.;  with  acids,  however,  a  turbidity 
(pptd.  sulphur). 

Bonastre  (MYRRH).  Saturate  strips  of  filter-paper  with  tinc- 
ture myrrh,  dry,  and  wet  with  a  drop  nitric  acid.  Genuine 
myrrh  causes  a  violet  color. 

Bonne  (MACERATION  FLUID).  Mix  io-%  sodium-chloride  solu- 
tion, 5,  with  absolute  alcohol,  i. 

Born-Wieger  (QUINCE  MUCILAGE).  Mix  2  vol.  quince  mucilage 
and  i  vol.  glycerin  and  add  trace  of  carbolic  acid.  Used  to 
fix  serial  sections  to  slides,  gentle  heat  being  applied  for  that 
purpose. 

Bornstein  (SACCHARIN).  Extract  substance  with  ether,  distil 
off  solvent,  and  heat  residue  with  resorcin  and  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid.  Saccharin  produces  a  marked  fluorescence 
on  saturating  with  caustic  soda. 

Borntraeger  (ALOE  REACTION).  Shake  alcoholic  extract  aloes 
with  benzin.  To  benzin  solution,  after  separation  from  alco- 
holic layer,  add  small  amount  strong  ammonia  water,  and 
gently  heat  while  shaking.  Aloes  (also  other  substances,. 


30  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

such  as  rhubarb,  curcuma,  galls,  catechu)  effect  a  violet  col- 
oration of  ammoniacal  solution. 

Borntraeger  (INDICATOR).  Concentrated  tincture  of  fresh 
orange  peel,  shaken  with  ether,  is  not  affected  by  acids,  but 
turns  lemon-yellow  with  alkalies. 

Borodin  (SOLUBLE  PRECIPITATES).  Process  consists  in  treat- 
ing precipitate  with  a  saturated  solution  of  the  body  with 
which  it  is  supposed  to  be  identical.  E.  g.,  a  vegetable  mi- 
croscopical preparation,  containing  a  substance,  suspected 
to  be  asparagin,  is  treated  with  a  saturated  solution  of  that 
body.  If  it  be  asparagin,  it  will  be  insoluble;  if  not,  it  will 
probably  be  dissolved. 

Borsarelli  (ALCOHOL).  Heat  essential  oils  containing  alcohol 
with  dry  calcium  chloride — a  dense  solution  is  formed. 

Bouchardat  (ALBUMIN).  3.32  Gm.  potassium  iodide,  1.35  Gm. 
mercuric  chloride,  20  Cc.  acetic  acid,  and  water  to  make  60 
Cc.  Solut.  precipitates  albumin  in  urine.  Also  precipitates 
uric  acid,  mucin,  and  alkaloids.  Uric-acid  ppt.  more  soluble, 
especially  on  heating,  hence  test  in  well  diluted  urine.  Mucin 
ppt.  is  light  and  cloudy— albumin  ppt.  is  flocculent.  Alkaloid 
ppt.  soluble  on  warming  and  in  alcohol. 

Bouchardat  (ALKALOIDAL  REAGENT).  Dissolve  10  Gm.  iodine 
and  20  Gm.  potassium  iodide  in  500  Gm.  water.  With 
aqueous  solution  of  most  alkaloids  reagent  yields  reddish- 
brown  precipitates. 

Boudart  (DIFFERENTIATING  FATTY  OILS).  Mix  oils  with  nitric 
acid,  sp.  gr.  1.45  to  1.50.  A  carmine-red  coloration  gradually 
produced  by  genuine  cod-liver  oil. 

Boudet  (OLIVE  OIL).  Note  color  produced  on  adding  3  parts 
of  mixture  of  equal  volumes  sulphuric  and  nitric  acids  to  10 
parts  of  the  oil;  and  solidification  caused  by  addition  of  5-% 
fuming  nitric  acid  to  oil. 

Bougault  (ARSENIC  IN  GLYCERIN).  Dissolve  20  Gm.  of  so- 
dium hypophosphite  in  20  Cc.  of  water,  add  200  Cc.  of  cone. 
HC1  (sp.  gr.  1.17),  filter  through  cotton,  and  mix  10  Cc. 
reagent  with  5  Cc.  glycerin  to  be  tested.  On  now  heating  the 
mixture  on  a  water-bath,  a  flocculent  brown  ppt.  or  dark- 
brown  color  develops  if  but  o.oooi  Gm.  arsenous  acid  is 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  31 

present.  Even  0.00002  Gm.  still  gives  a  distinct  brown 
color,  while  o.ooooi  may  still  be  detected. 

Bourget  (IODIDES  IN  URINE  AND  SALIVA).  Impregnate 
filter-paper  with  a  5 -per  cent,  starch  solut.,  dry,  and  cut  into 
squares  of  5  Cm.  each.  Then  drop  2  or  3  vdrops  of  a  5 -per 
cent,  ammonium-persulphate  solut.  in  the  center  of  each 
square,  and  dry  pieces  in  the  dark.  Prepared  paper  gives  even 
with  traces  of  iodine  an  intensely  blue  color.  Reaction 
visible  in  solution  containing  0.00005  Per  cent.  KI. 

Bourgoin  (NITROBENZENE).  Shake  15  drops  essential  oil  bit- 
ter almonds  with  8  drops  potassa  solut. ;  green  color  devel- 
ops if  nitrobenzene  present;  on  subsequently  adding  20  drops 
water  two  layers  form — the  upper  green,  the  lower  yellow. 

.Bourne  (BORAX  CARMINE).  Mix  saturated  solution  of  carmine 
in  4-%  borax  solution  with  equal  volume  of  70-%  alcohol. 
Let  mixture  stand  a  week,  then  filter;  if  carmine  deposited 
subsequently,  filter  again.  Leave  tissues  in  this  stain  for  i 
to  3  days,  according  to  size,  then  immerse  in  acidulated  alcohol 
for  3  to  6  hours  until  bright  and  transparent. 

Bourreau  (ALBUMIN).     See  Rock's  reagent. 

Boussingault  (NITRIC  ACID).  Depends  on  decolorization  of 
indigo  solution  in  sulphuric  acid  in  presence  of  hydrochloric 
acid.  Heat  a  little  of  the  latter  in  test-tube,  add  a  few  drops 
of  very  dilute  indigo- sulphate  solution,  then  the  substance  to 
be  tested.  Nitric  acid  discharges  blue  color. 

Boutmy-Brouardel.     See  Brouardel-Boutmy. 

Bouvier  (AMYLIC  ALCOHOL).  Alcohol  containing  fusel  oil  ac- 
quires a  yellowish  color  on  adding  a  few  crystals  potassium 
iodide  and  agitating  gently. 

Braconnot  (ARSENIC).  Extract  arsenic  with  alcohol  and  test 
with  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Bradford  (OLIVE  OIL).  Reddish  color  on  shaking  olive  oil 
with  solution  of  lead  subacetate  indicates  presence  of  cotton- 
seed oil. 

Brady  (CHLORAL-HYDRATE  MEDIUM).  Strong,  aqueous  chloral- 
hydrate  solution. 

Braeutigam-Edelmann  (HORSE  MEAT).  Boil  50  Gm.  of  meat 
to  be  tested  with  200  Gm.  water  for  i  hour.  Evaporate  fil- 
tered broth  to  one-half  its  volume,  remove  albumin  by  means 


32  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

of  dilute  nitric  acid,  and  add  iodine  water  to  form  a  layer.. 
Horse  meat,  on  account  of  its  large  percentage  of  glycogen, 
causes  a  burgundy-red  zone.  Starch  and  dextrin  interfere 
with  the  reaction,  the  former  giving  a  blue,  the  latter  a  red 
color. 

Brand  (ABRASTOL  IN  WINE).  Treat  wine  first  with  lead  per- 
oxide and  sulphuric  acid  to  eliminate  other  coloring  matter, 
then  shake  out  with  chloroform,  and  evaporate  solvent;  abras- 
tol  is  left  and  may  be  identified  by  green  color  reaction  with 
sulphuric  acid. 

Brand  (FLUORINE  IN  BEER).  Modification  of  Niviere's  test 
(q.  v.).  Convert  fluorine  in  the  precipitate  into  hydrofluoric 
acid  by  adding  sulphuric  acid;  then  identify  by  its  etching 
properties.  For  details  see  "Zeitschr.  f.  d.  ges.  Brauwesen," 
1895,  p. 317. 

Brand  (THALLEIOQUIN  REACTION),  i. — Triturate  salts  of  quinine 
or  quinidine  with  a  little  chlorine  water,  and  add  ammonia; 
green  color  develops.  If  to  solution  of  alkaloids,  after  addi- 
tion of  a  slight  excess  of  chlorine  water,  ammonia  water  is 
added  drop  by  drop,  a  green,  flocculent  precipitate  forms, 
soluble  with  green  color  in  excess  of  ammonia  water. 

2. — Hyde's  modification  consists  in  acidulating  a  quinine 
solution  containing  5  Mg.  of  the  alkaloid,  with  one  drop  sul- 
phuric acid  (1:4),  passing  through  a  small  filter  and  adding 
chlorinated-lime  solution  until  bluish  fluorescence  first  visible 
is  destroyed.  A  few  drops  dilute  ammonia  (1:3)  are  now 
added;  if  quinine  present,  a  bright  green  color  develops, 
changed  by  dilute  sulphuric  acid  to  red. 

Brandberg  (BENZENE;  BENZIN).  Pitch  dissolves  in  benzene, 
but  not  in  petroleum  spirit. 

Brandt  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Soak  2  parts  gelatin  in  water,  till 
soft,  then  drain,  melt,  add  3  parts  glycerin,  and  filter. 

Branson  (ASSAY  OF  GOLD  CHLORIDE).  Dissolve  15  grains  of 
the  salt  in  water,  add  25  Cc.  of  normal  oxalic  acid  solut.,  set 
aside  for  36  hours  at  about  21°  C.  and  expose  to  light  for  12 
hours,  then  boil,  collect  precipitate,  dry,  incinerate  and 
weigh  the  metallic  gold. 

Brantlecht  (POTABLE  WATER).  To  detect  organic  impurities 
in  potable  water,  treat  100  Cc.  with  5  drops  aluminium-sul- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  33 

phate  solution  (aluminium  sulphate,  i ;  hydrochloric  acid,  i ; 
water,  8),  and  add  i  or  2  drops  ammonia.  Filter  off  precipi- 
tate, dissolve  it  in  10  or  15  drops  diluted  acetic  acid,  and 
examine  under  the  microscope  before  and  after  addition  of 
safranine. 

Brass  (ALCOHOLIC  CARMINE).  70-%  alcohol,  100  Cc.;  hydro- 
chloric acid,  15  drops;  carmine,  an  excess. 

Braun  (CHLORATES).  Chlorates  yield  cherry-red  color  on  adding 
solution  of  aniline  sulphate  containing  toluidin  and  hydro- 
chloric acid.  On  neutralizing,  color  changes  to  blue. 

Braun  (GLUCOSE).  Glucose  solution  heated  with  a  few  drops 
picric-acid  solution  (1:250)  gives  a  deep  red  color.  Creati- 
nine  gives  a  similar  reaction  with  picric  acid,  and  so  does  ace- 
tone, but  weaker  color. 

Braun  (MOLYBDIC  ACID).  Aqueous  solution  potassium  ethyl- 
sulpho-carbonate  gives  a  yellow  to  flesh-colored  precipitate, 
which  soon  becomes  violet,  on  adding  to  a  very  dilute  solution 
of  molybdic  acid  containing  a  little  nitric  acid. 

Braun  (NICKEL).  A  rose-red  to  deep  brownish  red  color,  almost 
black,  results  on  adding  solution  of  potassium  sulphocarbonate 
to  a  solution  containing  nickel. 

Braun  (NITRIC  ACID),  i. — Addition  of  first  a  small  quantity 
aniline  sulphate,  then  cone,  sulphuric  acid,  to  solution  of  a 
nitrate  (or  of  free  nitric  acid)  produces  violet-blue  color. 
2. — Add  to  i  Cc.  sulphuric  acid,  drop  by  drop,  0.5  Cc.  aniline- 
sulphate  solution  (10  drops  aniline  and  50  Cc.  diluted  sul- 
phuric acid).  Place  some  reagent  on  a  porcelain  plate  and 
draw  through  it  a  glass  rod  dipped  in  suspected  liquid.  Ni- 
tric acid  present  causes  a  reddish  fringe  on  breathing  upon 
surface  of  the  mixture. 

Breinl  (SESAME  OIL).  HC1  and  aldehydes  of  aromatic  series 
give  various  color  reactions.  Shake  10  Cc.  oil  for  half  minute 
with  o.i  Cc.  aldehyde  solut.  and  10  Cc.  cone.  HC1 — with 
benzoic  aldehyde  an  orange  color  forms;  with  vanillin,  piper- 
onal,  or  orthoxybenzoic  aldehyde  a  reddish- violet  color  de- 
velops, even  in  solut.  containing  0.5-%  oil. 

Bremer  (GLUCOSE  IN  BLOOD).  Mix  equal  volumes  saturated 
solutions  eosin  and  methylene  blue,  collect  precipitate,  dry, 
finely  powder,  and  mix  with  i-24th  its  weight  of  eosin  andi 


34  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

i-6th  of  methylene  blue.  When  required  for  use  0.02  to  0.05 
Gm.  of  mixture  are  dissolved  in  alcohol  (33-%),  10  Gm.  Im- 
merse a  cover-glass  with  a  drop  of  the  blood  to  be  examined 
in  solution  for  4  minutes.  Glucose  causes  a  blue-black  color. 

Bremer  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).  Introduce  10  Cc.  normal  and 
diabetic  urine  respectively  into  two  test-tubes,  and  place  a 
small  pinch  of  Gentian  Violet  B,  Merck,  on  surface  of  liquid 
in  each  tube  so  as  to  avoid  having  any  of  the  powder  touch  the 
side  of  the  tubes.  In  normal  urine  the  violet  floats  on  the  sur- 
face and  gives  off  little  clouds  and  threads  which  disappear  on 
slight  agitation,  fine  particles  falling  to  the  bottom.  Diabetic 
urine  is  colored  in  a  few  seconds,  from  surface  downwards,  a 
blue  or  bluish- violet,  permanent  on  agitation.  The  more 
sugar  present,  the  deeper  the  color.  If  methylene  blue  is  used, 
normal  urine  is  colored  green;  diabetic  urine  blue. 

Bremer  (SESAME  OIL).  To  a  cooled  mixture  of  50  Cc.  absolute 
alcohol  and  sulphuric  acid  add  10  drops  furfurol.  When  one 
drop  of  reagent  is  stirred  with  sesame  oil  (or  with  margarine 
containing  it)  a  red  color  develops  in  i  or  2  minutes.  Pure 
butter  and  albuminoids  are  not  colored.  Compare  Villa- 
vecckia  and  Fabrics  reagent. 

Bretet  (DIFFERENTIATING  GLUCOSE  FROM  SACCHAROSE  OR 
LEVULOSE  IN  URINE).  Precipitate  obtained  by  interrupted 
boiling  with  Fehling's  solut.  readily  and  rapidly  settles;  that 
afforded  by  saccharose  or  levulose  acquires  a  yellowish  to  red- 
brown  color,  and  remains  suspended  for  a  long  time. 

Brieger  (PYROCATECHIN).  Add  one  drop  of  urine  to  i  drop  very 
dilute  ferric-chloride  solut.  on  watch-glass  —  pyrocatechin 
causes  an  emerald-green  color;  on  adding  now  a  dilute  solut. 
sodium  bicarbonate,  or  ammonium  carbonate,  fluid  becomes 
violet,  changing  back  to  green  with  acetic  acid. 

Brieger  (STRYCHNINE).  Pure  chromic  acid  gives  a  violet  color 
with  strychnine. 

Brissemoret  (ALKALOIDS  OF  OPIUM).  With  Keller's  reagent 
(cone.  H2SO4  containing  a  trace  of  Fe);  with  cone.  H2SO4 
containing  a  trace  of  NO;  and  with  pure  H2SO4,  various  color 
reactions  are  obtained.  For  details  of  the  reactions  see 
MERCK'S  REPORT,  ix,  p.  322. 

Bristol  (REGENERATING  OSMIC-ACID  SOLUTIONS).    Add  10  to 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  35 

20  drops  fresh  hydrogen  dioxide  solution  to  each  100  Cc.  of 
i-%  osmic-acid  solut. 

Brosicke  (STAINING  METHOD).  Treat  tissues  with  i-%  osmic- 
acid  solut.  for  i  hour,  then  wash  out  carefully  and  immerse 
for  24  hours  in  cold  saturated  aqueous  oxalic-acid  solution. 
Tissues  should  not  be  allowed  to  blacken  in  the  osmic-acid 
bath. 

Brouardel-Boutmy  (DIFFERENTIATING  PTOMAINES  AND  PLANT 
ALKALOIDS),  i. — With  potassium  ferrocyanide  and  ferric 
chloride  ptomaines  produce  a  blue  color.  2. — Characters  are 
written  with  a  quill  on  silver-bromide  paper,  using  solution 
of  the  alkaloid  or  ptomaine.  The  paper,  after  laying  aside  for 
half-hour,  protected  from  light,  is  developed  with  hyposul- 
phite. Ptomaines  yield  black  characters;  plant  alkaloids  do 
not.  (Morphine  also  yields  reaction  i. — compare  Kieffer's 
reaction — in  fact  none  of  the  above  reactions,  depending  on 
reducing  properties  of  ptomaines,  can  be  considered  charac- 
teristic.) 

Brown  (COPPER).  Treat  copper  salt  in  solution  with  excess  of 
potassium  iodide — cuprous  iodide  precipitated.  The  iodine 
in  latter  determined  with  standard  solution  sodium  thio- 
sulphate. 

Bruecke  (BERLIN-BLUE  INJECTION  MASS).  Wash  precipitate 
resulting  on  adding  aqueous  solut.  of  ferric  chloride  (5-%)  to 
aqueous  solut.  potassium  ferrocyanide  (io-%)  till  water  begins 
to  run  off  blue,  then  dry.  Or,  mix  io-%  ferric-chloride  solut. 
and  20-%  potassium  ferrocyanide  separately  with  twice  their 
volume  of  a  cold  saturated  solut.  sodium  sulphate,  then  mix 
as  before.  In  either  case  a  cone,  solut.  is  made  of  the  washed 
and  dried  Berlin  blue,  and  just  sufficient  gelatin  added  to  form 
a  jelly  when  cold.  The  injection  should  be  used  at  60°  C., 
and  injected  material  must  be  hardened  in  94-%  alcohol. 
Clear  sections  with  resinous  turpentine,  prepared  by  exposure 
to  air  in  large  vessels,  stain  with  carmine  if  desired,  and  avoid 
glycerin  for  mounting. 

Bruecke  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS  IN  URINE).  Boil  with  diluted 
nitric  acid,  then  add  cone,  sulphuric  acid — a  green  color  chang- 
ing to  blue  develops.  Detects  bile  if  7.5  per  cent,  of  latter 
present.  See  Gmelin's  test. 


36  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Bruecke  (BIURET  REACTION  FOR  ALBUMINOIDS).  Coagulated 
albumin  acquires  a  handsome  violet  color  when  treated  first 
with  diluted  copper-sulphate  solut.,  then,  after  the  excess  is. 
removed,  with  dilute  soda  solution.  Comp.  Rose's  biuret 
reaction. 

Bruecke  (DIGESTION  FLUID).  Glycerinated  extract  pig's  stom- 
ach, i  vol.;  hydrochloric  acid  (0.2-%),  3  vol.;  thymol,  a  few 
crystals. 

Bruecke  (GLUCOSE).  Boil  5.5  Gm.  freshly  precipitated,  moist 
bismuth  subnitrate  for  10  minutes  with  a  solut.  30  Gm.  potas- 
sium iodide  in  100  Gm.  water,  then  add  5  Gm.  (25-%)  hydro- 
chloric acid.  Glucose  (diabetic  urine)  effects  reduction  and 
causes  a  brown  or  black  color. 

Bruecke  (PROTEIDS).  Saturate  boiling  io-%  potassium-iodide 
solution  with  freshly  precipitated  mercuric  iodide,  and  filter 
when  cold;  in  solutions  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
proteids  are  precipitated  on  the  addition  of  reagent.  Com- 
pare Tanrefs  reagent  and  Oliver's  test-paper. 

Bruecke  (RED  INJECTION  FLUID).  A  concentrated  solut.  po- 
tassium ferrocyanide  is  followed  by  a  similar  solution  of 
copper  sulphate. 

Bruecke  (UREA).  Crystalline  deposit  obtained  on  heating  alco- 
holic extract  with  a  little  amylic  alcohol,  filtering  and  adding 
solution  of  oxalic  acid  in  amylic  alcohol. 

Brulle  (FOREIGN  OILS  [COTTONSEED  OIL]  IN  OLIVE  OIL). 
Boil  10  Cc.  of  the  oil  with  o.i  Gm.  powdered  albumin  and 
20  Cc.  nitric  acid.  When  albumin  is  dissolved,  pure  oil  is 
almost  colorless,  and,  on  cooling,  of  a  turbid,  straw-yellow 
color.  Color  permanent  after  24  hours,  and  liquid  solidifies. 
Cottonseed  oil  causes  liquid  to  become  orange  to  brownish- 
red  on  solution  of  albumin,  and  no  solidification  takes  place. 

Brun  (GLUCOSE  MEDIUM).  Dist.  water,  140;  glucose,  40;  gly- 
cerin, 10 ;  camphorated  spirit,  10.  Filter  to  remove  excess  of 
camphor. 

Brunner  (DiAzo  REACTION).  a.—  Para-amido-acetophenone, 
0.5  Gm. ;  hydrochloric  acid,  50  Gm. ;  distilled  water,  i  ,000  Gm. 
b. — Sodium  nitrite,  0.5  Gm.;  distilled  water,  100  Gm.  For 
use  mix  100  Gm.  a  with  2  Gm.  b.  Place  10  Gm.  of  this  mix- 
ture and  an  equal  quantity  urine  in  a  test-tube,  and  add  2.5 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  37 

Gm.  of  lo-per  cent,  ammonia  water — in  certain  febrile  dis- 
eases (e.  g.  typhoid)  a  ruby-red  develops. 

Brunner  (GLUCOSIDES).  On  heating  with  bile  and  sulphuric 
acid  they  produce  a  red  color  (reversed  Pettenkofer's  re- 
action). 

Brunner  (NITROBENZENE).  Red  color  is  produced  on  adding 
potassa  solution,  alcohol  and  a  little  sulphur  to  nitrobenzene. 

Brunner  (PiCRic  ACID).  A  woolen  thread  immersed  in  liquid 
containing  picric  acid,  then  rinsed  lightly  in  water  and  ex- 
tracted with  ammonia,  is  colored  red  by  potassium-cyanide 
solut. 

Brunner  (SULPHUR).  Reddish  color  obtained  on  mixing  sul- 
phur with  potassa  solut.  and  adding  few  drops  of  nitroben- 
zene and  alcohol  to  the  mixture. 

Bruno- Bizzari  (GLUCOSE).  Strips  of  white  woolen  material 
dipped  in  a  io-%  aqueous  stannous-chloride  solut.  and  dried. 
Drop  a  few  drops  diabetic  urine  on  prepared  material  and 
heat — decided  dark  spot  appears.  Test  may  be  made  quan- 
titive  by  comparing  spot  with  one  caused  by  a  glucose  solut. 
of  i  or  2  :  200,  or  other  known  strength. 

Brunotti  (GELATIN  IMBEDDING  MASS).  Dissolve  20  Gm.  gela- 
tin in  200  Cc.  dist.  water  with  heat,  filter,  and  add  30  to  40  Cc. 
acetic  acid  and  i  Gm.  mercuric  chloride. 

Buchheister  (OLIVE  OIL).  Test  depends  on  color  reactions 
following  addition  to  olive  oil  of  equal  parts  nitric  and  sul- 
phuric acids.  See  also  Boudet's  test. 

Buchner  (JALAP;  SCAMMONY).  Dissolve  jalap  and  scammony 
resins  in  diluted  potassa  or  soda  solution,  then  heat  and  filter; 
no  precipitate  and  only  a  slight  opalescence  should  be  caused 
by  diluted  sulphuric  acid  in  excess. 

Buckingham  (ALKALOIDS).  Freshly  prepared  solut.  of  i  Gm. 
ammonium  molybdate  in  16  Gm.  cone,  pure  sulphuric  acid 
heated  till  solution  is  clear.  Reagent  yields  precipitates  of 
different  colors  with  various  alkaloids.  "Comp.  Hager, 
Pharm.  Praxis,"  1886,  I.  p.  204. 

.Budge  (ASPHALT  INJECTION  MASS).  Cover  asphalt  with  ben- 
zene, and  let  stand  several  days;  then  preserve  for  use. 
Before  injecting,  add  30  to  50%  benzene,  and  filter.  Chloro- 
form or  turpentine  may  be  used  instead  of  benzene. 


38  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Bujwid  (ARSENIC).  A  culture  of  the  mold  Penicillium  brevi- 
caulis,  grown  upon  potato  at  37°  C.,  gives  rise  to  a  strong 
alliaceous  odor  in  presence  of  such  minute  traces  of  arsenic  as. 
would  scarcely  respond  to  Marsh's  test. 

Bujwid  (NITRITES).  Dilute  an  alcoholic  solution  of  indol  (i  or 
2 : 16,000)  with  water.  On  adding  a  few  drops  of  this  solut.  to- 
10  Cc.  water  heated  with  a  few  drops  hydrochloric  acid  (free 
from  nitrites)  to  7o°-8o°  C.,  a  fine  red  color  develops  if  water 
tested  contains  nitrites. 

Bujwid- Dunham  (PRODUCTS  OF  ASIATIC  CHOLERA  BACILLUS). 
See  PoehVs  reaction. 

Bunge  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Mordant  with  mixture  of  3, 
parts  aqueous  solut.  tannin,  and  i  part  aqueous  i :  20  ferric- 
chloride  solution,  adding  to  each  10  Cc.  i  Cc.  of  saturated 
aqueous  solut.  fuchsine.  Treat  with  mordant  for  5  minutes,. 
then  wash  and  stain  with  Neelson's  solution. 

Bunger  (HARDENING  FLUID  FOR  MICROSCOPIC  SECTIONS). 
Chromic-acid  solution  (i-%),  25;  osmic-acid  solut.  (i-%),  10; 
acetic  acid  (i-%),  20;  water,  45. 

Bunsen  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  Phosphoric  acid  in  minerals  is 
indicated  by  formation  of  phosphoretted  hydrogen  on  fusing 
the  minerals  with  sodium  and  moistening  with  water. 

Burchard  (CHOLESTERIN  AND  CHOLESTERIN  FATS).  Dissolve 
substance  in  chloroform,  then  add  acetic  anhydride  and  a  few 
drops  sulphuric  acid — a  violet  to  green  color  develops. 

Burgess  (CITRAL  AND  OTHER  AROMATIC  COMPOUNDS).  Dis- 
solve 10  Gm.  mercuric  sulphate  in  25-%  H2SO4  to  make  100 
Cc.  Vigorously  shake  2  Cc.  of  substance  with  5  Cc.  of  re- 
agent, and  note  color  after  10  minutes.  Citral  yields  a  bright- 
red  color  on  shaking,  which  disappears  rapidly  with  formation 
of  a  whitish  compound.  Citronellal  gives  a  bright-yellow  on* 
shaking,  and  remains  for  some  time.  Limonene  gives  an 
evanescent  faint  flesh  color.  Linalyl  acetate  gives  a  brilliant 
permanent  violet.  Linalol  gives  a  deep- violet  quickly,  and 
Eugenol  affords  a  light- violet.  Caryophylline  gives  a  yellow- 
ish compound.  For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  x,  p.  86. 

Busch  (DECALCIFICATION  OF  BONE).  Dilute  i  vol.  pure  nitric 
acid  (sp.  gr.  1.25)  with  ten  vol.  water,  for  decalcifying  large' 
and  tough  bones;  for  young  bones  dilute  to  i %.  Treat  bones 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  39 

with  95-%  alcohol  for  3  days,  then  in  the  nitric  acid  for  8  to 
10  days,  the  latter  being  changed  daily.  When  decalcifica- 
tion  complete,  wash  for  i  or  2  hours  in  running  water,  then 
immerse  in  95-%  alcohol,  which  should  be  changed  after  a 
few  days.  Young  and  fetal  bones  may  be  treated  first  with 
solut /containing  i%  potassium  bichromate  and  0.1%  chromic 
acid;  then  decalcified  with  i-  or  2-%  nitric  acid,  to  which  i% 
potassium  bichromate  or  o.  i  %  chromic  acid  has  been  added. 
Then  place  in  alcohol. 

Busch  (STAINING  BONE).  Stain  sections  of  decalcified  bone  for 
5  or  10  minutes  in  weak  aqueous  eosin  solut.,  which  may  be 
preceded  or  followed  by  hematoxylin,  then  dehydrate  in 
absolute  alcohol,  and  mount  without  cleaning  in  benzene- 
balsam. 

Busse  (BOMBAY  MACE).  Immerse  strips  of  white  filter-paper 
in  alcoholic  extract  of  the  mace  for  30  minutes,  then  plunge 
in  saturated  baryta  water  quickly  heated  to  boiling;  remove 
and  dry  on  filter-paper.  With  Bombay  mace  the  dry  strips 
assume  a  bright  red;  true  Banda  mace  gives  a  brownish  yel- 
low, the  under  side  of  the  paper  being  pale  reddish  brown. 
Papua  mace  gives  colors  resembling  the  Banda  variety,  but 
less  intense. 

Busse  (CELLOIDIN  SOLUTIONS).  Three  successive  baths  are 
prepared  by  dissolving  10  parts  celloidin  in  150,  105  and  80 
parts  respectively  of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  ether  and  abso- 
lute alcohol.  See  Elsching's  solution. 

Butschli  (Acio  HEMATOXYLIN).  Dilute  Delafield's  solution  and 
add  enough  acetic  acid  to  decidedly  redden  it. 

Butschli  (IMBEDDING  METHOD).  Pass  directly  from  chloroform 
into  chloroformic  paraffin  solution,  then  evaporate  chloroform 
at  melting-point  of  paraffin. 

Butschli  (IRON  HEMATOXYLIN).  Treat  sections  with  weak 
aqueous  solut.  ferric  acetate,  wash  with  water,  and  stain  in 
0.5 -per  cent,  aqueous  hematoxylin  solution. 

Cadet  (ARSENIC).  The  characteristic  odor  of  cacodyl  develops 
on  heating  with  sodium  acetate. 

Cadier  (ALBUMIN).     Same  as  Tanret's  reagent  (q.  v.). 

Cailletet  (COPPER  IN  OILS).     Shake  10  Cc.  of  oil  with  a  solu- 


40  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

tion  of  o.i  Gm.  pyrogallic  acid  in  5  Cc.  ether — copper  causes  a 
brown  color  and  turbidity. 

Cailletet  (FATTY  OILS).  12  parts  of  phosphoric  acid  sp.  gr. 
1.44;  7  parts  sulphuric  acid  sp.  gr.  1.84;  and  10  parts  nitric 
acid  sp.  gr.  1.37.  According  to  other  authorities  it  is  a  nitric 
acid  containing  nitrous  acid. 

Cailletet  (TARTARIC  AND  CITRIC  ACIDS).  Pour  a  saturated 
solution  of  potassium  bichromate  on  a  crystal  of  the 
acid.  Pure  citric  acid  slowly  develops  a  brownish  zone;  if 
tartaric  acid  present  the  color  is  violet  or  black. 

Caillian  (GLUCOSE).  On  shaking  urine  with  half  its  volume  of 
chloroform,  and  allowing  to  stand,  any  glucose  present  will  be 
found  in  the  upper  layer. 

Calberla  (GLYCERIN  MIXTURE).  Equal  parts  glycerin,  alco- 
hol, and  water.  Keep  fixed  objects  in  the  mixture  till  re- 
quired for  dissection  or  section  cutting. 

Calberla  (!NDULIN  STAIN).  Dilute  a  cone,  aqueous  solut.  of 
indulin  with  6  vol.  of  water  and  stain  sections  5  to  20  minutes. 
Then  wash  in  water  or  alcohol  and  examine  in  glycerin  or  clove 
oil. 

Calberla  (MACERATING  MIXTURE).  Potassium  chloride,  0.4 
Gm. ;  sodium  chloride,  0.03  Gm.;  sodium  phosphate,  0.2  Gm.; 
calcium  chloride,  0.2  Gm.;  water  impregnated  with  carbon 
dioxide,  100  Gm.  Mix  i  vol.  of  this  solut.  with  half  a  vol.  of 
Muller's  solut.,  and  i  vol.  water.  The  Miiller's  solut.  may  be 
replaced  by  a  2. 5 -per  cent,  solut.  ammonium  chromate. 
Nerve  and  muscle  tissues  of  embryos* are  macerated  in  this 
mixture,  then  isolated  by  teasing  and  shaking;  specimens 
are  finally  mounted  in  cone,  solut.  potassium  acetate. 

Calberla  (METHYL-GREEN  AND  EOSINE).  Dissolve  eosine  i, 
and  methyl  green  60,  in  warm  3o-per  cent,  alcohol.  Stain 
sections  in  this  for  5  to  10  minutes,  wash  quickly  in  successive 
alcohols,  and  mount  in  balsam  or  glycerin. 

Calvert  (FIXED  OILS).  Characteristic  color  reactions  are  pro- 
duced on  shaking  fixed  oils  with  one-fifth  their  bulk  of  nitric 
or  sulphuric  acid  of  varying  strengths,  and  putting  aside  for 
five  or  ten  minutes.  A  mixture  of  the  strong  acids  (equal 
parts)  may  also  be  used,  and  when  nitric  acid  is  used  alone,  an 
excess  of  soda  solution  may  or  may  not  be  used  subsequently. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  41 

Other  variations  of  the  test  involve  the  use  of  syrupy  phos- 
phoric acid,  nitre-hydrochloric  acid,  followed  by  excess  of 
soda  solution;  a  mixture  of  equal  volumes  of  water,  nitric  acid 
and  sulphuric  acid ;  or  i  volume  of  soda  solution  may  be  added 
to  4  volumes  of  oil,  prior  to  boiling. 

Camoin  (SESAME  OIL).     Same  as  Baudoiri's  test. 

Campani  (COPPER).  Copper  gives  a  yellow  to  orange-red  pre- 
cipitate on  mixing  a  solution  of  glucose  with  lead-subacetate 
solution. 

Campani  (GLUCOSE).  Mixture  of  a  concentrated  lead-acetate 
solution  with  a  dilute  copper-acetate  solution.  Cane-sugar 
causes  no  change;  glucose  reduces  the  copper  salt. 

Campani  (MANGANESE).  Exhaust  ashes  containing  manganese 
with  hot  water  and  boil  with  mixture  of  nitric  acid,  85  vol- 
umes, phosphoric  acid,  15  volumes.  Evaporate  clear  liquid 
to  dryness,  take  up  residue  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  again 
evaporate  to  dryness — amethyst  color  develops. 

Campani  (POTASSIUM  SALTS).  Bismuth-sodium-thiosulphate 
(obtained  by  dissolving  bismuth  subnitrate,  i,  in  smallest 
possible  quantity  of  hydrochloric  acid,  and  adding  sodium 
thiosulphate,  i).  In  aqueous  solution  potassium  salts  give 
with  reagent  a  yellow  precipitate  insoluble  in  alcohol. 

Candussio  (PHENOLS).  Solut.  of  potassium  ferricyanide,  i  part 
in  100  parts  10-  or  20-%  ammonia,  gives  various  color  reac- 
tions with  different  phenols. 

Capezzuoli  (SUGAR).  Precipitate  ferric  hydroxide  by  excess  of 
potassa.  If  sugar  present,  a  dark,  orange-yellow  ring  is  devel- 
oped in  24  hours  at  surface  of  precipitate. 

Cappagnoli  (GLUCOSE).  According  to  Wilder,  a  blue  color  is 
produced  on  adding  solut.  copper  hydroxide  in  potassa  solu- 
tion. 

Capranika  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Add  solut.  bromine  in  chlo- 
roform to  urine — if  biliary  pigments  present  a  green  color 
develops,  which,  on  shaking  with  hydrochloric  acid,  is  taken 
up  by  the  acid. 

Capranika  (GUANINE).  With  solutions  containing  guanine, 
picric  acid  gives  yellow,  concentrated  potassium  chromate 
an  orange  red,  and  potassium  ferricyanide  a  brown  precipitate. 

Carcano    (DIFFERENTIATING    BOILED    FROM  UNBOILED    MILK). 


42  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS 

Add  a  few  drops  of  fairly  fresh  oil  turpentine  to  a  few  Cc.  milk 
in  porcelain  saucer  and  heat  slowly,  then  add  alcoholic  solut. 
resin  guaiac — unboiled  milk  is  colored  blue;  boiled  milk  gives 
no  color. 

Carey  Lea  (GELATIN).  Acid  solution  of  mercuric  nitrate  gives 
a  red  color. 

Carey  Lea  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID  AND  CYANIDES).  Ferrous- 
ammonio-sulphate,  i;  uranium  nitrate,  i;  water,  240  or  250. 
Reagent  gives  a  purple-red  color  or  precipitate  with  hydro- 
cyanic acid  or  its  salts.  Add  2  drops  of  the  suspected  liquid, 
on  a  porcelain  slab,  to  2  drops  of  the  test  solution,  so  that  the 
two  liquids  just  touch. 

Carey  Lea  (THIOSULPHATES).  A  rose-red  to  scarlet  color  is 
produced  on  boiling  with  a  few  drops  solution  of  ruthenium 
chloride  in  presence  of  ammonia. 

Carey  Lea  (IODINE).  A  bluish  color  is  developed  on  adding 
starch  paste,  stirring  well,  then  adding  a  drop  dilute  solut.  of 
potassium  bichromate  and  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

Carizzi  (BLEACHING  PROCESS).  Cover  small  quantity  of  so- 
dium dioxide  with  io-%  solut.  tartaric  or  acetic  acid,  and 
cautiously  overlay  with  70-%  alcohol.  Saturate  objects  with 
alcohol,  and  suspend  in  supernatant  alcoholic  fluid.  Avoid 
using  mineral  acids  or  much  dioxide,  or  reaction  may  be 
very  violent. 

Carlinfanti  (MODIFIED  BAUDOUIN'S  TEST).  After  shaking  oil 
with  hydrochloric  acid  containing  sugar,  allow  mixture  to 
deposit — if  sesame  oil  present,  the  hydrochloric  acid  appears 
purplish-red;  color  is  permanent  on  dilution  with  three  parts 
water,  whereas  a  similar  coloration,  when  pure  olive  oil  is. 
present,  disappears. 

Carnot  (ARSENIC).  Precipitate  as  sulphide,  and  convert  latter 
into  arsenic  acid — by  ammonia,  silver  nitrate  and  hydrogen 
peroxide — and  determine  this  as  bismuth  arsenate  (very  in- 
soluble in  dil.  nitric  acid),  which  is  simply  dried  and  weighed. 

Carnoy  (ACETIC  ALCOHOL),  i. — Glacial  acetic  acid,  i  part;; 
absolute  alcohol,  3  parts.  2. — Glacial  acetic  acid,  i  part;, 
absolute  alcohol,  6  parts;  chloroform,  3  parts.  The  addition 
of  chloroform  is  said  to  render  the  action  of  the  mixture  more 
rapid. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  4& 

Carnoy  (HARDENING  SOLUTION).  Chromic-acid  solution  (2-%),. 
45;  osmic-acid  solution  (2-%),  16;  glacial  acetic  acid,  3. 

Carnoy  (SALT  SOLUTION).  Add  a  trace  of  osmic  acid  to  a, 
0.75-%  aqueous  solut.  sodium  chloride. 

Carnoy  (TANNIN  SOLUTION).     Tannin,  0.5  Gm.;  water,  looGm. 

Carnoy  (ToLU  CEMENT).  Tolu  balsam,  2  parts;  Canada  bal- 
sam, i  part;  saturated  solution  shellac  in  chloroform,  2  parts; 
and  enough  chloroform  to  make  cement  of  syrupy  consistence. 

Caro  (REAGENT).  Solut.  potass,  persulphate  in  cone.  H2SO4. 
Used  as  an  oxidizer. 

Caro- Fischer  (SULPHURETTED  HYDROGEN).  The  reagent  is  para- 
amido-dimethylaniline  sulphate.  Add  to  fluid  to  be  tested 
i~5oth  of  its  weight  strong  hydrochloric  acid  and  a  few  par- 
ticles of  the  sulphate,  followed  by  a  few  drops  dilute  ferric- 
chloride  solution — if  sulphuretted  hydrogen  present,  methy- 
lene  blue  is  formed,  which  is  at  once  evident  from  its  charac- 
teristic color. 

Carpene"  (TANNIN  IN  WINE).  Tannin  is  precipitated  by  a 
saturated  solution  zinc  acetate  in  5-%  ammonia. 

Carter  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  Formaldehyde,  10;  dist.  water,  10; 
acetic  acid,  i.  Solut.  kills  and  fixes  tissues  very  quickly,  and 
does  not  shrink  cells.  Leave  tissues  in  solut.  6  to  12  hours, 
remove  to  50-%  alcohol  for  i  hour,  then  leave  15  to  30  min- 
utes in  75-%  alcohol,  then  for  equal  period  in  90-%  alcohol, 
then  mount  as  usual.  Any  staining  solut.  may  be  used  with 
this  fixing  solut. 

Carter  (!NDICAN  IN  URINE).  Overlay  urine  on  nitric  acid — 
play  of  colors  ensues,  and  a  deep-blue  to  purple  ppt.  forms  on 
adding  sulphuric  acid.  Bile  also  gives  play  of  colors. 

Casali  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS),  i. — On  adding  barium  dioxide, 
lead  dioxide,  stannic  chloride,  or  antimonous  chloride,  with 
either  sulphuric  or  hydrochloric  acid,  to  a  biliary  pigment,  a 
play  of  colors  through  yellow,  red,  wine-red,  violet,  and  bluish- 
violet  takes  place.  2. — Various  colors  are  produced  on  pre- 
cipitating urine  containing  biliary  matter  with  solution  lead 
acetate  and  ammonia,  extracting  with  ether  and  hydrochloric- 
acid,  evaporating  ethereal  layer,  and  adding  oxidizing  agents.. 

Casamajor  (GLUCOSE).  Methyl  alcohol  causes  a  cloudy  appear- 
ance. 


44  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Casoria  (WATER  IN  ALCOHOL).  Absolute  alcohol  does  not 
affect  color  of  dehydrated  copper  sulphate,  but  if  water  pres- 
ent the  salt  turns  blue. 

Castle  (BROMINE  AND  IODINE).  Dichlorbenzene-sulphamide, 
in  solid  substance  or  solution  in  chloroform,  is  added  to  the 
solution  to  be  tested.  From  metallic  iodides  and  bromides 
the  halogens  are  liberated  as  by  free  chlorine,  and  can  be 
recognized  by  the  color  imparted  to  carbon  disulphide  or 
chloroform. 

Causse  (POLLUTED  WATER).  Pure  water  restores  the  color  to 
hexamethylene  rosaniline  decolorized  by  H2SO4,  while  pol- 
luted waters  give  no  color  with  the  reagent.  Reagent  is  an 
-aqueous  1:1,000  solut.  of  "violet  crystals"  decolorized  by 
H2S04. 

Cavalli  (ALKALINITY  OF  WATER).  Add  2  or  3  drops  of  a  i-% 
solut.  toluylene-red  to  50  Cc.  water — intense  yellow  if  water 
alkaline;  if  alkalinity  very  slight,  color  is  orange  or  pale- red. 
Sensitive  i :  i  ,000,000  to  alkali  carbonate. 

Cazeneuve  (COAL-TAR  DYES  IN  WINES).  The  nitrate  from 
natural  wines  when  shaken  with  yellow  mercuric  oxide  is 
colorless; — if  aniline  dyes  are  present  it  is  distinctly  colored. 

Cazeneuve  (METALS).  Diphenyl  carbazide  in  benzin  solut. 
gives  various  color  reactions  with  different  metallic  salts,  in 
very  dil.  aqueous  solut.,  e.  g.  copper  gives  a  fine  violet,  passing 
into  the  benzin ;  mercurous  salts  give  a  dark-blue  and  ferrous 
salts  a  pink,  becoming  brown  with  potass,  ferrocyanide,  even 
in  dil.  of  1:100,000.  Color  is  destroyed  by  excess  of  acids. 
Gold  and  silver  salts  give  rose  tints  with  pptn.  of  metal; 
chromic  acid  ( i :  i  ,000 ,000  part  of  metal)  gives  a  decided 
violet  color  stable  with  excess  of  acids,  and  not  taken  up  by 
benzin,  but  taken  up  by  amylic  alcohol. 

Cazeneuve-Cotton  (METHYL  ALCOHOL).  Distil  several  frac- 
tions of  suspected  spirit  and  add  to  each  i  Cc.  of  potassium- 
permanganate  solution  (0.5-%).  If  free  from  methyl  alcohol, 
only  the  first  two  fractions  immediately  reduce  the  color. 

Cazeneuve-Defournel  (NITRATES  IN  WATER).  Glacial  formic 
acid  is  used  instead  of  sulphuric  acid  in  applying  the  brucine 
test  for  nitrates. 

Chamberlain- Austen. — See  A  usten-Chamberlain. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  45 

Chancel  (FUCHSINE).  Wine  colored  with  fuchsine  retains  its. 
color  after  heating  10  Cc.  with  3  Cc.  of  lead-subacetate  solu- 
tion (1:20)  and  filtering.  Acidify  red  filtrate  with  acetic 
acid,  take  up  the  color  with  fusel  oil  and  identify. 

Chapman  (PHENOLS).  Dissolve  i  Cc.  of  the  phenol  in  5  Cc. 
acetic  anhydride,  and  add  a  small  fragment  ZnCl2,  or  cone. 
H2SO4.  Some  of  the  color-reactions  are  as  follows:  Eugenol 
— with  H2SO4,  brown,  changing  to  purple  and  finally  wine 
red;  with  ZnCl2,  pale-yellow,  disappearing  on  standing.  Iso- 
eugenol — with  H2SO4,  rose-red  becoming  light-brown;  with 
ZnCl2,  rose-red.  Saffrol — with  H2SO4  emerald-green,  chang- 
ing to  brownish-green  and  finally  brownish;  with  ZnCl2,  pale- 
blue,  finally  light-brown.  Iso-saffrol — with  H2SO4  pale-pink, 
becoming  reddish;  with  ZnCl2,  pink,  becoming  brownish-red 
and  finally  brown.  Estragol — with  H2SO4,  purple,  then 
indigo-blue,  and  finally  bluish-purple;  with  ZnCl2,  bluish- 
violet  to  indigo-blue,  and  finally  brownish.  Anethol  — 
with  H2SO4,  at  first  no  color,  then  pale-yellow  after  a  time; 
with  ZnCl2,  pale-yellow  becoming  darker,  and  finally  brick- 
red. 

Chapman-Smith  (TARTARIC  AND  CITRIC  ACIDS).  Boil  with  a 
strongly  alkaline  solution  potassium  permanganate — tartaric 
acid  reduces  it  at  once ;  with  citric  acid  the  green  color  remains. 

Chatard  (NITROUS  ACID).  A  distinct  odor  of  carbolic  acid  is 
apparent  on  evaporating  a  solution  of  nitrous  acid  nearly  to. 
dryness  and  rubbing  with  a  few  drops  aniline-sulphate  so- 
lution. 

Cha  tin- Gaul  tier  de  Claubry  (IODINE).  A  blue  to  violet  color 
is  produced  on  adding  starch  together  with  a  mixture  of 
nitric  acid,  i  volume,  and  sulphuric  acid,  6  volumes. 

Chautard  (ACETONE  IN  URINE),  i.— Dissolve  i  part  fuchsine 
in  1 50. parts  warm  water,  and  pass  in  current  of  sulphurous- 
acid  gas  till  decolorized.  This  solution  added  to  an  equal  vol- 
ume of  urine  is  reddened  in  i  to  2  minutes  if  acetone  is 
present.  2. — Distil  200  Cc.  of  urine  and  test  first  15  Cc.  with 
decolorized  magenta  solution,  made  by  mixing  30  Cc.  magenta 
solution  (i  in  1,000),  20  Cc.  saturated  sodium-bisulphite  solu- 
tion, 3  Cc.  strong  sulphuric  acid,  and  200  Cc.  water.  See  also 
Gay  on' s  test. 


46  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Chenzinsky  (METHYLENE  BLUE  AND  EOSINE).  Saturated 
aqueous  solution  methylene  blue,  40  parts;  0.5-%  solution 
eosine  in  70-%  alcohol,  20  parts;  distilled  water  or  glycerin, 
40  parts. 

Chevreuil  (TEST-PAPER).  Hematoxylin  Paper.  Paper  gives 
with  alkalies  a  blue  color,  and  with  acids  a  red. 

Chevreul  (AMMONIA).  Red  color  of  hematoxylin  paper  is 
changed  to  violet  or  blue  by  ammonia. 

Chiappe  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  Color  of  methyl 
violet  is  changed  to  ultramarine-blue  on  adding  to  vinegar 
containing  mineral  acids. 

Chlopin  (OZONE).  Dissolve  Ursol  D.  or  T.,  in  absolute  alcohol,  and 
impregnate  strips  of  ordinary  filtering  paper  with  the  brown 
solution,  which  must  be  freshly  prepared  each  time  before  use. 
On  moistening  the  test-paper  with  water  and  exposing  it  in 
an  atmosphere  containing  ozone,  it  immediately  acquires  a 
blue  color,  which,  according  to  the  quantity  of  ozone  present 
in  the  air,  may  change  to  a  violet  or  dark-blue.  The  new  test- 
paper  is  not  affected  by  H2O2.  H2S03,  Cl  and  Br,  color  the 
Ursol  paper  at  first  bluish-green,  but  the  color,  however,  soon 
changes  to  yellow.  CO2  is  said  to  be  entirely  without  action 
on  the  new  test-paper. 

Christen  (ALBUMIN).  Tannin  produces  a  turbidity  or  precipi- 
tate with  solution  of  albumin. 

Ciamician-Magnanini  (SKATOL).  Heat  skatol  with  sulphuric 
acid — a  bright  purple  red  color  develops. 

Clark  (CREOSOTE;  PHENOL).  Boil  with  excess  of  nitric  acid 
till  red  fumes  no  longer  evolved — carbolic  acid  forms  yellow 
crystals;  creosote  does  not. 

Clark  (SOAP  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  10  Gm.  Castile  Soap  in 
35-%  alcohol,  and  standardize  against  a  solut.  made  by  dis- 
solving i  Gm.  CaCO3  in  smallest  excess  of  HC1,  neutralizing 
with  NH3  and  adding  H2O  to  i  ,000  Cc. 

Clarus  (SOLANINE).  Chromic  acid  solution  gives  a  sky-blue 
color  with  solanine. 

Claus  (UREA).  Nitrous  acid  decomposes  urea  in  solut.  into 
carbon  dioxide  and  nitrogen.  Course  of  reaction  depends 
on  quantity  of  nitrous  acid  and  other  circumstances. 

Claus  (WATER).     Moisten  anthraquinone  and  sodium  amalgam 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  47 

with  alcohol — if  latter  contains  water  a  red  color  develops. 
Absolute  alcohol  gives  a  green  color. 

Clowes  (INFLAMMABLE  GAS).  Test  serves  for  detecting  and 
estimating  inflammable  gases  in  air,  present  in  least  explosive 
proportion.  Burn  a  hydrogen  flame  10  Mm.  in  height  in  air 
to  be  examined — the  appearance  of  the  pale  flame  or  "cap" 
surmounting  and  surrounding  the  hydrogen  flame,  and  ob- 
served against  a  black  background  in  a  darkened  space,  serves 
as  an  indication  of  gas  or  vapor,  and  the  height  of  the  cap 
may  be  directly  translated  into  percentages  of  gas  present  by 
tables  published  by  author  in  his  ' '  Detection  and  Measure- 
ment of  Inflammable  Gas  and  Vapor  in  Air." 

Codina-Laenglin  (OLIVE  OIL).  Heat  i  Gm.  dilute  nitric  acid 
(nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.33,  3  parts;  water,  i  part)  with  3  Gm. 
olive  oil  on  water-bath — characteristic  color-reactions  take 
place. 

Cohen  (ALBUMIN).  Solution  bismuth-potassium  iodide  pre- 
cipitates albumin  and  alkaloids  from  acid  solutions.  See 
Dragendorff's  test. 

Cohn  (CULTURE  SOLUTIONS),  i. — Water,  200  Cc.;  ammonium 
tartrate,  2  Gm.;  potassium  phosphate,  2  Gm. ;  magnesium 
sulphate,  o.i  Gm. ;  tricalcic  phosphate,  o.i  Gm.  2. — (CORN'S 
NORMAL  SOLUTION.)  Water,  200  Cc.;  acid  potassium  phos- 
phate, i  Gm. ;  magnesium  sulphate,  i  Gm. ;  ammonium 
tartrate,  2  Gm.;  calcium  chloride,  o.i  Gm. 

Cohnheim  (GOLD  METHOD).  Place  pieces  of  tissues  in  0.5-% 
gold-chloride  solut.  until  quite  yellow,  then  expose  to  light  in 
water  acidulated  with  acetic  acid  until  gold  thoroughly  re- 
duced. Mount  specimens  in  acidulated  glycerin. 

Colasanti  (SULPHOCYANIC  ACID).  Warm  a  dilute  solut.  of 
substance  with  solut.  of  gold  chloride  (1:1,000-10,000)  in 
potassium  hydrate  or  sat.  solut.  sodium  bicarbonate — violet 
color  develops,  and  gold  deposits  on  cooling. 

Cole  (CARMINE  METHOD).  Wash  sections  in  water  to  remove 
alcohol,  then  stain  with  Grenadier's  borax-carmine  3  to  5 
minutes,  and  wash  in  methylated  spirit.  Afterwards  immerse 
in  mixture  methylated  spirit,  5  parts,  and  hydrochloric  acid, 
i  part,  for  5  to  10  minutes.  Again  wash  well  in  spirit  to 
remove  all  traces  of  acid,  then  dehydrate  in  stronger  spirit  for 


43  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

10  to  15  minutes,  clear  in  clove  oil  for  5  minutes,  wash  in  tur- 
pentine, and  mount  in  benzene-balsam. 

Cole  (FREEZING  PROCESS).  Dissolve  picked  acacia,  4  oz.,  in 
distilled  water,  6  fl.  oz.,  and  to  each  5  parts  of  resulting  mu- 
cilage add  3  parts  syrup  (sugar,  i  pound,  in  distilled  water,  i 
pint).  To  each  ounce  of  medium  add  5  grains  pure  carbolic 
acid,  and  soak  tissues  in  it  prior  to  freezing.  For  tissues 
liable  to  come  in  pieces  mix  4  parts  syrup  with  5  of  mucilage. 

Cole  (HEMATOXYLIN  METHOD),  a. — Hematoxylin,  30  grains; 
absolute  alcohol,  3^  fl.  oz.;  b. — ammonia  alum,  30  grains; 
water,  3^  fl.  oz.  Mix  a  and  6,  then  add  glycerin,  3^  fl.  oz., 
and  glacial  acetic  acid,  3  fl.  dr.  Leave  mixture  exposed  to 
light  for  at  least  a  month,  then  filter  and  keep  in  a  stoppered 
bottle.  Wash  sections  in  distilled  water  to  remove  alcohol,  or 
if  the  material  has  been  hardened  with  chromic  acid,  treat 
with  i-%  aqueous  solution  of  sodium  bicarbonate  and  then 
wash  well  in  water.  Next  add  10  to  20  drops  of  the  hematoxy- 
lin  solution  to  a  watch-glassful  distilled  water  and  immerse 
sections  for  10  to  30  minutes.  Again  wash  in  distilled  water r 
then  in  ordinary  tap  water,  dehydrate  with  methylated  spirit, 
clear  in  clov.e  oil,  and  mount  in  benzene-balsam.  If  sections 
over-stained,  remove  excess  of  color  before  dehydration  by 
soaking  for  a  few  minutes  in  a  0.5-%  solution  glacial  acetic 
acid  in  distilled  water,  then  wash  again  in  tap  water  and  pro- 
ceed as  above. 

Cole  (HEMATOXYLIN  AND  EOSINE  METHOD).  Stain  sections 
with  hematoxylin  as  above,  but  before  clearing  immerse  in 
alcoholic  solution  eosine  (i  grain  to  i  fl.  oz.)  for  five  minutes, 
wash  well  in  methylated  spirit,  clear  in  clove  oil,  and  mount 
in  benzene-balsam. 

Cole  (PICROCARMINE  METHOD).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  carmine  in  10 
Cc.  distilled  water  and  3  Cc.  of  strong  ammonia,  then  add 
solution  to  200  Cc.  of  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  picric  acid. 
Leave  mixture  exposed  to  the  air  until  it  has  evaporated  to 
one-third  its  bulk,  then  filter  and  keep  in  a  stoppered  bottle. 
Stain  sections  for  0.5  to  i  hour,  place  on  slides  without  wash- 
ing, and  after  draining  off  excess  of  stain,  mount  in  Farrant's 
medium. 

Cole   (SLOW  OR  EXPOSURE  METHOD  OF  MOUNTING).     Dissolve 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  49 

dried  Canada  balsam,  3  oz.,  in  benzene,  3  fl.  oz.,  and  filter. 
Apply  a  clean  cover-glass  to  a  slide  that  has  been  moistened 
by  breathing  on  it,  and  place  a  few  drops  of  balsam  solution  on 
cover-glass.  Then  remove  a  section  from  turpentine,  and  put 
it  into  the  balsam.  Put  aside  for  12  hours  to  allow  benzene 
to  evaporate,  and  having  warmed  a  slide  and  added  a  drop 
fresh  balsam  solution  to  that  on  cover-glass,  bring  the  fluid 
balsam  in  contact  with  the  warmed  side.  Press  cover  down 
carefully  to  avoid  inclusion  of  air  bubbles,  and  when  excess 
of  balsam  is  squeezed  out,  put  slide  aside  to  cool,  after  which 
it  may  be  cleaned  with  a  camel's-hair  brush  or  soft  rag  moist- 
ened with  methylated  spirit. 

Conrady  (CANE  SUGAR  IN  MILK  SUGAR).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  of 
milk  sugar  in  10  Cc.  water;  then  add  o.i  Gm.  resorcin  and  i 
Cc.  hydrochloric  acid,  and  boil  mixture  for  five  minutes — if 
cane  sugar  present  a  reddish  color  develops. 

Conroy  (COTTONSEED  OIL  IN  LARD).  Silver  nitrate,  5;  nitric 
acid  (sp.  gr.  1.42),  i;  alcohol,  100.  Melt  10  Gm.  lard  in  test- 
tube,  add  2  Gm.  test-solution,  and  immerse  tube  in  boiling 
water  for  5  minutes — pure  lard  remains  white,  but  cottonseed 
oil  present  (even  i%)  causes  brownish  color. 

Conroy  (OLIVE  OIL).  Heat  9  volumes  of  oil  with  i  volume 
nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.42),  and  note  color  and  consistence  of  the 
mixture. 

Contejean  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Heat 
a  drop  of  gastric  juice  with  freshly  precipitated  cobaltous 
hydroxide  in  a  watch-glass — if  hydrochloric  acid  present,  co- 
baltous chloride  forms,  and  colors  solution  blue  on  evaporation. 

Corne  (!ODATES).  Starch  and  water,  in  which  phosphorus  has 
been  kept,  give  with  iodides  containing  iodates,  a  blue  color. 

Cotton  (BRUCINE).  A  violet  to  green  color  develops  on  adding 
excess  of  sodium-sulphydrate  solution  to  a  warm  solution  of 
brucine  in  nitric  acid. 

Cotton  (PHENOL).     See  Lex's  test. 

Cotton-Cazeneuve. — See  Cazeneuve-Cotton. 

Couerbe  (NARCOTINE).  A  blood-red  color  develops  on  heating 
with  sulphuric  acid. 

Cox  (MERCURIC  IMPREGNATION  MIXTURE).  Five-per  cent, 
potassium-bichromate  solution,  20  parts;  5-%  mercuric- 


50  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

chloride  solution,  20  parts;  5-%  potassium-chromate  solution, 
1 6  parts;  water,  30  to  40  parts. 

Crace-Calvert  (FATTY  OILS).  Treat  oils  with  sulphuric  and 
nitric  acids  of  given  concentration,  with  phosphoric  acid,  or 
with  nitro-hydrochloric  acid,  and  note  color  reactions,  as  well 
as  changes  in  color  and  consistency  caused  by  boiling  oils  with 
soda  lye,  either  with  or  without  addition  of  hydrochloric  acid. 
For  detailed  information,  see  Benedikt,  "Analyse  der  Fette" 
edit.  II,  p.  307. 

Cramp  ton-Simons  (CARAMEL  IN  LIQUOR  AND  VINEGAR).  Add 
25  Gm.  Fuller's  earth  to.  50  Cc.  of  liquid  in  beaker,  let  stand  30 
minutes,  and  filter.  Percentage  of  color  absorption  is  deter- 
mined by  Lovibond  tintometer  before  and  after  treatment; 
or  compare  with  sample  of  liquid  colored. 

Cresti  (COPPER).  Place  a  zinc-platinum  element,  formed  of  two 
wires,  in  liquid  suspected  to  contain  copper;  on  removing  the 
platinum  wire,  rinse  with  water  and  expose  for  a  moment  to 
action  of  hydrobromic  acid  and  bromine  vapors,  produced  by 
heating  potassium  bromide  with  sulphuric  acid — the  deposit 
of  copper  becomes  violet. 

Creuse  (SALICIN  IN  QUININE).  Potassium  bichromate  and 
dilute  sulphuric  acid  give  no  change  with  quinine.  If  salicin 
present,  odor  of  salicylic  aldehyde  develops. 

Cripps-Dymond  (ALOES),  i. — Triturate  0.05  Gm.  aloes,  or 
residue  left  upon  evaporation,  with  16  drops  cone,  sulphuric 
acid  and  4  drops  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.4),  and  add  30  Gm.  water 
— an  orange  to  carmine  color  develops,  which  is  darkened  to 
deep  wine-red  by  ammonia.  (Rhubarb,  senna  and  frangula 
interfere  with  the  reaction.)  2. — All  aloins  are  precipitated 
by  ferric  chloride  or  lead  acetate.  Barbaloin  and  nataloin 
are  colored  carmine-red  by  cold  nitric  acid ;  socaloin  and  curag- 
aloin  are  colored  red  by  fuming  nitric  acid.  Barbaloin,  dis- 
solved in  a  drop  of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  is  colored  red 
upon  the  addition  of  nitric  acid.  Nataloin  is  colored  blue  by 
similar  treatment. 

Crismer  (ALDEHYDES).  Nessler's  reagent,  or  a  solut.  potassio- 
mercuric  iodide  with  baryta  water,  affords  yellow  to  brown- 
black  precipitates  insol.  in  potassium  cyanide. 

Crismer  (INDICATOR).     The  indicator  for  alkalimetry,  known 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  51 

as  "resazurin,"  is  obtained  by  adding  45  drops  nitric  acid,  sp. 
gr.  1.25,  saturated  with  nitrous  acid,  to  a  solution  of  resorcin, 
4  Gm.,  in  anhydrous  ether,  200  Cc.  After  standing  for  two 
days  the  crystals  which  have  formed  are  separated  and  washed 
with  ether  until  washings  colored  blue  with  ammonia.  It 
gives  a  red  color  with  acids  and  blue  with  alkalies  and  alkali 
carbonates. 

Crismer  (SAFRANINE  TEST  FOR  GLUCOSE).  Heat  to  6o°-65° 
C.,  5  Cc.  of  a  i :  i, ooo  aqueous  solution  safranine  with  i  Cc. 
urine  and  2  Cc.  of  a  io-%  soda  solution;  liquid  is  decolorized 
if  glucose  present.  Allen  takes  equal  measures  (2  Cc.)  of 
safranine  solution,  urine,  and  normal  soda  or  potash  solution, 
and  heats  mixture  till  it  boils  freely.  If  urine  contains  more 
than  0.1%  sugar,  liquid  will  be  decolorized,  but  otherwise 
the  red  color  remains  intact  or  is  only  partially  discharged. 
Uric  acid  and  creatinine  do  not  affect  safranine. 

Crismer  (TARTARIC  ACID).  Trace  of  tartaric  acid  added  to  a 
weak  solution  ammonium  molybdate,  followed  by  one  or  two 
drops  hydrogen  dioxide,  or  a  trace  of  sodium  peroxide,  and 
the  mixture  warmed  to  60°  C.,  gives  at  first  a  green  color 
which  changes  to  blue. 

Crismer  (TURPENTINE  IN  VOLATILE  OILS).  Dissolve  20  Gm. 
potassium  bitartrate  in  i  liter  water,  and  neutralize  with 
manganous  carbonate  (about  6  Gm.),  mix  3  Cc.  of  this  solu- 
tion, 5  Cc.  of  suspected  oil,  and  5  drops  ammonia  water,  shake 
well,  heat  on  water-bath,  and  pass  current  of  air  through  mix- 
ture for  30  seconds.  Oils  of  lemon  and  bergamot  become  dark 
brown;  oil  turpentine  turns  intense  brownish  black;  most 
volatile  oils,  if  pure,  acquire  only  faint  yellowish  tinge. 

Crolas-Ducker  (URANIUM  SALTS).  Macerate  a  mixture  of 
cochineal,  10,  and  alum,  10,  with  6o-%  alcohol,  for  48  hours, 
then  filter.  Solution  gives  a  green  color  with  uranium  salts. 
Malot  suggests  that  it  may  be  used  as  an  indicator  for  the 
titration  of  phosphoric  acid. 

Crook  (BUTTER).  Pure  butter  yields  a  clear  liquid  on  melting 
10  grains  in  a  test-tube,  adding  30  minims  carbolic  acid  (Cal- 
vert's  No.  2,  diluted  with  one-eighth  its  weight  water),  shak- 
ing, warming  till  clear,  and  allowing  to  stand.  Most  other  fats 
form  two  layers. 


52  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Crookshank  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Stain  cover-glass  prepa- 
rations with  a  drop  of  concentrated  alcoholic  solution  of  gen- 
tian violet,  then  rinse  in  water,  allow  to  dry,  and  mount  in 
balsam. 

Cross-Bevans  (CELLULOSE  SOLVENT).  Solution  zinc  chloride, 
i  part,  in  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  2  parts. 

Crouzel  (SANTONIN  IN  URINE).  On  adding  cone.  Ca(OH)2  to 
urine  containing  santonin  eliminated  by  the  kidneys,  a  char- 
acteristic carmine-red  color  develops.  The  color  is  best  de- 
veloped by  nascent  Ca(OH)2,  e.  g.,  on  adding  some  calcium 
carbide  to  the  urine.  The  sensitiveness  is  such  that  o.i  Gm. 
santonin  taken  internally  will  suffice  to  afford  a  color  reac- 
tion with  all  the  urine  voided  during  the  next  60  hours.  The 
color  lasts  for  about  30  minutes. 

Crouzel-Dupin  (ANIMAL  AND  VEGETABLE  FATS  IN  PETROLEUM). 
Add  5  drops  satur.  solut.  potassium  permanganate  to  5  Gm. 
of  petrolatum  and  triturate;  if  petrolatum  pure,  rose-red 
color  persists;  if  not,  permanganate  is  reduced  and  color 
becomes  brown,  depth  depending  on  extent  of  admixture. 

Csokor's  [Czoker's]  (ALUM  COCHINEAL).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  of 
ammonia  alum  in  100  Cc.  distilled  water,  add  i  Gm.  powdered 
cochineal  and  boil.  After  evaporating  to  half  the  original 
bulk,  filter  and  add  0.5  Cc.  of  carbolic  acid. 

Csokor's  [Czoker's]  (TURPENTINE  CEMENT  FOR  CLOSING  GLY- 
CERIN MOUNTS).  Break  common  resinous  turpentine  of 
commerce  into  small  pieces,  melt  on  a  water-bath,  and  allow 
to  cool.  A  brittle,  dark-brown  mass  results.  See  also 
Parker's  turpentine  cement. 

Cuccati  (CARMINE  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  20  Gm.  Na2C03  cryst. 
in  100  Cc.  warm  water,  add  50  Gm.  carmine,  boil,  remove 
from  heat,  and  add  30  Gm.  absolute  alcohol.  After  several 
days  filter,  and  slowly  add  300  Gm.  water,  8  Gm.  20-%  solut. 
acetic  acid,  and  2  Gm.  chloral  hydrate.  Requires  15  minutes 
for  staining. 

Cunisset  (BILIARY  MATTER).  A  yellow  color  is  imparted  to 
chloroform  shaken  with  urine  containing  biliary  pigments. 

Curtman  (POTASSIUM  SALTS).  A  yellow  precipitate  forms  on 
adding  to  a  solution  of  a  potassium  salt  a  solution  of  i  part 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  53 

cobalt  nitrate  in  10  parts  saturated  sodium-nitrate  solution 
acidified  with  acetic  acid. 

Czaplewski  (CARBOL-GLYCERIN-FUCHSINE).  i  Gm.  fuchsine, 
5  Cc.  liquefied  carbolic  acid,  50  Cc.  glycerin,  and  100  Cc.  dist. 
water.  Dilute  4  to  10  times  for  use  as  a  stain. 

Czoker. — See  Csokor. 

Czumpelitz  (ALKALOIDS).  Characteristic  color  reactions  de- 
velop on  treating  alkaloids  with  a  solution  of  zinc  chloride, 
i  Gm.,  in  60  Cc.  of  a  mixture  containing  equal  parts  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  water. 

Dahlmann  (PAPER).  A  very  dilute  solution  of  gold  and  sodium 
chloride  produces  a  reddish-brown  color  with  bleached  and 
unbleached  sulphite  cellulose,  sulphate  cellulose,  and  soda 
cellulose,  and  a  yellow  color  with  wood-fibre;  bleached  straw 
paper  shows  no  change  of  color. 

Danielewsky  (AROMATIC  SUBSTANCES  IN  BLOOD,  ETC.).  An 
azo-reagent  (diazo-sulphanilic  acid?)  is  added,  the  solution 
slightly  acidified  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  then  made  alka- 
line— presence  of  aromatic  compounds  is  indicated  by  an 
orange-red  color. 

Danziger  (COBALT).  The  following  test,  properly  carried  out, 
will  detect  cobalt  in  a  i :  500,000  aqueous  solution,  provided 
the  solution  is  colorless,  or  but  slightly  colored:  To  about 
5  Cc.  of  the  solution,  acidulated  with  HC1,  add  solid  ammo- 
nium thioacetate  together  with  a  few  drops  of  stannous-chlo- 
ride  solution,  and  an  equal  volume  of  amyl  alcohol,  or  a  mix- 
ture of  acetone  and  ether,  or  alcohol  and  ether:  shake  the 
whole  well  and  allow  to  separate.  If  any  cobalt  is  present,  the 
upper  layer  will  be  colored  blue,  the  intensity  of  the  color 
varying  with  the  amount  of  cobalt  present.  The  SnCl2  is 
added  to  reduce  any  iron  present,  as  ferric  iron  gives  a  deep 
red  color,  as  with  ammonium  thiocyanate.  Amyl  alcohol 
diminishes  the  dissociation,  and  extracts  the  color  produced 
by  the  un dissociated  cobalt  salt.  This  consists  of  a  double 
cobalt-ammonium  thioacetate,  containing  two  molecules  of 
ammonium  thioacetate  to  one  molecule  of  cobalt  thioacetate. 

Barton  (GOLD).  Reduce  ore  supposed  to  contain  gold  to  fine 
powder  and  shake  well  in  a  test-tube  with  aqueous  solution 
of  iodine  (iodine,  i;  potassium  iodide,  1.5;  water,  36).  Dip 


54  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

a  strip  of  filtering  paper  into  the  solution,  dry  and  heat  on 
platinum  foil  to  redness.  After  cooling,  ashes  will  be  purple 
if  gold  present. 

Da  Silva  (ESERINE).  Dissolve  fragment  of  alkaloid  or  a  salt  in 
i  or  2  drops  fuming  nitric  acid,  and  heat  on  water-bath  in 
capsule — orange  color  develops.  On  evaporating  to  dryness 
while  stirring  residue  becomes  green.  A  drop  of  nitric  acid 
added  to  residue  turns  it  blue  in  spots,  and  forms  finally  a 
reddish- violet  solution  which  changes  to  a  fluorescent  green- 
ish-yellow on  dilution,  and  blood-red  by  transmitted  light. 

David  (ALCOHOL-ACETIC  ACID  FOR  EXAMINATION  OF  FATTY 
ACIDS).  300  Cc.  of  95-per  cent,  alcohol  and  220  Cc.  of  a  mix- 
ture of  equal  volumes  of  glacial  acetic  acid  and  water.  This 
solution  dissolves  only  the  liquid  fatty  acids  from  a  mixture 
of  fatty  acids,  and  leaves  the  solid  fatty  acids  undissolved. 

Davy  (ALCOHOL).  Dissolve  molybdic  acid,  i,  in  strong  sul- 
phuric acid,  10.  The  solution  gives  a  blue  color  on  warming 
with  any  fluid  containing  alcohol.  Detects  i  of  alcohol  in 
i  ,000  of  water.  Essential  oils  should  be  shaken  with  water 
and  separated  before  applying  this  test;  urine  must  be  dis- 
tilled. 

Davy  (ARSENIC).  The  diluted  sulphuric  acid  in  Marsh's  test 
is  replaced  by  an  amalgam  of  mercury  and  sodium. 

Davy  (MANGANESE),  i. — A  green  color  is  produced  on  heating 
manganese  to  redness  on  silver  foil  with  a  few  drops  of  potassa 
solution.  2. — A  white  precipitate  is  formed  on  heating  man- 
ganese to  redness  on  platinum  foil  with  sulphur,  dissolving 
the  residue  in  water  and  adding  iron  ferrocyanide. 

Davy  (PHENOL).  Dissolve  molybdic  acid,  i,  in  strong  sulphuric 
acid,  10,  and  add  3  or  4  drops  to  i  or  2  drops  of  the  suspected 
liquid.  If  phenol  present  a  dark  olive-green  to  blue  and 
violet  color  develops. 

Davy  (STRYCHNINE).  A  deep  violet  color  is  produced  on  treat- 
ing strychnine  with  sulphuric  acid  and  adding  powdered 
potassium  ferricyanide. 

Davy-Leconte  (UREA).  On  treating  urea  with  a  hypochlorite 
in  alkaline  solut.,  urea  is  decomposed  into  C02  and  N.  The 
former  is  absorbed  by  the  alkali,  and  the  volume  of  the  latter 
then  estimated. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  55 

Day  (Pus).  The  formation  of  a  blue  color  upon  the  addition 
of  i  or  2  drops  of  an  oxidized  tincture  of  guaiac  (old,  or 
shaken  with  air)  to  urine  indicates  the  presence  of  pus. 

Deacon  (AMYGDALIN).  On  treating  amygdalin  with  a  few 
drops  cone.  H2SO4  a  bright  carmine  color  develops,  discharged 
on  pouring  into  water. 

Deane  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Soak  gelatin,  30  Gm.,  in  water, 
then  melt  and  add  glycerin,  120  Gm. 

Deane  (MEDIUM).  Soak  gelatin,  i  oz.,  in  water,  4  fl.  oz.,  until 
soft,  then  add  honey,  5  fl.  oz.,  heated  to  boiling-point.  Boil 
mixture,  then  allow  to  cool  somewhat,  but  before  it  is  set  add 
alcohol,  4  fl.  dr.,  and  creosote,  5  or  6  drops.  Finally,  filter 
through  fine  flannel. 

Debrunner  (NITROBENZENE).  Nitrobenzene  in  alcoholic  bev- 
erages can  be  detected  by  taking  up  with  ether,  separating, 
and  adding  a  few  drops  dilute  acetic  acid,  a  little  very  fine  iron 
filings,  and  sufficient  water.  When  the  oil  drops  have  disap- 
peared, decant,  treat  with  soda,  take  up  with  ether,  evaporate, 
and  add  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric  acid,  with  a  little  potas- 
sium chlorate.  A  blue  to  green  color  indicates  the  presence 
of  nitrobenzene. 

Debrunner  (WATER  IN  ALCOHOL).  A  purple  color  on  adding 
potassium  permanganate  to  alcohol  indicates  the  presence  of 
water  (the  salt  is  insoluble  in  absolute  alcohol). 

Dechan  (INDICATOR).  Gallein  (alizarin  violet).  Gives  a  bright- 
red  color  with  alkalies,  and  a  pale-brown  with  acids. 

Deen,  Van-  (BLOOD).  A  blue  color  develops  on  adding  a  few 
drops  of  freshly  prepared  tincture  guaiac  and  ozonized  tur- 
pentine oil  to  a  very  dilute  (almost  colorless)  liquid  contain- 
ing blood. 

Defacqz  (PHENOLS  AND  ALKALOIDS).  Heat  i  part  tungstic 
acid  with  4  or  5  drops  potassium  bisulphate  and  few  drops 
sulphuric  acid,  then  add  sufficient  sulphuric  acid  to  prevent 
solidification  on  cooling.  Add  i  drop  of  reagent  to  i  drop  of 
solution  (or  few  solid  particles)  to  be  tested,  and  triturate  a 
few  minutes  with  glass  rod.  Phenol — very  intense  red; 
para-cresol — intense  red-brown;  thymol — vermillion;  hydroqui- 
none — very  intense  amethyst- violet ;  resorcin — red-brown; 
pyrocatechin — black- violet.  Sometimes  black;  pyrogallol — 


56  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

red-black;  alpha-naphtol — violet-blue;  beta-naphtol — violet- 
blue;  salicylic  acid — very  intense  Saturn  red;  meta-oxyben- 
zoic  acid— feeble  Saturn  red;  para-oxybenzoic  acid— nothing; 
quinine  and  cinchonine—iamt  yellow;  morphine— amethyst- 
violet,  then  brown;  codeine — rose,  turning  violet;  conicine — 
intense  rose;  solanine — gamboge;  veratrine — intense  sienna, 
then  red-brown;  aconitine — yellowish-brown;  narceine — yel- 
lowish-green, then  moss-green;  and  picrotoxin— very  intense 
orange-red.  In  general  these  colors  are  destroyed  by  water. 
Strychnine,  brucine,  nicotine,  atropine,  cantharidin,  caffeine, 
santonin,  pilocarpine,  ergotinine,  and  hyoscyamine  give  no 

color. 

Degener  (INDICATOR).  Phenacetolin,  a  brown  substance  ob- 
tained by  heating  together  for  several  hours  one  equivalent 
each  of  phenol,  sulphuric  acid,  and  glacial  acetic  acid,  is  turned 
red  by  caustic  alkalies;  but  yellow  with  acids. 

Deiss  (COTTONSEED  OIL).     See  Labiche's  test. 

Delafield  (HEMATOXYLIN).  Hematoxylin,  4  Gm.,  and  absolute 
alcohol,  25  Cc.;  add  the  solution  to  400  Cc.  of  a  saturated 
aqueous  solution  of  ammonia  alum.  Expose  mixture  to  light 
and  air  for  3  to  4  days,  then  filter  and  add  glycerin,  100  Cc., 
and  methylic  alcohol,  100  Cc.  Again  expose  the  solution  to 
light  until  it  becomes  dark-colored,  then  filter  and  preserve  in 
a  stoppered  bottle.  See  also  Grenadier's  test. 

Delffs  (ALKALOIDS).  Potassium  platino-cyanide  forms  salts 
with  alkaloids.  See  Mayer's  test. 

Delffs  (CAFFEINE).  A  crystalline  precipitate  falls  on  adding 
solut.  mercuric  oxide  in  potassium  iodide  to  a  solut.  of  caf- 
feine. Other  alkaloids  yield  amorphous  precipitates. 

Deniges  (CHLORATES).  Resorcin,  i  Gm. ;  water,  100  Cc.;  sul- 
phuric acid,  10  drops.  Mix  2  drops  of  suspected  liquid  with 
2  Cc.  sulphuric  acid,  cool,  and  add  5  drops  of  reagent — green 
color  develops  if  not  more  than  2%  chlorate  present  (Ni- 
trates give  yellowish  color  turning  to  purplish-red;  nitrites 
a  blue;  hence  insure  their  absence). 

Deniges  (CITRIC  ACID).  To  5  Cc.  of  citrate  solution  add  i  Cc. 
of  mercuric-sulphate  solution  (mercuric  oxide,  5  Gm.;  cone, 
sulphuric  acid  20  Cc.;  water  100  Cc.).  Boil,  and  add  while 
warm  5  or  6  drops  permanganate  solut. — decolonization 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  57 

rapidly  ensues,  and  characteristic  white  ppt.  forms.  Test  not 
affected  by  other  organic  acids. 

Deniges  (GLYCERIN),  i. — Nessler's  test.  2. — Hot  mixture  of 
equal  vol.  2-%  silver-nitrate  solut.,  ammonia,  and  soda  lye. 
Exhaust  substance,  mix  extract  with  4  parts  potassium  bisul- 
phate,  and  heat.  A  rod  moistened  with  Nessler's  solut.  or  the 
silver  solution  will  show  slightest  trace  of  acrolein,  the  tip 
becoming  brown  to  black. 

Deniges  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Ammonia  water,  2  Cc.;  io-% 
potassium-iodide  solution,  i  drop;  water,  20  Cc.;  silver- 
nitrate  solut.  (2-%),  i  drop.  Place  a  few  Cc.  of  liquid  to  be 
examined  in  test-tube  with  zinc  and  15  to  20  drops  sulphuric 
acid,  and  hold  glass  rod  moistened  with  potassa  solution  in 
space  over  liquid.  Now  dip  rod  in  reagent — if  any  hydro- 
cyanic acid  present  (as  potassium  salt  on  rod)  the  opalescent 
reagent  becomes  clear. 

Deniges  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  Mixture  of  i  Cc.  of  a  io-% 
aqueous  ammonium-molybdate  solut.  and  i  Cc.  cone,  sul- 
phuric acid.  Hydrogen  dioxide  gives  an  intensely  yellow 
color  with  this  reagent. 

Deniges  (!ODOFORM).  Evaporate  ethereal  extract  containing 
iodoform  to  dryness  and  add  3  or  4  drops  of  a  liquid  contain- 
ing iodoform  with  4  or  5  drops  dimethylamine — a  yellow  color 
develops  proportionate  to  iodoform  present.  Heat  mixture 
carefully  to  boiling,  cool,  and  add  alcohol — the  liquid  is  red 
by  transmitted  light  and  violet  by  reflected  light  if  much  iodo- 
form present;  if  only  little  iodoform,  liquid  is  violet. 

Deniges  (METALS).  Alloxan  solut.  (extemporaneously  pre- 
pared) gives  color  reactions  with  various  metals.  Reagent  is 
prepared  by  heating  2  Gm.  uric  acid  with  2  Cc.  HNO3  (40° 
Be\),  and  when  the  reaction  is  over  adding  2  Cc.  water,  heating 
until  solution  is  perfected,  and  then  making  up  to  100  Cc. 
A  few  Ccs.  of  reagent  with  a  little  solut.  of  a  ferrous  salt  and  a 
drop  or  two  of  KOH  solut.  gives  a  fine  blue  changing  to  light 
yellow  (sensitive  i  :  100,000).  On  boiling  reagent  with  zinc 
a  yellow  to  orange  color  develops,  depending  on  quantity  of 
zinc  present.  With  magnesium  a  carmine  color  develops. 
-Cadmium  gives  a  grenadine  tint.  Iron  gives  a  brownish- 


58  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

'_  i 

yellow.     Nickel  and  cobalt  give  an  orange.    Manganese  affords 
a  carmine-red.     For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT  xi,  p.  56. 

Deniges  (NITRATES  AND  NITRITES).  Add  0.5  Cc.  of  a  i  :  20 
antipyrine  solut.  and  1.5  Cc.  of  cone,  sulphuric  acid  to  i  Cc. 
of  solut.  containing  nitrate  or  nitric  acid — a  carmine-red  color 
develops.  If  3  Cc.  acid  used,  color  is  at  first  orange  to  yellow, 
but  on  diluting  with  water,  carmine-red.  If  nitrous  acid 
present,  greenish-blue  develops  (nitroso-antipyrine) —  changed 
by  sulphuric  acid  to  yellow  or  orange,  and  on  diluting  with 
water  to  light-yellow.  If  both  nitrates  and  nitrites  present, 
add  3  or  4  drops  sulphuric  acid  to  mixture,  heat,  then  cool, 
and  add  0.5  Cc.  i  :  20  antipyrine  solut. — a  greenish-blue  or 
greenish-yellow  indicates  nitrites.  Now  add  3  Cc.  more  acid 
— an  orange  color  changed  to  carmine-red  on  diluting  with 
water  indicates  nitrates.  Chlorates  interfere  with  reaction; 
if  these  present,  add  4  drops  acid  and  2  drops  sodium-bisul- 
phite solut.  to  i  Cc.  of  solut.  to  be  tested  and  proceed  as 
above. 

Deniges  (NITRITES),  i. — (a)  Phenol,  i  Gm.;  sulphuric  acid, 
4  Cc. ;  water,  100  Cc.  (b)  Mercuric  acetate  5  Gm.  (or  oxide  3.5 
Gm.);  glacial  acetic  acid,  20  Cc. ;  water,  100  Cc.  Shake  for 
a  while,  add  0.5  Cc.  sulphuric  acid,  and  filter.  To  use,  mix 
2  Cc.  each  of  a  and  b,  boil,  and  add  i  or  2  drops  of  solution  to 
be  examined — if  0.5  Gm.  nitrite  per  liter  present,  an  imme- 
diate red  develops;  if  solution  so  dilute  that  color  develops 
slowly,  add  i  to  10  Cc.  to  reagent  and  boil.  Reagent  unaf- 
fected by  light,  air,  nitrates,  chlorates,  hypochlorites,  hypo- 
bromites,  chlorine,  bromine,  etc.  2. — Aniline,  2  Cc. ;  glacial 
acetic  acid,  40  Cc. ;  water  to  make  100  Cc.  Boil  5  Cc.  of  re- 
agent with  suspected  liquid  (o.i  to  10  Cc.  according  to  concen- 
tration)— pale-yellow  to  dark-orange  color  develops,  changed 
to  red  by  a  few  drops  HC1  or  H2SO4,  but  restored  by  sodium 
hydrate  or  acetate.  Reagent  not  affected  by  chlorates  or 
nitrates,  but  is  by  hypochlorites,  hypobromites,  chlorine  and 
bromine.  3. — Resorcin,  i  Gm.;  water,  100  Cc.;  sulphuric 
acid,  10  drops.  Mix  4  drops  of  suspected  liquid,  2  Cc.  sulphuric 
acid,  and  5  drops  reagent — a  very  intense  carmine  or  violet 
color  develops.  Chlorates  give  a  green  color  with  the  last 
reagent. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  S9 

Deniges  (TYROSIN).  Cone,  solut.  of  aldehyde  in  sulphuric  acid 
gives  with  tyrosin  a  handsome  carmine-red  condensation  pro- 
duct exhibiting  absorption  bands  covering  all  the  green  and 
almost  all  the  yellow  of  the  spectrum. 

Deniges  (URIC  ACID  IN  URINARY  CALCULI).  Triturate  few 
pieces  of  calculi  with  5  or  6  Cc.  water  and  2  drops  soda-lye, 
boil,  dilute  with  equal  volume  water,  and  filter.  To  filtrate 
add  J  its  volume  of  acid  mercury-sulphate  solut.  (mercuric 
chloride  5  Gm.;  sulphuric  acid  20  Cc.,  water  100  Cc.).  If 
uric  acid  present,  a  white  flocculent  ppt.  forms. 

Deniges  (TIN).  Ammonium  molybdate,  i  Gm. ;  water,  10  Cc., 
sulphuric  acid,  10  Cc.  Reagent  gives  a  blue  color  with  tin  in 
solution. 

Deniges  (URIC  ACID).  Uric  acid  is  converted  into  alloxan  by 
careful  treatment  with  nitric  acid.  After  evaporating  off 
excess  of  acid  a  few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid  and  of  benzene 
containing  thiophene  are  added,  when  a  blue  color  will  be 
developed  by  the  alloxan. 

Desbassins  (NITRIC  ACID).     See  Richmond's  test. 

De  Souza  (HARDENING  METHOD).  Pyridine  is  used  to  harden,, 
dehydrate  and  clear  tissues  at  the  same  time.  They  may  be 
stained  after  hardening  by  aniline  dyes  dissolved  in  the  pyri- 
dine,  or  passed  through  water  and  stained  by  the  Usual 
methods. 

Deubner  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     See  Gmelin's  test. 

Deventer  (NITRITES).  Ferrocyanide  of  potassium  is  oxidized: 
to  ferricyanide  by  nitrites  (nitrous  acid.) 

Deville  (PHENOL).  Ferric  chloride  gives  with  carbolic  acid  a- 
bluish- violet  color. 

Devoto  (PEPTONE).  All  other  albuminoids  are  precipitated  by 
addition  of  crystalline  ammonium  sulphate;  peptone  is  de- 
tected in  the  filtrate  by  the  biuret  reaction.  According  to 
Bogomolow  and  Wassilieff,  peptone  may  also  be  detected  in 
this  filtrate  by  Roch's  reagent  (salicyl-sulphonic  acid)  or  by 
means  of  resorcin  and  trichloracetic  acid. 

De  Vrij  (CHROMATE  TEST  FOR  QUININE).  Dissolve  i  Gm. 
quinine  in  45  Cc.  boiling  water,  add  2.5  Gm.  neutral  potassium 
chromate,  cool  to  15°  C.,  and  after  an  hour  filter  off  the 
crystallized  quinine  chromate.  To  10  Cc.  of  filtrate  add  one; 


60  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

drop  of  soda  lye,  or  until  solution  reddens  phenolphtalein 
paper.  If  quinine  free  from  other  cinchona  alkaloids,  solution 
remains  clear,  even  upon  heating;  if  otherwise,  a  turbidity 
ensues. 

De  Vrij  (HERAPATHITE  REACTION  FOR  QUININE).  Dissolve 
8  parts  quinoidine  sulphate  in  8  parts  5-%  aqueous  sulphuric 
acid,  and  carefully  precipitate  with  an  iodine  solution  (i  part 
iodine,  2  parts  potassium  iodide,  and  100  parts  water).  Dis- 
solve precipitate,  which,  after  washing  and  drying,  becomes 
resinous,  in  six  times  its  weight  of  92- to  94-%  alcohol,  filter, 
and  evaporate  and  dissolve  residue  in  five  times  its  weight 
alcohol.  This  solution  produces  with  quinine-sulphate  solu- 
tion a  precipitate  of  quinine  iodosulphate. 

Diesel  (OLIVE  OIL).  Color  reactions  occur  on  adding  nitric 
acid  to  olive  oil. 

Dieterich  (ALOES).  Evaporate  solution  of  substance  to  dryness 
with  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.4,  and  take  up  residue 
with  one  drop  alcohol;  on  adding  alcoholic  solution  of  potas- 
sium cyanide,  a  pink  color  is  given  by  aloes. 

Dieterich  (DISTINCTION  OF  CATECHUS).  If  Gambier  catechu, 
3  Gm.,  is  treated  with  normal  potassa  solution,  25  Cc.,  and 
water  100  Cc.,  and  the  solution  shaken  out  with  benzene,  50 
Cc.,  the  benzene  layer  is  colored  intense  green.  Pegu  catechu 
does  not  give  this  reaction. 

Dietrich  (URIC  ACID).  Sodium  hypochlorite  solution  contain- 
ing bromine  gives  with  solution  of  uric  acid  an  unstable  rose- 
red  color. 

Di  Vetere  (CASTOR  OIL  IN  OLIVE  OIL).  Shake  a  sample  of 
the  oil  with  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid — three  layers  form 
if  castor  oil  present. 

Dobbin  (CAUSTIC  ALKALI).  Reagent  is  prepared  by  adding 
mercuric-chloride  solut.  to  a  solut.  of  5  Gm.  potassium 
iodide,  until  permanent  precipitate  forms.  Remove  this  by 
filtration,  add  i  Gm.  ammonium  chloride  to  filtrate,  and 
then  sufficient  dilute  soda  lye  until  a  permanent  precipitate 
is  again  obtained.  The  filtrate  is  then  diluted  to  i  liter. 
Reagent  is  applicable  for  detection  of  traces  of  free  alkalies 
in  potassium  and  sodium  carbonates.  Caustic  alkalies, 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  6r 

including  ammonia,  produce  a  yellow  to  reddish-brown  color 
or  precipitate,  according  to  the  quantity  present. 

Dodge-Olcott  (COPAIBA  BALSAM).  Add  4  drops  of  oleoresin  to 
4  fl.  dr.  glacial  acetic  acid,  then  add  6  drops  strong  nitric  acid 
— the  mixture  remains  colorless  if  oleoresin  is  pure. 

Dogiel  (METHYLENE-BLUE  IMPREGNATION  METHOD).  Place 
pieces  of  tissue  in  a  4-%  solut.  methylene  blue  in  0.75-%  salt 
solution,  let  remain  for  a  few  minutes,  then  place  for  half  an 
hour  or  more  in  a  saturated  aqueous  solution  of  ammonium 
picrate.  Finally,  wash  in  fresh  ammonium-picrate  solution 
and  examine  in  dilute  glycerin. 

Dogiel  (METHYLENE-BLUE  STAINING  METHOD).  Place  objects 
(pieces  of  retina,  etc.)  to  be  stained  in  a  few  drops  aqueous  or 
vitreous  humor,  to  which  add  2  or  3  drops  of  0.06-%  solution 
methylene  blue  in  physiological-salt  solution,  and  expose  to 
air.  Stain  takes  effect  in  5  or  10  minutes,  and  attains  its 
maximum  in  15  to  20  minutes,  though  thicker  specimens  may 
require  several  hours.  Reaction  may  be  hastened  by  placing 
preparations  in  a  stove  kept  at  30°  to  35°  C. 

Donath  (CHROMIC  ACID).  In  presence  of  a  bichromate,  free 
chromic  acid  may  be  detected  by  violet  color  imparted  to 
carbon  disulphide,  added  after  shaking  solution  with  potas- 
sium-iodide solution. 

Donath  (FREE  ACID).  A  violet  color  is  imparted  to  carbon 
disulphide  on  adding  a  few  Cc.  to  liquid  containing  free  acid, 
after  the  addition  of  a  little  potassium  iodide  and  some 
bichromate. 

Donath  (NITROGEN).  Heat  0.05  Gm.  of  substance  with  i  Gm. 
potassium  permanganate,  and  20  Cc.  of  pure,  saturated 
potassa  solution  to  boiling,  and  if  necessary  add  more  perman- 
ganate until  coloration  permanent.  On  cooling,  dilute  mix- 
ture with  water,  decompose  excess  of  permanganate  by  the 
addition  of  alcohol,  remove  precipitate  by  filtration,  and  test, 
filtrate  for  nitric  acid  by  usual  methods. 

Donath  (POTASSIUM  BICHROMATE).  A  brown  cloudiness  or 
precipitate  develops  on  bringing  a  solut.  of  sodium  thiosul- 
phate  to  boiling-point  and  adding  an  equal  volume  of  pre- 
viously heated  liquid  containing  potassium  bichromate,  if 
chromate  present. 


•62  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Donath  (POTASSIUM  CHROMATE).  Heavy  blackish-brown  pre- 
cipitate forms  on  boiling  a  liquid  containing  potassium  chro- 
mate  in  the  presence  of  bichromate  and  adding  a  drop  of 
manganese-sulphate  solution. 

Donath  (RESIN  IN  WAX),  i. — Boil  0.8  Gm.  of  sample,  and 
for  comparison  the  same  quantity  of  pure  wax,  with  10  Cc. 
cone,  nitric  acid,  until  no  more  red  fumes  are  evolved;  then 
cool,  saturate  with  ammonia,  and  filter.  2. — Heat  wax  with 
4  or  5  times  as  much  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.33)  to  boiling  for  one 
minute,  then  add  an  equal  volume  of  cold  water  and  an  excess 
of  ammonia — if  wax  pure,  the  filtrate  will  be  pure  yellow; 
with  resin,  it  will  be  blood-red  or  reddish-brown.  The  addi- 
tion of  i  per  cent,  of  resin  may  be  detected  by  this  test. 

Donath  (SULPHURIC  ACID).  Carbon  disulphide  is  colored  violet 
on  boiling  vinegar  containing  sulphuric  acid  with  lead  chro- 
mate,  then  filtering,  and  proceeding  as  in  Donath 's  test  for 
free  acid. 

Donath  (TARRY  MATTER).  Ammonia  containing  tarry  matter, 
on  being  supersaturated  with  sulphuric  acid,  reduces  a  solu- 
tion of  potassium  permanganate. 

Donath-Mayrhofer  (GLYCERIN).  When  glycerin  is  present  in  a 
liquid  a  carmine  color  is  produced  on  evaporating  to  dryness, 
carefully  heating  to  120°  C.  with  2  drops  phenol  and  sulphuric 
acid,  extracting  with  water,  and  adding  ammonia  to  residue. 

Donath-Schmidt  (RESIN  IN  WAX).  Boil  5  Gm.  wax  with  20  to 
25  Gm.  crude  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.32-1.33)  for  i  minute,  add 
equal  volume  water,  then  excess  of  ammonia.  Pour  ammo- 
niacal  fluid  off — if  wax  pure,  color  of  latter  is  only  yellowish; 
if  even  i%  resin  present,  color  will  be  more  or  less  reddish- 
brown. 

Donne  (Pus  IN  URINE).  Add  fragment  of  caustic  soda  to 
sediment  collected  in  a  conical  glass  by  allowing  to  deposit 
and  then  pouring  off  the  supernatant  liquid,  and  stir — pus  is 
colored  greenish  and  gelatinizes  as  a  lumpy  mass;  a  sedi- 
ment of  mucus  is  partially  dissolved  with  formation  of  a  floccu- 
lent  precipitate. 

Donny  (LEGUMINOUS  FLOUR  IN  WHEAT  FLOUR).  The  moist- 
ened end  of  a  glass  rod  bearing  some  of  the  flour  is  introduced 
into  the  vapors  of  nitric  acid  arising  in  a  test-tube,  after 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  63 

which  the  rod  is  introduced  into  an  atmosphere  of  ammonia 
— leguminous  flour  is  thus  colored  a  purple-red;  wheat  flour 
only  yellow. 

Doutrelepont-Schutz  (SYPHILIS  BACILLUS  STAIN).  Place  in 
solut.  of  fuchsine  in  i-%  aq.  solut.  methylene- violet  for 
24  to  48  hours,  decolorize  in  dil.  HNO3  (1:15)  several 
seconds,  place  in  60- %  alcohol  5  to  10  min.,  and  when  pale- 
blue  place  in  weak,  transparent  aq.  solut.,  safranine  for  a 
few  minutes;  the  intensely  red  section  is  next  placed  in  60- % 
alcohol  several  seconds,  then  rinse  in  absol.  alcohol  for  a. 
moment,  dehydrate,  clear  in  cedar  oil,  and  mount  in  balsam. 
The  bacilli  are  blue,  the  nuclei  and  tissue  light-red,  and  round 
cells  (Ehrlich's  cells)  are  blue  with  red  nuclei. 

Dragendorff  (ALCOHOL  IN  VOLATILE  OILS).  Metallic  sodium 
added  to  the  oil  in  question  generates  hydrogen  if  alcohol  is 
present,  and  produces  a  brownish  color. 

Dragendorff  (ALKALOIDS).  Potassium  and  bismuth  iodide. 
Bismuth  iodide  is  heated  with  a  potassium-iodide  solution, 
the  mixture  filtered  while  hot,  and  to  the  filtrate  an  equal  vol- 
ume of  cold  concentrated  potassium-iodide  solution  is  added. 
The  concentrated  solution  is  permanent,  the  dilute  solution 
not.  According  to  Frohn  the  reagent  is  prepared  by  suspend- 
ing 1.5  Gm.  freshly  precipitated  bismuth  subnitrate  in  20  Gm. 
water,  heating  the  mixture  to  boiling,  and  adding  7  Gm.  potas- 
sium iodide  and  20  drops  hydrochloric  acid.  The  reagent 
gives  a  reddish-brown  precipitate  with  alkaloids,  but  also 
with  albuminous  bodies.  Kraut's  modification:  Dissolve 
bismuth  subnitrate,  80  Gm.,  in  nitric  acid,  200  Cc.,  and  add 
•solut.  slowly  to  potassium  iodide,  277  Gm.,  dissolved  in  little 
water.  Cool  quickly,  filter  from  potassium  nitrate  crystals, 
and  make  up  to  i  liter.  Keep  in  the  dark.  See  Mangini's 
and  Thresh' s  tests. 

Dragendorff  (BENZIN;  BENZENE).  Benzene  is  distinguished 
from  benzin  by  forming  nitrobenzene  by  action  of  fuming 
nitric  acid. 

Dragendorff  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     See  Gmelin's  test. 

Dragendorff  (CODEINE).  Codeine  dissolves  in  warm  Frohde's 
reagent  with  yellowish,  then  deep-green,  finally  deep-blue 
color. 


64  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Dragendorff  (CURARINE).  i. — Particle  dissolved  in  2  to  3  Cc. 
dilute  sulphuric  acid  (i :  50)  gives  on  evaporating  at  40°  C.  a 
handsome  red  color  lasting  i  to  2  hours.  2. — Add  fragment 
of  potassium  bichromate  to  solut.  of  alkaloid  in  cone,  sul- 
phuric acid — a  fine  blue  color  develops,  only  gradually  chang- 
ing to  a  long  persisting  red  (with  strychnine  the  red  rapidly 
disappears). 

Dragendorff  (DIGITALIN).  i. — Cone,  sulphuric  acid  dissolves  dig- 
italin,  and  solut.  is  brown-red,  changing  in  12  to  20  hours  to 
cherry  red;  on  exposure  of  solut.  to  bromine  vapors  it  is  col- 
ored violet-red.  (Otto  adds  bromine  water  to  sulphuric  acid 
solut.  with  similar  results.)  On  adding  few  drops  water,  per- 
manent green  color  develops.  2. — Anhydrous  chloral  colors 
digitalin  yellowish,  then  green;  on  warming  to  60-70°  C. 
violet;  at  higher  temperature,  deep  blackish-green.  3. — 
Few  drops  of  digitalin  solut.  with  few  drops  diluted  solut.  ox- 
gall  and  some  cone,  sulphuric  acid  gives  handsome  red  color 
(other  glucosides  do  also). 

Dragendorff  (ELATERIN).  With  cone,  sulphuric  acid,  elaterin 
gives  at  first  a  yellow,  then  handsome  red  color. 

Dragendorff  (BRUCINE).  Dissolve  particle  in  io-%  sulphuric 
acid  and  add  a  little  very  dilute  potassium-bichromate  solu- 
tion— red  to  brownish-orange  color  develops. 

Dragendorff  (NARCEINE).  Zinc  potassio-iodide  affords  a  blue 
color. 

Dragendorff  (NITROBENZENE).  Add  4  drops  alcohol  and  trace 
of  sodium  to  10  drops  essential  oil  almond — mixture  becomes 
deep-brown  and  viscid  if  nitrobenzene  present. 

Dragendorff  (PHENOL  IN  URINE).  Extract  phenol  by  means 
of  petroleum  naptha,  and  test  as  usual. 

Dragendorff  (SOLANINE).  Firm  jelly  forms  on  dissolving  sola- 
nine  in  hot  amylic  alcohol. 

Dragendorff  (STRYCHNINE).  lodic  acid  gives  reddish-brown 
color  with  strychnine. 

Dragendorff  (TURPENTINE).  Essential  oils  containing  turpen- 
tine become  turbid  on  addition  of  alcohol. 

Draper  (CASTOR  OIL).  Evaporate  essential  oil  supposed  to 
contain  castor  oil  to  a  small  bulk  in  a  porcelain  capsule,  treat 
with  one-fourth  its  original  bulk  nitric  acid,  subsequently 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  65 

neutralize  acid  solution  with  sodium  carbonate  solution  by 
heating  to  boiling — if  castor  oil  present  an  odor  like  that  of 
cenanthol  is  evolved. 

Drechsel  (BILIARY  MATTER).  A  red  to  reddish-brown  color 
develops  on  adding  to  the  concentrated  liquid  syrupy  phos- 
phoric acid  and  a  little  cane  sugar,  and  heating  on  a  water- 
bath.  See  Pettenkofer's  reaction. 

Drechsler  (ALCOHOL).  Add  3  drops  of  solution  of  i  part  potas- 
sium bichromate  in  10  parts  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.30)  to  5 
drops  of  essential  oil  supposed  to  contain  alcohol,  and  note 
change  in  color. 

Drewsen  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).     See  Bayer's  test. 

Drouin-Potain  (CARBONIC  OXIDE  IN  AIR).    See  Potain-Drouin. 

Drouot  (MARGARIN  IN  BUTTER).  Melt  sample — butter  is 
transparent,  margarin  turbid.  Bischoff  has  recently  de- 
scribed an  apparatus  for  this  purpose  (and  Jahr  also),  whereby 
behavior  of  melted  fat,  when  shaken  with  warm  water,  can 
be  observed.  Margarin  rapidly  separates  from  the  water, 
whereas  the  butter  is  completely  emulsified. 

Dryer  (TIN).  A  purple  color  develops  on  adding  to  a  liquid  con- 
taining tin  a  few  drops  of  a  solution  of  o.i  Gm.  brucine,  i  Cc.  of 
nitric  acid,  and  50  Cc.  water  heated  to  boiling-point  and  cooled. 

Dudderidge  (PEROXIDES).  Add  silver-nitrate  solut.  to  powder 
in  test-tube — if  alkali  peroxide  present,  oxygen  evolved, 
recognized  by  glowing  match-stick,  and  metallic  silver  depos- 
ited. With  alkali  earths  reaction  is  slower,  brown  silver  oxide 
being  first  deposited,  changing  to  metallic  (black)  silver. 

Dudley  (GALLIC  ACID).  A  reddish  color,  changing  to  green, 
develops  on  adding  a  solut.  ammonium  picrate  to  gallic  acid. 

Dudley  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  bismuth  subnitrate  in  a  little 
nitric  acid,  add  equal  volume  of  acetic  acid,  and  dilute  solution 
with  water  to  10  times  its  volume.  The  urine  to  be  tested  is 
made  alkaline,  a  few  drops  of  the  reagent  are  added,  and  the 
mixture  boiled  for  20  or  30  seconds — if  glucose  present  the 
reduced  bismuth  compound  is  deposited  as  a  black  precipitate. 
See  Almen's  and  Boettger's  tests. 

Duflos  (ANILINE  REACTION).  With  dilute  sulphuric  acid  and  a 
little  lead-  or  manganese  peroxide,  aniline  gives  a  greenish 
coloration. 


66  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Duflos  (FREE  ACIDS).  Evaporate  loto  12  drops  of  acid  solut.  in 
a  porcelain  dish  on  water-bath,  and  add  a  fragment  cane  sugar 
— free  H2SO4  gives  greenish-black  spot;  free  HC1  gives 

,     brownish-black  spot;  free  HNO3  gives  yellowish-brown  spot. 

Duflos  (PICROTOXIN).  A  green  color  develops  on  adding  a  solu- 
tion of  potassium  bichromate  to  picrotoxin. 

Dumontpallier  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  This  is  Smith's  modifi- 
cation of  Marshal's  test. 

Dumontpallier- Trousseau  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Add  a  few 
drops  tincture  iodine  to  the  urine — if  biliary  pigments  pres- 
ent, an  emerald-green  color  develops,  even  in  dilute  solutions. 
On  overlaying  the  tincture  on  urine  a  green  zone  forms. 
Bromine  water  gives  a  similar  reaction. 

Dunham  (CLEARING  MIXTURE).  Mix  3  or  4  parts  of  white 
thyme  oil  with  i  part  of  clove  oil. 

Dunham-Bujwid  (ASIATIC  CHOLERA  BACILLUS).  See  Bujwid- 
Dunham. 

Dunstan -  Ransom  (ALKALOIDS  IN  BELLADONNA  EXTRACT). 
Dissolve  about  2  Gm.  extract  in  water  acidulated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  with  gentle  heat;  filter,  wash  with  dilute  hydro- 
chloric acid  until  no  alkaloidal  reaction  given  by  filtrate. 
Make  the  filtrate  alkaline  with  ammonia,  wash  out  twice  with 
chloroform,  shake  out  twice  with  acidulated  water,  again  make 
alkaline,  and  remove  alkaloid  with  two  successive  washings  of 
chloroform,  then  evaporate  the  solvent,  and  dry  at  100°  C. 

Dunstan-Short  (Nux-VoMiCA  ASSAY).  Extract  5  Gm.  crushed 
nux  vomica  seeds  by  continuous  percolation  with  30  Cc.  chlo- 
roform +  10  Cc.  strong  alcohol.  Wash  out  twice  with  25  Cc. 
dilute  sulphuric  acid.  Make  alkaline  with  ammonia  water 
and  wash  out  alkaloids  with  chloroform,  then  evaporate  to 
dryness  at  100°  C.  and  weigh  residue. 

Dunstan-Short  (SEPARATION  OF  STRYCHNINE  FROM  BRUCINE). 
Dissolve  0.2  Gm.  or  less  of  mixed  alkaloids  of  nux  vomica 
in  10  Cc.  dilute  sulphuric  acid  (5-%),  dilute  solution  to  175  Cc. 
with  water,  then  make  up  to  200  Cc.  with  potassium-ferrocy- 
anide  solution  (5-%).  Let  stand  6  hours  with  occasional  stir- 
ring, collect  precipitate,  wash  with  water  acidulated  with  sul- 
phuric acid  (0.25-%)  until  washings  free  from  bitterness.  The 
precipitate  is  then  decomposed  with  strong  ammonia,  the 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  67 

filter  washed  with  the  liquid,  and  finally  with  chloroform,  the 
ammoniacal  solution  being  extracted  with  chloroform,  and 
the  solvent  carefully  evaporated  in  a  tared  flask,  dried  and 
weighed  as  strychnine. 

Dupasquier  (ORGANIC  MATTER  IN  WATER).  Organic  matter 
in  water  is  shown  by  a  bluish-violet  color  upon  boiling  with 
aqueous  solution  of  gold  chloride,  due  to  reduction  of  the  gold 
or  by  the  formation  of  a  gold  mirror. 

Dupin-Crouzel  (ANIMAL  AND  VEGETABLE  FATS  IN  PETROLEUM). 
See  Cr ouzel- Dupin. 

Dupre*  (FOREIGN  COLORING  MATTERS  IN  WINE).  A  colorless 
io-%  gelatin  jelly  is  cut  into  cubes  and  allowed  to  stand  in  the 
wine  for  24  hours.  On  removal  the  cube  is  cut  in  half.  Nat- 
ural wine  colors  only  penetrate  short  distance  into  the  cube. 
Foreign  colors  dye  it  throughout  greater  part. 

Durien  (CROTON  OIL  IN  TINCTURE  IODINE).  Mix  10  Gm. 
tincture  with  70  Gm.  water,  add  iron  filings  in  excess  to  the 
pptd.  I,  and  shake  the  solut.  when  decolorized,  with  ether. 
Evaporate  ethereal  solut.  and  test  residue  (odor,  action  on 
skin,  and  brown  color  with  H2SO4). 

Durig  (FORMALDEHYDE  MIXTURE).  A  3-%  potassium-bichro- 
mate solution  containing  4  to  6%  formaldehyde. 

Dusart-Blondlot  (PHOSPHORUS  IN  TISSUES).  Treat  substance 
with  mixture  of  alcohol,  ether  and  carbon  disulphide  contain- 
ing 0.5%  sulphur,  let  stand  i  day.  Repeat  operation  twice 
more,  mix  liquids,  and  warm  with  metallic  copper.  Collect 
copper  (phosphide)  and  proceed  as  with  Marsh's  test. 

Duval  (CARMINE  AND  ANILINE-BLUE  METHOD).  Stain  with 
carmine,  dehydrate  sections,  and  stain  for  a  few  minutes  in 
mixture  of  10  drops  saturated  alcoholic  solution  aniline- blue 
with  10  Gm.  absolute  alcohol.  Clear  with  turpentine  without 
further  treatment  with  alcohol,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Duval  (IMBEDDING  PROCESS).  Objects  are  imbedded  in  celloi- 
din  solution  or  collodion,  after  thorough  dehydration  with 
absolute  alcohol. 

Duval  (UNROLLING  SECTIONS).  Float  the  rolled  sections  on 
the  surface  of  warm  water  or  alcohol  in  a  watch-glass,  or, 
place  them  on  a  layer  of  water  on  a  glass  slide,  and  heat  the 
latter  to  45°  or  50°  C. 


68  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Duyk  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  5  Gm.  nickel  sulphate  and  3  Gm. 
tartaric  acid  in  75  Cc.  dist.  water,  and  add  25  Cc.  solut.  NaOH 
(sp.  gr.  1.33).  In  use,  dilute  with  an  equal  vol.  water, 
and  add  i  or  2  Cc.  of  the  saccharine  solut.  Heat  to  100°  C. — 
the  slightest  quantities  of  glucose  are  indicated  by  a  reddish- 
brown  turbidity,  increasing  in  intensity  until  in  a  few  minutes 
a  voluminous,  dark  reddish-brown,  sometimes  black,  ppt. 
forms. 

Dwar  (CINCHONA  ALKALOIDS).  Dissolve  alkaloids  in  alcohol, 
and  add  one  drop  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  followed  by  tincture 
iodine,  drop  by  drop — iodosulphates  of  the  alkaloids  are  pre- 
cipitated, and  are  distinguishable  from  one  another  by  differ- 
ence in  appearance. 

Eber  (DECOMPOSED  SAUSAGE).  Hydrochloric  acid  i;  alcohol 
3 ;  ether  i .  A  small  piece  of  sausage  is  held  over  a  few  drops 
of  reagent  in  a  wide  test-tube — if  sausage  decomposed  a  cloud 
forms  (due  to  ammonia). 

Ebner  (DECALCIFICATION  FLUIDS),  i. — 100  Cc.  cold  saturated 
aqueous  solution  sodium  chloride,  100  Cc.  water,  and  4  Cc. 
hydrochloric  acid.  Preparations  are  placed  in  the  fluid,  and 
i  to  2  Cc.  hydrochloric  acid  added  daily  until  they  are  soft. 
2. — 2.5  parts  hydrochloric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.16),  500  of  alcohol 
(90-%),  100  water,  and  2.5  sodium  chloride. 

Eboli  (ALKALOIDS).  Dil.  sulphuric  acid  (i  :  i)  and  potassium 
bichromate  give  characteristic  color-reactions.  (See  Am. 
Jour.  Pharm.,  xxix,  p.  369). 

Eboli  (CANTHARIDIN).  Heat  solut.  with  sulphuric  acid  and 
potassium  bichromate — handsome  green  color  develops  if 
cantharidin  present. 

Ebstein-Muller  (PYROCATECHIN  IN  URINE).  Add  a  few  drops 
urine  to  a  few  drops  very  dilute  ferric-chloride  solut.  in  a 
watch-glass — if  pyrocatechin  present,  an  emerald-green  color 
develops.  On  contact  with  ammoniacal  vapors  the  liquid 
becomes  violet.  On  adding  a  trace  of  acetic  acid  to  soiut. 
the  emerald-green  is  restored. 

Edelmann-Braeutigam  (HORSE  MEAT).  See  Braeutigam-Edel- 
mann. 

Edlefsen  (CHLORIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Warm  urine  with  £  its 
vol.  cone,  hydrochloric  acid.  The  indican  always  present 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  69 

imparts  a  dark-red  to  brownish  color,  but  at  near  the  boiling- 
point  any  chloric  acid  present  causes  decolorization  of  the 
solut.  to  a  light-brown  or  light-yellow  color;  solut.  finally 
becomes  colorless.  If  insufficient  indican  present,  add  a  few 
drops  indigo  solut. 

Edlefsen  (NAPHTALIN).  i. — A  few  drops  ammonia  water  or 
sodium-hydrate  solution  causes  fluorescence  in  a  solut.  con- 
taining naphtalin.  2 . — Add  3  or  4  drops  solut.  calcium  chloride 
and  a  few  drops  of  cone,  hydrochloric  acid  to  liquid — a  lemon- 
yellow  color  develops.  Extract  this  with  ether  and  overlay 
extract  on  a  i-%  aqueous  solut.  resorcin,  adding  a  little  am- 
monia— a  bluish-green  develops,  changed  by  nitric  acid  to 
cherry-red. 

Edlefsen  (PHENETIDIN  IN  URINE).  Boil  urine  with  hydro- 
chloric acid,  cool,  and  add  a  few  drops  i-%  solut.  sodium 
nitrite.  To  one-half  this  mixture  add  a  few  drops  5-%  solut. 
alpha-naphtol,  and  soda-lye  to  alkalinity — a  red  color  develops 
changing  to  reddish-violet  with  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid. 
To  other  half  of  mixture  add  a  few  Cc.  3-%  solut.  carbolic 
acid,  and  soda-lye  to  alkalinity — a  yellow  color  develops 
changing  to  pale-red  with  excess  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

Ehler  (FIXING  FLUID  FOR  ANNELIDS).  Add  i  to  5  drops 
glacial  acetic  acid  to  100  Cc.  0.5-  to  i-%  chromic-acid  solut. 

Ehrenbaum  (IMBEDDING  METHOD).  Objects  are  penetrated 
by  a  mixture  of  ten  parts  resin  and  i  part  of  wax.  Sections 
are  obtained  by  grinding  in  the  usual  way,  and  the  imbedding 
mixture  is  afterwards  removed  by  treating  successively  with 
turpentine  and  chloroform. 

Ehrlich  (Acio  HEMATOXYLIN).  Dissolve  hematoxylin,  2  Gm., 
in  absolute  alcohol,  100  Cc.,  and  add  glycerin,  100  Cc.;  dis- 
tilled water,  100  Cc.;  ammonia  alum,  2  Gm.;  glacial  acetic 
acid,  10  Cc.  Expose  to  daylight  for  at  least  a  month  before 
use,  removing  the  stopper  at  intervals. 

Ehrlich  (ACIDOPHILOUS  MIXTURE),  i. — Indulin,  aurantia,  and 
eosine,  of  each  2  parts;  glycerin,  30  parts.  2. — Sat.  aqueous 
solut.  methyl  orange  G.,  125  Gm.;  sat.  aqueous  solut.  fuch- 
sine  S.,  150  Gm.;  sat.  aqueous  solut.  methyl  green,  125  Gm.; 
dist.  water,  300  Gm.;  glycerin,  100  Gm.;  alcohol,  200  Gm. 
Preserve  in  amber-colored  bottles. 


70  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Ehrlich  (AMMONIATED  HEMATOXYLIN).  Dissolve  ammonium 
carbonate,  0.4  Gm.,  and  hematoxylin,  2  Gm.,  in  50-%  alcohol, 
40  Cc.,  and  expose  to  air  in  a  shallow  dish  for  24  hours. 
Make  up  volume  to  40  Cc.  with  50-%  alcohol  (warming 
if  necessary  to  re-dissolve  any  separated  crystals),  and 
add  ammonia  alum,  2  Gm.,  dissolved  in  distilled  water, 
80  Cc.;  glycerin,  100  Cc.;  alcohol,  80  Cc.,  and  glacial  acetic 
acid,  10  Cc. 

Ehrlich  (DIAZO-REACTION).  Test  for  pathologically  changed 
urine  by  means  of  diazo-benzenesulphonic  acid.  Reagent  is 
always  freshly  prepared  as  follows:  (a)  Sulphanilic  acid,  5; 
hydrochloric  acid,  50;  distilled  water,  iooo;'(&)  sodium  ni- 
trite, 0.5;  water,  100.  For  use  add  6  Cc.  of  solut.  b  to  250 
Cc.  of  solut.  a.  According  to  more  recent  statements  a 
diazo-benzenesulphonic  acid  (1:60)  is  employed  as  Ehrlich's 
reagent.  Pentzoldt  (q.v.)  utilizes  the  reaction  for  detection 
of  glucose  upon  the  addition  of  potassa. 

Ehrlich  and  others  employ  it  for  the  diagnosis  of  various 
diseases  (upon  addition  of  ammonia),  especially  for  the  de- 
tection of  biliary  pigments.  Urine  is  tested  according  to  dif- 
ferent methods:  i. — Equal  volumes  of  urine  and  reagent  are 
mixed,  and  ammonia  (one-eighth  volume)  added.  In  cases 
of  typhoid,  pneumonia,  and  measles,  solution  assumes  a  red 
color  readily  recognizable  in  the  foam  when  solut.  is  shaken. 
2. — In  Charlie's  modification,  for  detection  of  biliary  pigments, 
Ehrlich's  reagent  is  added  to  urine  diluted  with  an  equal  vol. 
dil.  acetic  acid.  The  resulting  dark  color  is  converted  into 
violet  by  glacial  acetic  or  other  acid.  3. — The  urine  to  be 
tested  is  shaken  with  chloroform,  and  i  to  2  volumes  of  Ehr- 
lich's reagent  added  with  sufficient  alcohol  to  make  the  mix- 
ture homogeneous.  If  bilirubin  present  a  red  color  develops, 
which  on  careful  addition  of  cone,  hydrochloric  acid  changes 
to  violet  and  blue.  Upon  addition  of  potassa  solution  three 
zones  form,  a  greenish-blue  lower  one,  a  pure  blue  upper  zone, 
and  a  reddish  band  between. 

Ehrlich  (DAHLIA  STAIN).  Add  to  an  aqueous  solut.  of  dahlia 
5%  acetic  acid;  or,  stain  in  a  neutral  solut.  and  wash  out 
with  acidulated  water.  Dehydrate  with  alcohol  and  mount 
in  resin-turpentine  solution. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  71 

Ehrlich  (GENTIAN-VIOLET  SOLUTION  FOR  STAINING  BACTERIA). 
i. — Shake  4  Cc.  aniline  with  100  Cc.  distilled  water,  and 
separate  undissolved  aniline  by  filtration  through  a  moist 
filter.  To  filtrate  add  n  Cc.  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  gentian 
violet  while  shaking,  and  let  mixture  stand  for  24  hours.  2. — 
Gentian  violet,  i  part;  alcohol,  15  parts;  aniline,  3  parts; 
water,  80  parts. 

Ehrlich  ("MASTZELLEN  ").  An  almost  saturated  solution  of 
dahlia  in  the  following  mixture:  Absolute  alcohol,  50  Cc.; 
water,  100  Cc.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  12.5  Cc.  Tissues  are  well 
hardened  in  strong  alcohol,  placed  for  at  least  12  hours  in  the 
above,  then  washed  out  in  alcohol,  and  mounted  in  resin- 
turpentine  solution. 

Ehrlich  (STAINING  METHOD).  Use  a  saturated  aqueous  solut. 
aniline  as  a  mordant,  the  dye  being  dissolved  in  this  or  added 
in  the  form  of  a  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  till  a  slight  opacity 
appears. 

Ehrlich  ("TRIACID"  MIXTURE).  Mix  saturated  solutions  of 
orange  G.,  120  parts;  acid  fuchsine,  80  parts,  and  ethyl 
green,  100  parts;  then  add  distilled  water  300  parts;  absolute 
alcohol,  1 80  parts;  glycerin,  50  parts. 

Ehrlich-Biondi  [Ehrlich- Biondi-Heidenhain}  (STAIN),  (a)  Me- 
thyl green,  0.5  Gm.;  distilled  water,  100  Cc.;  (6)  acid  fuch- 
sine, 0.5  Gm.;  distilled  water,  40  Cc.;  (c)  orange,  2  Gm. ;  dis- 
tilled water,  200  Cc.  Mix  the  three  solutions  and  filter  before 
use.  Stain  sections  for  12  hours,  then  wash,  dehydrate,  clear, 
and  mount. 

Ehrlich-Biondi-Heidenhain.     See  Ehrlich-Biondi. 

Ehrlich- Weigert- Koch  (ANILINE  WATER).  Mix  100  Cc.  aniline- 
water  (i  :  30)  with  ii  Cc.  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  gentian  violet, 
methyl  violet,  or  fuchsine,  and  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol. 

Einbrodt  (AMMONIUM  SALTS).  Solut.  mercuric  chloride  made 
slightly  alkaline  with  potassium  hydroxide  or  carbonate  pro- 
duces a  white  turbidity  or  ppt.  with  ammonium  salts. 

Einhorn  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Formation  of  carbonic  acid  upon 
treating  urine  with  yeast  is  certain  indication  of  glucose  in 
urine.  Einhorn  and  others  (v.  Arndt}  have  constructed 
special  fermentation  saccharometers,  which  permit  exact 
quantitative  estimations. 


72  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Eiselt  (MELANIN  IN  URINE).  Urine  containing  melanin  ac- 
quires a  dark  color  on  treatment  with  oxidizers  (e.  g.,  nitric 
acid  alone  or  with  potassium  bichromate  and  H2SO4). 

Eisig  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  Mix  equal  parts  of  0.25-%  plati- 
num-chloride solut.  and  i-%  chromic-acid  solut.  Pelagic  fish 
ova  are  left  in  this  for  i  or  2  days. 

Eismond  (QUIETING  INFUSORIA).  Add  to  water  containing  the 
organisms  a  drop  thick  aqueous  solut.  of  cherry-tree  gum. 

Elias  (ALKALOIDS).  Formaldehyde-sulphuric  acid  gives  the 
following  various  color  reactions  with  alkaloids:  Narcotine, 
violet,  changing  to  olive-green  and  finally  yellow;  papaverine , 
wine-red,  changing  from  the  margin  inwardly  to  yellow  and 
finally  deep-orange. 

Elram  (ETHEREAL  OILS,  AND  RESINS).  A  i-%  solut.  vanillin 
in  sulphuric  acid  gives  color  reactions  as  follows:  Maracaibo 
bals.  copaiva — intensely  dark  orange-red  color,  margins  violet, 
and  color  changing  slowly  to  violet ;  Gurjun  balsam — a  similar 
color,  but  without  the  violet,  and  changing  in  2  to  4  hours  to 
dark-brown;  oil  copaiva — reddish-violet  changing  rapidly  to 
dark  reddish-brown;  copaivic  acid — like  Maracaibo  copaiva; 
colophony — a  reddish-brown,  changing  to  bluish- violet ;  cam- 
phor— pink,  changing  in  24  hours  through  red,  reddish- violet 
and  dirty  gray. 

Elsching  (CELLOIDIN  SOLUTION).  Allow  celloidin  shavings  to 
swell  for  24  hours  in  necessary  quantity  absolute  alcohol,  then 
add  proper  amount  of  ether. 

Em  den,  Van-  (DUBOISINE).  Solut.  bromine  in  potassium- 
bromide  solut.  gives  yellow  ppt.  with  dil.  solut.  duboisine; 
iodopotassium  iodide  gives  brownish-red  ppt.;  sodium  phos- 
phomolybdate  gives  voluminous  ppt.,  soluble  on  warming, 
and  reprecipitated  on  cooling;  solut.  of  sodium  phospho- 
molybdate  in  nitric  acid  gives  yellow  ppt. 

Emery  (AQUEOUS  CARMINE  INJECTION).  Add  acetic  acid  to 
a  io-%  ammoniacal  solut.  carmine  with  continual  stirring, 
until  mixture  becomes  blood-red.  Pour  off  supernatant  clear 
solut.  and  inject  cold  without  further  preparation. 

Enell  (GURJUN  OIL  IN  COPAIVA).  Add  8  drops  of  balsam  to 
be  tested  to  mixture  of  2  drops  cone,  sulphuric  acid  and  4  Cc. 
acetic  acid — no  red  or  violet  color  should  develop  within  15 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  73 

minutes,  and  on  addition  of  i  drop  water,  no  red  ppt.  should 
form  on  shaking. 

Endemann-Prochazka  (COPPER).  Add  i  drop  cone,  hydrobro- 
mic  acid  to  i  drop  of  solut.  of  salt  or  ash  in  a  watch-glass — 
on  standing  for  some  time,  a  rose-red  to  reddish-brown  color 
is  developed  by  minutest  trace  of  copper. 

Engel  (CREATININE).  i. — Add  a  little  silver-nitrate  solut.  to 
creatinine  solut.,  then  potassa-lye  by  drops — white  ppt.  forms, 
soluble  in  excess  of  KOH ;  becomes  gelatinous  and  blackens 
gradually  in  the  cold,  quickly  on  heating.  2. — To  a  cold 
solut.  creatinine  containing  potassa,  add  cold  solut.  mercuric 
chloride — the  compound  C4H7HgN3O2  is  obtained. 

Engel- Ville  (INDICATOR).  Poirrier  Blue  C^B.  Gives  with  car- 
bonates a  blue  color;  with  caustic  alkalies,  a  red;  and  with 
acids  a  blue  color. 

Entz  (METHOD  FOR  INFUSORIA).  Add  a  few  drops  Kleinen- 
berg's  liquid  to  a  watch-glass  water  containing  the  organisms. 
Remove  liquid  after  i  or  2  minutes,  and  wash  objects  for  half- 
an-hour  with  alcohol  of  medium  strength;  then  stain  10  to  20 
minutes  in  picro-carmine  solution,  wash  with  water  till  picric 
acid  is  removed,  and  mount  in  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  glyc- 
erin and  water. 

Erdelyi  (FOREIGN  FATS  IN  BUTTER).  A  solut.  of  2  Gm.  of 
the  fat  in  6  Cc.  cumene  remains  unchanged  at  o°  C.  for  at 
least  an  hour  if  fat  is  pure  butter. 

Erdmann  (ALDEHYDES).  Dimethylhydro-resorcin  affords  with 
aldehydes  crystallizable  insoluble  compounds,  which  may  be 
identified  by  analysis  and  melting-points. 

Erdmann  (ALKALOIDS),  i. — Mix  6  drops  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr,  1.25) 
with  100  Cc.  water,  and  add  10  drops  of  this  solut.  to  20  Cc. 
pure  cone,  sulphuric  acid.  2. — Dilute  10  drops  nitric  acid 
(sp.  gr.  1.185)  with  20  Cc.  of  water,  and  add  20  drops  of  this 
solut.  to  40  Cc.  pure  cone,  sulphuric  acid.  Add  i  Cc.  of  the 
reagent  to  i  to  2  Mg.  of  the  dry  alkaloid  in  a  watch-glass  on 
white  paper  or  in  a  white  porcelain  dish,  and  set  mixture  aside 
for  J-  to  \  hour  ati8°to22°C.  For  color  reactions,  see  Hager, 
Pharm.  Praxis,  1886,  I,  p.  208. 

Erdmann  (POTASSIUM  AND  RUBIDIUM).  Sodium-cobalt  ni- 
trite is  a  sensitive  reagent  for  potassium  and  rubidium.  Re- 


74  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

agent  is  prepared  by  dissolving  30  Gm.  cryst.  cobalt  nitrate  in 
60  Cc.  water,  and  adding  100  Cc.  cone,  solut.  NaNO2  (  =  50 
Gm.  NaNO2)  and  10  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid.  Sensitive  to 
i  :  10,000  K.  Free  mineral  acid  or  acetic  acid  must  be 
absent. 

Erdmann-Uslar  (ALKALOIDS).  Extract  with  water  acidulated 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  mix  with  sand,  treat  with  ammonia, 
and  then  extract  with  amylic  alcohol.  For  details  see  Am. 
Journ.  Pharm.,  xxxiv,  p.  354. 

Erlicki  (HARDENING  FLUID).  2.5  Gm.  potassium  bichromate; 
0.5  Gm.  copper  sulphate;  100  Cc.  water. 

Ermengen,  Van-  (STAINING  CILIA  AND  BACTERIA).  Spread 
cultivations  thinly  on  a  clean  glass  cover,  and  place  for  £  hour 
if  cold,  or  5  minutes  at  50°  C.,  in  fixing  solut.  (2-%  osmic-acid 
solut.  i ;  10-  to  25-%  tannin  solut.  containing  4  to  5  drops  acetic 
acid  per  100  Cc.,  2).  Then  wash  with  water  and  alcohol,  put 
in  sensitizing  bath  (gallic  acid  0.5  Gm.;  tannin  3  Gm.;  fused 
sodium  acetate,  10  Gm.;  water,  350  Gm.);  and  finally  wash 
with  plenty  water,  and  dry  between  filter -paper.  Bacteria 
appear  blackish-brown ;  cilia  pure  black. 

Ernst  (BACTERIA  NUCLEAR  STAIN).  Stain  with  warm,  not 
hot,  alkaline  methylene-blue  solut.,  wash  in  water,  and  after- 
stain  in  cold  Bismarck-brown  solut.  Nuclei  (sporogenous 
spots)  stain  blue-black,  thus  differentiating  from  light-blue 
stained  spores. 

Ernst  (SPORE  STAIN).  The  cover-glass  preparation,  while  still 
warm  from  being  passed  thrice  through  flame,  cover  with  as 
much  as  possible  of  LoefHer's  strongly  alkaline  methylene- 
blue  solut.  Then  pass  over  blue  flame  of  a  Bunsen  burner 
until  steam  arises  from  it,  but  do  not  allow  to  boil.  Rinse 
in  water,  and  double  stain  in  Bismarck-brown  solut.  for  i 
to  2  minutes,  or  in  very  dilute  fuchsine  solut.  Spores  are 
stained  blue. 

Errera  (EXTRACTION  OF  ALKALOIDS).  5-per-cent.  alcoholic  tar- 
taric-acid  solution. 

Esbach  (ALBUMIN),  i. — 10  Gm.  picric  acid;  20  Gm.  citric 
acid;  i  liter  water.  In  albuminous  solutions  (urine)  reagent 
produces,  upon  previous  addition  of  acetic  acid,  a  yellow  ppt. 
Amount  of  latter,  which  can  be  approximately  estimated  in 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  75 

the  albuminometer,  serves  also  for  quantitative  estimation  of 
albumin.  2. — Solut.  picric  acid  (10.5  to  1,000)  8  vol.,  acetic 
acid  (sp.  gr.  1.04),  i  vol.  Mix  20  Cc.  urine  with  20  Cc.  solut., 
heat  on  water-bath,  filter,  wash  ppt.,  dry,  and  weigh;  0.8  of 
ppt.  represents  albumin.  For  Esbach's  ureometer,  see  Huef- 
ner's  test. 

Esbach-Gawalowsky  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).     See  Gawalowsky. 

Eschbaum  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Place  about  equal  quantities 
(size  of  a  pea)  of  phenylhydrazine,  HC1,  and  cryst.  sodium  ace- 
tate in  a  test-tube,  fill  with  urine,  shake  until  salts  dissolve, 
then  place  in  boiling  water,  removing  heat  at  once.  Allow 
to  cool  in  the  water,  preferably  over  night,  then  collect  ppt. 
with  a  pipette  and  examine  crystals  microscopically.  o.oi-% 
sugar  may  be  detected. 

Eschka  (MERCURY).  Heat  substance  in  crucible,  and  condense 
vapors  on  a  cold  glass  plate — a  white  stain  is  left  if  mercury 
was  present. 

Estcourt-Parry  (RESIN,  PARAFFIN,  AND  STEARIN  IN  WAX). 
Boil  5  Gm.  wax  with  20  Gm.  nitric  acid,  cool,  dilute  with 
ammonia  water — if  resin  present,  an  intense  red  develops. 

Wax  containing  paraffin  requires  less  caustic  potassa  for 
saponification  than  does  pure  wax;  if  stearin  present,  more 
caustic  potassa  is  required. 

Eulenstein  (CEMENT).  Mix  equal  parts  of  Brunswick  black 
and  gold  size  with  a  very  little  Canada  balsam. 

Everard-Demoor-Massart  (HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE).  Dissolve 
alum,  20  Gm.,  in  water,  200  Gm.,  with  heat,  then  filter,  and 
after  24  hours  add  a  solut.  of  hematoxylin,  i  Gm.,  in  alcohol, 
10  Gm.  Let  solut.  stand  for  8  days,  filter,  and  mix  with 
equal  vol.  of  the  following  solut.:  Eosine,  i  Gm.;  alcohol,  25 
Gm.;  water,  75  Gm.;  glycerin,  50  Gm. 

Everitt  (OPIUM).  Red  color  caused  by  ferric  chloride  in  solu- 
tions containing  opium  is  not  affected  by  mercuric  chloride. 
Iron  sulphocyanate  solution  is  decolorized  under  similar  cir- 
cumstances. 

Ewald  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Mohr's  solut. 
(q.  v.)  diluted  with  3  vol.  of  water.  Place  a  few  drops  with 
i  or  2  drops  gastric  juice  in  a  porcelain  dish — if  hydrochloric 
acid  present,  a  faint  violet  color  appears  at  point  of  con- 


76  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

tact  of  liquids,  and  on  stirring,  mixture  becomes  brown. 
See  also  Siewer's  test. 

Eyclesheimer  (CLEARING  MIXTURE).  Equal  parts  bergamot 
oil,  cedar  oil,  and  carbolic  acid. 

Eykmann  (PHENOL).  A  very  dilute  phenol  solution  gives, 
upon  addition  of  a  few  drops  spirit  nitrous  ether,  and  overlaid 
on  cone,  sulphuric  acid,  a  red  zone-reaction. 

Eykmann  (THYMOL  IN  MENTHOL).  Dissolve  a  little  of  the 
substance  in  i  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid,  add  5  or  6  drops  sul- 
phuric acid,  then  i  drop  nitric  acid — thymol  indicated  by  blue 
color. 

Fabre-Domergue  (GLUCOSE  MEDIUM).  Mix  glucose  syrup  (sp. 
gr.  1.1968)  1,000  parts,  methyl  alcohol  200  parts,  glycerin  100 
parts,  and  saturate  with  camphor.  If  acid,  the  medium 
should  be  neutralized  with  potassa  or  soda. 

Fabris-Villavecchia  (SESAME  OIL).  2  Gm.  furfurol  dissolved 
in  100  Cc.  alcohol.  Add  o.i  Cc.  of  solut.  to  10  Gm.  of  oil  with 
i  Cc.  hydrochloric  acid,  shake,  then  add  10  Cc.  chloroform. 
The  oil  dissolves  in  the  chloroform,  and  the  aqueous  layer, 
even  if  less  than  i%  sesame  oil  had  been  present,  acquires  a 
handsome  carmine-red  color.  If  sesame  oil  absent,  no  color 
develops;  if  rancid  olive  oil  present,  a  greenish  color  forms. 
Reaction  very  sensitive  and  characteristic. 

Faby  (CODEINE).  Rub  trace  of  codeine  with  2  drops  solut. 
sodium  hypochlorite,  and  add  4  drops  cone,  sulphuric  acid — a 
blue  color  develops. 

Fages  (CHLORATES  AND  BROMATES).  Add  to  i  Cc.  solut. 
strychnine  nitrate  in  24  Cc.  HNO3  sp.  gr.  1.330  a  few  drops  of 
a  solut.  of  a  chlorate  or  bromate,  and  concentrate  solut. — a 
red  color  develops,  either  at  once,  or  within  15  to  20  minutes, 
i  drop  of  a  solut.  containing  o.i  Mg.  KC1O3  gives  the  reac- 
tion in  5  minutes.  For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  x, 
p.  120. 

Fairbanks  (PHOSPHORUS  IN  IRON).  Test  solut.  is  a  filtered 
solution  of  molybdic  acid  100  Gm.,  water  400  Cc.,  and  am- 
monia 80  Cc.,  added  to  a  mixture  of  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.42) 
300  Cc.  and  water  700  Cc. 

Fairthorne  (CHLORAL).  Blue  color  forms  on  heating  chloral 
with  cone,  solut.  potassium  bichromate  and  adding  nitric  acid. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  77 

Fairthorne  (MORPHINE).  Dark-red  color  develops  on  adding  to 
morphine  a  solut.  of  sodium  hypochlorite  and  then  ammonia. 

Faktor  (REAGENT).  Sodium  thiosulphate  gives  the  following 
reactions: 

I. BY    THE    DRY    WAY 

Manganese  Salts. — On  ignition  with  thiosulphate  they 
suffer  intumescence,  and  yield  MnS  soluble  in  acids,  and  also 
evolve  H2S. 

Antimony  Salts. — On  being  heated  with  the  reagent  they 
afford  an  orange-red  mass  which  on  further  ignition  becomes 
blackish-gray  and  becomes  superficially  coated  with  a  white 
layer  of  oxide. 

Cadmium  Salts. — These,  on  ignition,  afford  at  first  a  yellow 
sulphide  which  later  becomes  brownish-red,  and  on  cooling, 
again  yellow. 

Stannous  Salts. — These  on  being  heated  with  the  reagent 
afford  a  dark-brown  sulphide. 

Potassium  Chr ornate s. — These  give  a  green  to  brownish- 
green  chromic  oxide. 

II. BY    THE    WET    WAY 

Thallium  Salts. — In  alkaline  solution  and  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  they  give  a  white  ppt.  soluble  on  heating.  On 
adding  acetic  acid  to  the  solution  black  T12S  ppts. 

Molybdenum  Salts. — These  afford  no  reaction;  on  adding 
HC1  however,  a  dark-blue  ppt.  forms. 

Tungsten  Salts. — On  heating  these  give  with  thiosulphate 
no  color  reaction.  On  adding  HC1,  however,  a  white  ppt. 
forms  while  the  fluid  acquires  a  blue  color.  If  HN03  is  added 
instead  of  HC1  the  liquid  becomes  dark-blue. 

Chromic  Acid  affords  with  the  thiosulphate  a  brown  ppt., 
while  the  liquid  is  colored  yellow  from  the  chromate  formed. 

Mercuric  Oxide  gives  a  ppt.  of  black  sulphide  on  warming 
with  the  reagent. 

Mercuric  Sulphide  on  warming  with  thiosulphate  acquires 
a  fiery-red  color. 

Minium  acquires  a  darker  color  on  being  warmed  with 
thiosulphate  solution. 


78  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Falk  (BLOOD).  Add  water  to  a  mixture  of  alcohol  20  Gm., 
chloroform  20  Gm.,  oil  turpentine  containing  ozone  20  Gm., 
and  acetic  acid  2  Gm.,  till  permanent  turbidity,  then  triturate 
solut.  with  a  little  guaiac  resin.  Reagent  gives  a  blue  color 
with  blood.  See  also  Almen's  test. 

Paris  (GLYCERO-GUM).  Acacia,  2  oz.;  glycerin,  ijoz.;  water, 
ii  fl.  oz. ;  thymol,  i  Gm.  Dissolve  with  heat  and  filter. 

Farrant  (MEDIUM).  According  to  Squire  dissolve  acacia,  130 
Gm.,  in  a- solut.  arsenous  acid,  i  Gm.,  in  distilled  water,  200 
Cc.,  with  frequent  stirring,  then  add  glycerin,  100  Cc.,  and 
filter  through  fine  Swedish  paper,  upon  which  has  been  de- 
posited a  thin  layer  of  talc.  Sometimes  i%  formic  acid  (sp. 
gr.  1.2)  is  added.  Altschul  says  the  medium  should  consist 
of  i  part  acacia,  i  of  glycerin,  and  i  of  cone,  aqueous  solut. 
arsenous  acid. 

Faulding  (CINEOL  IN  EUCALYPTUS  AND  CAJUPUT  OILS).  Add 
10  or  20  Gm.  of  oil  to  phosphoric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.75)  gradually 
added  with  constant  stirring  till  no  more  solidification  occurs 
and  slight  color  appears.  Press  magma  strongly  between 
filter -paper,  transfer  dry  cake  to  a  graduated  cylinder,  add 
water,  and  measure  or  weigh  cineol  which  separates. 

Faure  (NATURAL  WINE  COLORING  MATTER).  If  10  drops  of 
a  2-%  tannin  solut.  and  6  drops  of  a  2-%  gelatin  solut.  are 
added  to  2  Cc.  red  wine,  the  natural  coloring-matter  of  wine 
is  completely  precipitated;  coal-tar  dyes  remain  in  solution. 

Fayolle"-Villiers  (ALDEHYDES  AND  KETONES).  See  Villiers- 
Fayolle. 

Fehling  (SUGAR,  AND  OTHER  REDUCING  SUBSTANCES),  a. — 
Dissolve  34.669  Gm.  crystallized,  not  effloresced,  copper  sul- 
phate in  water  and  dilute  solut.  to  500  Cc.  b. — Dissolve  173 
Gm.  crystallized  Rochelle  salt  and  50  Gm.  caustic  soda  in 
sufficient  water  to  make  500  Cc. 

Mix  equal  vol.  of  a  and  b,  dilute  with  5  parts  of  water,  heat  to 
boiling,  and  gradually  add  sugar  solution  (about  i-%  strength) 
— decolorization  takes  place,  red  cuprous  oxide  being  precip- 
itated. 10  Cc.  Fehling's  solution  are  reduced  by  0.05  Gm. 
grape  sugar,  0.067  Gm-  milk  sugar,  0.0475  Gm.  cane  sugar, 
and  0.045  Gm.  dextrin  or  starch,  the  last  three  having  been 
previously  inverted  by  boiling  with  a  dilute  mineral  acid.  It 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  79 

must  be  remembered,  however,  that  many  other  substances 
also  reduce  Fehling's  solution. 

According  to  an  older  formula,  Fehling's  solution  was  pre- 
pared as  a  single  solution,  and  had  to  be  freshly  prepared  for 
use  each  time,  as  the  single  solution  does  not  keep  long.  So- 
lutions identical  with  or  similar  to  Fehling's  reagent  are 
Barreswil's,  Frommherz's,  Trommers',  Violette's  and  Worm- 
Mueller's  solutions  (q.  v.). 

Fenton  (TARTARIC  ACID).  Tartaric  acid  gives  a  violet  color  on 
addition  of  solut.  ferrous  chloride  or  sulphate  with  i  or  2  drops 
hydrogen  dioxide  and  excess  of  free  alkali. 

Ferraro  (RESORCIN;  SANTONIN;  VERATRINE).  A  little  of  the 
substance  is  burned  in  a  glass  saucer  with  a  few  drops  sul- 
phuric acid  and  alcohol  in  excess.  Santonin — residue  is  uni- 
form and  a  characteristic  brick-red;  resorcin — residue  at  first 
olive-green,  changing  quickly  to  light  blood-red  with  charac- 
teristic yellow  zones;  veratrine — residue  is  uniform  violet- 
red.  (For  details  see  Merck's  Report,  vol.  iv,  p.  10.) 

Ferreri  (PHLOROGLUCIN  MIXTURE).  Dissolve  phloroglucin, 
i  Gm.,  in  hydrochloric  acid,  10  Gm.,  and  water  100  Gm.,  with 
heat,  and  after  cooling  add  200  Gm.,  70-%  alcohol. 

Ferrier  (BLOOD).  Dissolve  fuchsine,  i  Gm.,  in  distilled  water, 
150  Cc.,  and  rectified  spirit,  50  Cc.,  then  add  200  Cc.  glycerin. 

Fiebig  (SUGAR  ESTIMATION  BY  FERMENTATION  GLUCOSOME- 
TER).  See  Einhorn's  test. 

Field  (BISMUTH).  Solutions  of  lead  salts  containing  trace  of 
bismuth  afford  an  orange-red  or  crimson  ppt.  (in  scales) 
instead  of  a  yellow  one  on  adding  potassium-iodide  solut. 

Filhol  (ALKALIES).  Sodium  nitroprussiate  in  the  presence  of 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  gives  a  blue  color  with  alkalies. 

Filhol  (IODINE).  Evaporate  solut.  to  dryness  with  potassa, 
take  up  with  alcohol,  again  evaporate,  dissolve  residue  in 
water,  add  a  few  drops  hydrochloric  acid,  then  some  chromic 
acid — on  now  shaking  with  carbon  disulphide,  latter  is  colored 
violet. 

Filsinger  (BUTTER).     Same  as  Drouot's  test  (q.  v.). 

Filsinger  (CACAO  OIL).  Modified  ether  test.  Shake  2  Gm.  of 
the  oil  in  a  graduated  tube  with  6  Cc.  of  a  mixture  of  4  parts 
ether  (sp.  gr.  0.725)  and  i  part  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  0.810)  and  set 


8o  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

aside — pure  oil  yields  a  clear  solut.  that  does  not  become 
turbid  at  o°  C. 

Finkelburg  (EXCREMENTS  IN  SOIL  AND  WATER).  Alkaline 
solution  of  silver  oxide  with  sodium  thiosulphate.  When 
substances  containing  excrements  are  boiled  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  for  several  minutes,  then  make  alkaline  with  soda 
and  again  heated  to  boiling  with  the  reagent,  a  dark  reddish- 
brown  ppt.  forms,  while  the  solut.  remains  light-brown  in 
color. 

Finkener  (ADULTERATIONS  IN  CASTOR  OIL).  10  Cc.  oil  are 
shaken  with  50  Cc.  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  0.829)  and  17.5°  C.— if 
turbidity  develops  which  does  not  disappear  when  mixture 
is  heated  to  20°  C.,  at  least  10%  foreign  oils  are  present. 

Finkle  (CHRYSAMMIC  ACID).  Chrysammic  acid  gives  a  violet- 
red  color  on  adding  warm  solut.  potassium  cyanide,  potassium 
carbonate  in  excess,  and  water. 

Finzelberg  (VALERALDEHYDE  IN  VALERIANIC  ACID).  Mix  2  Gm. 
valerianic  acid  with  3  Gm.  ammonia  water,  add  150  to  200 
Cc.  water,  and  shake  vigorously — if  acid  is  pure,  a  perfectly 
clear  solution  results;  if  valeraldehyde  present,  solut.  is 
opalescent. 

Flora  (PHENOL).  If  an  excess  of  phenol  is  triturated  with  oil 
peppermint,  a  bluish-green  color  develops  after  a  time,  and 
disappears  on  warming,  but  reappears  on  cooling.  Creosote, 
guaiacol,  resorcin,  and  other  allied  bodies  do  not  give  the 
reaction. 

Fischer  (ALDEHYDES,  KETONES,  AND  CARBOHYDRATES).  With 
phenylhydrazine  difficultly  soluble  condensation  products 
are  formed.  To  test  for  sugar  in  urine,  50  Cc.  of  latter  are 
heated  with  2  Gm.  phenylhydrazine  hydrochlorate  and  4  Gm. 
sodium  acetate  for  ^  to  i  hour  on  a  water-bath — phenyl- 
glucosazone  is  precipitated.  If  ppt.  is  dissolved  in  alco- 
hol, water  added,  and  the  alcohol  evaporated,  needles  of  the 
glucosazone  melting  at  204°  to  205°  C.  are  obtained. 

Fischer  (HYDROGEN  SULPHIDE).  A  blue  color  forms  on  adding 
to  50  Cc.  of  a  liquid  containing  hydrogen  sulphide  i  Cc.  hydro- 
chloric acid,  followed  by  a  few  grains  of  para-amidodi- 
methylamine  sulphate,  and  one  or  two  drops  of  a  dil.  solut. 
ferric  chloride. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  81 

Fischer  (PLATINUM).  Stannous  chloride  imparts  a  red  color  to 
a  solut.  of  platinum  chloride  in  hydrochloric  acid. 

Fischer  (SELENIUM)  .  On  applying  to  silver  a  solution  of  selenous 
acid  mixed  with  sulphuric  acid,  a  yellow  to  brown  spot 
develops. 

Fischer  (SOAP  IMBEDDING  MASS).  Dissolve  15  parts  trans- 
parent soap  in  17.5  parts  96-%  alcohol. 

Fischer  (STAINS  FOR  CILIA  OF  BACTERIA).     See  Loeffler's  stain. 

Fischer- Phillip  (INDICATOR).  Dimethylamidoazobenzene ;  it 
gives  a  yellow  color  with  alkalies,  and  a  red  with  acids. 

Fittig  (INDICATOR).  An  ethereal  solution  of  mesityl-quinone 
is  changed  from  yellow  to  violet  by  alkalies. 

Fleck  (AMMONIA  IN  WATER).  Impregnate  strips  of  white 
filter- paper  with  a  io-%  solut.  lead  acetate,  and  dry  in  atmos- 
phere free  from  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

Fleischl  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     See  Gmelin's  test. 

Fleischmann  (ALCOHOL).  If  alcohol  present  in  essential  oils 
or  chloroform,  a  green  color  develops  on  shaking  well  with 
water,  evaporating  the  aqueous  liquid,  treating  with  solu- 
tion of  potassium  bichromate,  and  adding  an  excess  of  sul- 
phuric acid. 

Fleitmann  (ARSENIC).  The  dil.  acid  in  Marsh's  test  is  replaced 
by  a  strong  solut.  of  potassium-  or  sodium  hydroxide,  and  the 
arseniuretted  hydrogen  evolved  produces  a  black  stain  on 
paper  impregnated  with  silver  nitrate. 

Fleitmann  (COPPER).  The  copper  solution,  freed  from  nitric 
acid,  bismuth,  or  lead,  is  precipitated  with  metallic  zinc,  and 
'  the  ppt.  collected,  washed,  and  dissolved  in  a  mixture  of  ferric 
chloride  and  hydrochloric  acid.  The  ferrous  chloride  formed 
is  titrated  with  potassium-permanganate  solution.  Each 
atom  of  ferrous  iron  (56)  =  3i-5  of  copper.  If  the  original 
solution  contains  nitric  acid,  bismuth,  or  lead,  the  reduction 
by  zinc  must  be  made  in  the  ammoniacal  filtrate  from  the 
precipitates  of  these  metals ;  the  zinc  should  be  in  the  form  of 
dust  and  the  solution  warmed.  When  reaction  is  complete 
the  blue  color  will  have  disappeared.  The  precipitate  is  then 
washed  with  hot  water,  then  with  weak  hydrochloric  acid  to 
remove  the  zinc,  then  dissolved  in  acid  and  ferric  chloride,  and 
titrated  as  before. 


82  TESTS  AND  REACENTS. 

Flemming  (FIXING  AND  HARDENING  SOLUTIONS).  Chromo- 
acetic  acid  is  an  aqueous  solut.  of  chromic  acid,  0.2-  to  0.25-% 
and  acetic  acid,  o.i-%.  Weaker  chromo-aceto-osmic  acid  is 
an  aqueous  solut.  of  chromic  acid,  0.25-%;  osmic  acid,  o.i-%; 
glacial  acetic  acid,  o.i-%.  The  strong  solut.  consists  of  i-% 
chromic  acid  solution,  15  parts;  2-%  osmic  acid,  3  parts; 
glacial  acetic  acid,  i  part.  Picric  acid  has  sometimes  been 
substituted  for  chromic  acid.  Squire  gives  the  following 
formula:  Osmic  acid  (i-%  solut.),  80  Cc.;  chromic  acid 
(io-%),  15  Cc.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  10  Cc.;  distilled  water,  75 
Cc. 

Flemming  (GENTIAN- VIOLET  METHOD).  Use  an  alcoholic 
solut.  diluted  with  about  one  half  its  bulk  of  water.  Differ- 
entiate stained  objects  in  alcohol  containing  about  0.5% 
hydrochloric  acid,  followed  by  pure  alcohol  and  clove  oil. 

Flemming  (GLYCERIN  PRESERVATIVE).  Equal  parts  of  alcohol, 
glycerin,  and  water.  Lee  recommends  addition  of  0.5  to 
0.7%  acetic  acid. 

Flemming  (ORANGE  METHOD).  Stain  for  days  or  weeks  in 
strong  alcoholic  safranine  solut.  diluted  with  half  its  bulk 
aniline  water  (saturated);  then  rinse  in  distilled  water,  differ- 
entiate in  absolute  alcohol  containing  0.1%  hydrochloric 
acid,  stain  for  i  to  3  hours  in  strong  aqueous  gentian- violet 
solution fc  again  wash  in  distilled  water,  and  finally  treat  with 
concentrated  aqueous  solution  of  orange  G.  After  a  few 
minutes  transfer  section  to  absolute  alcohol,  then  clear  in 
clove-  or  bergamot  oil,  and  mount  as  usual  in  dammar  or 
balsam. 

Flemming  (SAFRANINE  SOLUTION).  A  concentrated  solut.  in 
absolute  alcohol,  diluted  with  about  one-half  its  bulk  water, 
as  above.  Follow  the  same  after-treatment. 

Flesch  (CHROMO-OSMIC  ACID).  Osmic  acid,  o.i  Gm.;  chromic 
acid,  0.25  Gm.;  water,  100  Gm. 

Flueckiger  (ACETANILID).  Solutions  containing  acetanilid  give 
with  solut.  potassium  hydrate  and  chloroform  the  disagree- 
able odor  of  phenyl  isocyanide. 

Flueckiger  ( ACIDS).  Free  mineral  acids  decolorize  a  violet- 
colored  mixture  of  ferrous  sulphate,  gallic  acid,  and  sodium 
acetate. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  83 

Flueckiger  (ARSENIC).  Solut.  mercuric  chloride  is  employed 
in  place  of  the  silver  nitrate  used  according  to  Gutzeit  (q.  v.). 
With  this  modification  arseniuretted  hydrogen  produces  a 
yellow  spot,  darkened  by  water,  but  permanent  toward  alco- 
hol. Very  dilute  antimony  hydride  does  not  affect  the  mer- 
curicchloride.  Somewhat  less  diluted  it  produces  a  brown 
spot,  which  disappears  upon  addition  of  alcohol  if  sufficient 
mercuric  chloride  was  on  the  test-paper. 

Flueckiger  (BRUCINE).  A  crimson  color  is  produced  on  mixing 
an  aqueous  solut.  of  brucine  with  mercurous-nitrate  solut. 
free  from  excess  of  acid,  and  heating. 

Flueckiger  (COLCHICINE).  A  very  dilute  and  almost  colorless 
solut.  colchicine  is  colored  yellow  by  sulphuric  acid,  and 
bluish- violet  by  nitric  acid. 

Flueckiger  (CREOSOTE;  PHENOL),  i. — On  mixing  i  volume 
of  ferric-chloride  solut.  (sp.  gr.  1.34)  with  9  of  creosote  and 
adding  5  of  alcohol  (85-%),  a  green  color  is  produced;  the 
solut.  becomes  cloudy  and  brownish  on  adding  60  volumes 
water.  Phenol  or  a  mixture  in  considerable  proportion  with 
creosote  gives  a  brown  color  with  the  alcohol,  changing  to  blue 
on  adding  water.  2. — Croesote  gives  a  brown  or  dirty  green 
color  on  adding  one-fourth  its  bulk  ammonia  and  exposing 
to  vapor  of  bromine;  phenol  causes  a  blue  color  under  simi- 
lar conditions. 

Flueckiger  (CURARINE).  A  dark-blue  color  is  produced  on 
precipitating  curarine  with  potassium  bichromate  and  adding 
sulphuric  acid  to  the  dried  precipitate. 

Flueckiger  (DIGITALIN).  An  alcoholic  solut.  chloral  dissolves 
digitalin  with  a  yellowish- green  color  which,  on  heating, 
changes  first  to  violet,  then  to  blackish-green. 

Flueckiger  (ESSENTIAL  OILS).  The  reaction  lasts  longer,  and 
its  violence  is  diminished  on  applying  the  sulphuric  acid  test, 
if  the  oils  be  previously  diluted  with  6  to  10  volumes  of  carbon 
disulphide. 

Flueckiger   (EUPHORBIUM).     On   extracting   euphorbium   with 
ether,  evaporating,  and  adding  sulphuric  acid,  a  yellowish- 
brown  color  is  produced,  which  changes  to  violet  on  adding 
nitric  acid. 
Flueckiger  (GALLIC  ACID).     On  adding  to  gallic  acid  a  freshly 


84  7£S7"5  AND  REAGENTS. 

prepared  aqueous  solut.  ferrous  sulphate  (i:  100),  and  adding 
sodium  acetate,  the  mixture  turns  violet. 

Flueckiger  (GURJUN  OIL).  On  dissolving  15  drops  copaiba 
containing  gurjun  oil  in  twenty  times  its  bulk  carbon  disul- 
phide,  and  adding  i  drop  of  cooled  mixture  of  equal  volumes 
sulphuric  and  nitric  acids,  a  violet  color  will  develop. 

Flueckiger  (DIFFERENTIATING  NAPHTOLS).  If  0.2  Gm.  naphtol 
is  shaken  with  0.2  Gm.  mercuric  chloride,  o.i  Gm.  nitric 
acid  and  10  Cc.  water  at  100°  C.,  alpha-naphtol  is  indicated 
by  a  slight  scarlet-red  precipitate;  beta-naphtol  by  a  volu- 
minous reddish-brown  ppt. 

Flueckiger  (PEPPERMINT  OIL),  i. — A  bluish-green  color  de- 
velops on  adding  fused  salicylic  acid  to  peppermint  oil;  the 
addition  of  alcohol  gives  a  solut.  which  is  blue  by  transmitted 
light,  red  by  reflected  light.  2. — The  addition  of  i  drop  nitric 
acid  (sp.  gr.  1.20)  to  50  drops  peppermint  oil  causes  fluores- 
cence after  several  hours.  3. — The  reddish  color  produced 
on  adding  chloral  hydrate  to  peppermint  oil  is  intensified 
by  H2SO4,  and  changed  to  dark  violet  on  adding  chloro- 
form. 

Flueckiger  (PHENOL  IN  CLOVE  OIL).  Shake  the  oil  with  fifty 
times  its  volume  of  hot  water,  cool,  decant  the  oil  and  concen- 
trate the  aqueous  liquid  by  evaporation.  On  adding  to  the 
residue  a  drop  of  ammonia  solution  and  sprinkling  on  the 
surface  a  little  chlorinated  lime,  a  green  to  blue  color  develops 
if  phenol  present. 

Flueckiger  (QUININE),  i. — Bromine  water  and  an  excess  of 
ammonia  added  to  a  solution  of  quinine  give  an  emerald-green 
color.  j(Thalleioquin  reaction.)  See  Brand's  test.  2. — 
Chlorine  water,  potassium  ferricyanide  and  ammonia  produce 
a  red  color  with  quinine.  3. — A  ray  of  light  passing  through 
an  acid  solution  of  quinine  has  a  bluish  color. 

Flueckiger  (TEST  PAPER).  Sublimate  Paper.  Paper  impreg- 
nated with  HgCl2  gives  with  arseniuretted  hydrogen  a  yellow, 
then  a  brown,  color. 

Flueckiger  (VALERIAN  OIL).  A  blue  color  is  produced  on  dis- 
solving i  drop  valerian  oil  in  15  drops  carbon  disulphide,  and 
adding  i  drop  sulphuric  acid,  followed  by  i  drop  nitric  acid 
(sp.  gr.  i. 20). 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  85 

Flueckiger-Behren  (SESAME  OIL).  Five  drops  sesame  oil  when 
treated  with  5  drops  of  a  cooled  mixture  of  equal  parts  cone, 
sulphuric  acid,  nitric  acid  and  water,  produce  a  green  zone. 
Upon  immediate  addition  of  5  drops  carbon  disulphide  an 
upper  greenish  layer  is  produced,  which  fades  more  slowly 
than  the  original  color. 

Foa  (FIXING  LIQUID).  Equal  parts  saturated  solut.  mercuric 
chloride  in  normal-salt  solut.  (0.75-%)  and  Mtiller's  solution 
or  5-%  bichromate  solut. 

Foa  (HEMATOXYLIN  AND  SAFRANINE  STAIN).  Distilled  water, 
100  parts;  Boehmer's  hematoxylin  solution,  25  parts;  i-% 
solut.  safranine  in  water  and  alcohol,  20  parts. 

Focke  (GLUCOSE).     See  Trommer's  test. 

Foettinger  (NARCOTIZATION  METHOD).  Drop  crystals  of  chlo- 
ral hydrate  into  the  water  (0.25  to  0.80  Gm.  to  each  100 
Cc.)  containing  the  organisms. 

Fokker  (URIC  ACID).  In  urine  containing  uric  acid,  and  pre- 
viously made  alkaline  with  soda,  solut.  of  ammonium  chloride 
causes  formation  of  the  difficultly  soluble  ammonium  urate. 
This  test  serves  also,  particularly  in  Salkowsky's  modification, 
for  quantitative  estimation. 

Fol  (ALBUMIN  FIXATIVE).  Filter  whipped  white  of  egg  through 
a  Bunsen  filter,  then  add  an  equal  bulk  of  glycerin  and  a  little 
camphor  or  carbolic  acid. 

Fol  (BERLIN-BLUE  GELATIN  MASS),  a. — 120  Cc.  cold  saturated 
solution  of  ferrous  sulphate  and  300  Cc.  warm  gelatin  solution; 
b. — 600  Cc.  gelatin  solution,  240  Cc.  of  a  saturated  solut.  oxalic 
acid,  and  240  Cc.  cold  saturated  solution  of  potassium  ferri- 
cyanide.  Pour  a  into  b  gradually  with  vigorous  shaking, 
and  warm  the  whole  for  1 5  minutes  on  a  boiling  water-bath. 
Then  allow  mass  to  set,  press  out  into  strings  through  tulle 
or  fine  netting,  wash  strings,  and  spread  out  to  dry  on  para- 
fined  parchment  paper.  When  required  for  use,  soak  in  cold 
water  for  a  few  minutes,  and  then  warm  with  enough  oxalic 
acid  to  enable  it  to  completely  dissolve. 

Fol  (CARMINE-GELATIN  MASS).  Macerate  sheet  gelatin  for  2 
days  in  concentrated  ammoniacal  carmine  solution  (strong 
solut.  ammonia,  i  part;  water,  3  or  4  parts;  carmine,  to  satu- 
ration. Filter.);  then  rinse  and  put  for  a  few  hours  into 


86  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

water  acidulated  with  acetic  acid.  Wash  well  on  a  sieve  with 
running  water  for  several  hours  to  remove  excess  of  acid  or 
ammonia,  melt,  and  pour  on  to  large  sheets  of  parchment 
paper  soaked  with  paraffin,  which  are  hung  up  to  dry  in  an 
airy  place.  When  dry  separate  gelatin,  cut  into  long  strips, 
and  protect  from  dust  and  damp.  When  required  for  use 
soak  for  a  few  minutes  in  water  and  melt  on  a  water-bath. 

Fol  (DECALCIFICATION  LIQUID).  Mix  70  volumes  of  i-% 
chromic  acid  solut.,  3  of  nitric  acid,  and  200  of  water. 

Fol  (FERRIC-CHLORIDE  FIXING  AND  STAINING  PROCESS). 
Preparations  are  treated  with  tincture  of  ferric  chloride  di- 
luted with  5  to  10  times  its  bulk  of  70-%  alcohol,  and  then 
transferred  for  25  hours  to  alcohol  containing  a  trace  of  gallic 
acid. 

Fol  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  Mix  psmic  acid  (i-%  solut.),  4  Cc.; 
solut.  chromic  acid(io-%),  5  Cc.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  10  Cc.; 
distilled  water,  181  Cc. 

Fol  (GELATIN  FIXATIVE).  Dissolve  4  Gm.  gelatin  in  20  Cc. 
glacial  acid  on  a  water-bath,  and  to  each  5  Cc.  of  solut.  add 
70  Cc.  of  70-%  alcohol,  and  i  to  2  Cc.  of  5-%  aqueous  chrome- 
alum  solut. 

Fol  (GLYCERIN  JELLIES),  i. — Melt  together  one  volume  Beale's 
glycerin  jelly  and  half  to  one  volume  of  water,  then  add  2-  to 
5-%  salicylic-acid  solution,  or  carbolic  acid  or  camphor.  2. 
— Gelatin,  30  parts;  water,  70  parts;  glycerin,  100  parts; 
alcoholic  solut.  camphor,  5  parts.  3. — Gelatin,  20  parts; 
water,  150  parts;  glycerin,  100  parts;  alcoholic  solut.  cam- 
phor, 15  parts. 

Fol  (METAGELATIN  VEHICLE).  Metagelatin  is  prepared  by 
adding  a  slight  proportion  of  ammonia  to  a  solut.  of  gelatin, 
and  heating  the  solution  for  several  hours.  Coloring  matters 
are  then  added  as  required,  and  the  vehicles  thinned  if  neces- 
sary by  the  addition  of  weak  alcohol.  After  injection  prepa- 
rations are  thrown  into  strong  alcohol  or  chromic-acid  solu- 
tion to  set  the  mass. 

Fol  (NARCOTIZATION  METHOD).  Saturate  the  water  containing 
the  organisms  with  carbon  dioxide  gas. 

Fol  (PICRO-CHROMIC  ACID  METHOD).  Mix  saturated  aqueous 
solut.  picric  acid,  10  vols.,  with  i-%  chromic  acid  solut.,  25 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  87 

vols.,  and  water  65  vols.  At  the  moment  of  using  add  0.005 
vol.  of  osmic-acid  solution,  wash  preparations  with  nearly 
boiling  water,  and  then  with  alcohol. 

Fol  (SLIDE-CLEANING  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  potassium  bichro- 
mate 3  parts,  and  sulphuric  acid,  3  parts,  in  water  40  parts. 

Fonzes-Diacon  (DIFFERENTIATING  CREOSOTE  AND  GUAIACOL). 
i. — Mix  10  Cc.  of  solut.  (10  drops  to  liter)  with  2  Cc.  1:200 
copper-sulphate  solut.,  then  add  i  Cc.  1:250  solut.  potassium 
cyanide — orange-yellow  to  greenish-orange  develops,  accord- 
ing to  quantity  of  guaiacol  present.  Color  may  be  compared 
with  that  given  by  a  solut.  of  known  strength.  2. — Dissolve 
trace  of  liquid  in  a  little  water,  place  on  sheet  of  glass,  add  2 
to  3  Cc.  4-%  solut.  copper  sulphate,  then  add  2  Cc.  1:250 
solut.  potassium  cyanide — striae  form,  emerald  green  with 
creosote;  reddish  gray  with  poor  guaiacol;  and  purplish 
maroon  with  good  guaiacol. 

Fordos  (LEAD).  Tin  containing  lead  is  stained  yellow  on  apply- 
ing a  drop  of  nitric  acid,  heating,  then  cooling  and  applying 
a  drop  5-%  potassium-iodide  solut. 

Formanek  (ALKALOIDS  AND  GLUCOSIDES).  Add  a  little  nitric 
acid  to  a  small  quantity  of  substance  in  a  porcelain  capsule, 
and  evaporate  slowly  on  water-bath,  treat  cooled  residue  with 
ammonia,  then  with  caustic  potassa.  Various  alkaloids  and 
glucosides  give  different  color-reactions  and  residues.  For 
details  of  reactions  with  aloin,  amygdalin,  brucine,  cotoin, 
paracotoin,  emodin,  narcotine,  salicin,  and  strychnine,  see 
MERCK'S  REPORT,  IV,  p.  221. 

Formanek  (INDICATOR).  Alizarin  Green  B.  Gives  with  alka- 
lies a  green ;  with  acids  a  carmine-red. 

Forney  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).     See  McClellan-Forney. 

Fourcroy  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  A  white  crystalline  ppt.  is 
thrown  down  on  adding  to  phosphoric  acid  ammonium  chlo- 
ride and  ammonia,  followed  by  magnesium  sulphate. 

Fraenkel  (FIXING  MIXTURE).  Mix  15  parts  i-%  palladium- 
chloride  solut.  with  5  parts  of  2-%  osmic-acid  solut.  and  a  few 
drops  acetic  acid. 

Fraenkel  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Boil  aniline  water  in  a  test-tube, 
pour  into  watch-glass,  add  as  many  drops  cone,  alcoholic  solut. 
fuchsine  as  will  produce  a  shimmering  color  to  surface.  Then 


88  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

float  cover-glass  preparations  on  liquid  for  5  to  10  minutes, 
then  place  in  methylene-blue  sulphuric-acid  solut.  for  i  to  2 
minutes.  Rinse  in  water  or  in  0.5-%  acetic  acid  water. 

Fraenkel-Voge  (CULTURE  SOLUTION  FOR  BACTERIA).  Sodium 
chloride,  5;  neutral  sodium  phosphate,  2;  ammonium  lactate, 
6;  asparagin,  4;  dissolved  in  distilled  water,  1,000. 

Fraenzel  (SUBLIMATE  SOLUTION).  Add  i  drop  nitric  acid  to 
each  Cc.  5-%  aqueous  sublimate  solut. 

Fraenzel-Balmer  (TUBERCLE  BACILLI  STAIN).  See  Balmer- 
Fraentzel. 

Francis  (BILIARY  ACIDS  IN  URINE).  Dissolve  2  Gm.  glucose 
(dried  on  water-bath)  in  15  Gm.  sulphuric  acid,  and  overlay 
4  Cc.  of  this  reagent  with  4  Cc.  urine — a  purple  color  develops 
if  biliary  acids  present. 

Francois  (THEOBROMINE).  i. — o.i  Gm.  dissolved  in  i  Cc.  nitric 
acid  and  2  Cc.  water  becomes  cloudy  on  adding  10  Cc.  io-% 
solut.  silver  nitrate,  clears  on  warming,  and  crystallizes  on 
again  cooling.  2. — Bromine  water  added  to  solut.  of  sub- 
stance in  hydrochloric  acid,  and  bromine  excess  driven  off — 
solut.  turns  blue  on  adding  trace  of  ferrous  sulphate  in 
solut.  and  few  drops  ammonia.  3. — Dark-green  needles  of 
theobromine  tetraiodide  form  on  adding  iodine  solut.  to  solut. 
of  alkaloid  in  hydrochloric  acid,  collecting  the  ppt.,  dissolving 
it  in  io-%  solut.  potassium  iodide,  and  crystallizing. 

Frankenstein  (ANIMAL  AND  VEGETABLE  FIBERS).  When 
moistened  with  olive  oil  and  then  dried  between  filter-paper, 
animal  fibers  and  cotton  remain  unaltered,  whilst  flax  be- 
comes transparent. 

Frankland  (NITROUS  ACID).  A  faintly  acid  solut.  of  sulphanilic 
acid,  and  phenol.  Reagent  is  mixed  with  the  fluid  to  be 
tested,  then  ammonia  is  added — if  nitrous  acid  present,  a  red 
color  appears.  See  Riegler's  test. 

Franqui-Van  de  Vyvere  (GLUCOSE).  Reduction  occurs  on  heat- 
ing urine  containing  glucose  with  a  solution  of  bismuth  hydrox- 
ide in  potassium  hydroxide. 

Fraude  (ALKALOIDS).  Boil  a  trace  of  alkaloid  with  several  Cc. 
of  an  aqueous  solut.  perchloric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.13  to  1.14 — 
aspidospermine  is  colored  f uchsine-red ;  brucine  madeiro-red; 
strychnine  reddish-yellow. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  89 

Frebault  (INDICATOR).  Potassium-  or  sodium  picramate 
(dinitramido-phenate)  is  changed  from  bright  red  to  greenish- 
yellow  by  acids. 

Frederking  (ALCOHOL  IN  ETHER).  On  shaking  a  mixture  of 
ether  and  alcohol  with  an  equal  bulk  of  glycerin  the  volume 
of  the  latter  will  be  increased. 

Freeborn  (PICRO-NIGROSIN  METHOD).  Mix  5  Cc.  of  i-%  aque- 
ous solut.  nigrosin  with  45  Cc.  aqueous  picric-acid  solut. 
Stain  for  3  to  5  minutes,  wash  with  water,  and  mount  in 
balsam. 

French  (LEUCIN  AND  TYROSIN  IN  URINE).  Ppt.  urine  with 
basic  lead  acetate;  remove  excess  of  latter  with  hydrogen 
sulphide,  and  evap.  liquid  to  small  volume  on  water- 
bath — crystals  of  tyrosin  form  in  24  hours;  leucin  appears 
later. 

Fresenius  (NITRITES).  Add  starch-paste,  solut.  potassium 
iodide,  and  sulphuric  acid  to  liquid — a  blue  color  develops  if 
nitrites  present. 

Fresenius  (NITROUS  ACID  IN  WATER).  The  water  to  be 
examined  is  acidulated  with  acetic  acid  and  distilled.  The 
distillate  is  collected  in  potassium-iodide  starch  solution 
acidulated  with  sulphuric  acid,  whereby  nitrous  acid  is  in- 
dicated by  the  development  of  a  blue  color. 

Fresenius  (PHENOL).  If  phenol  is  boiled  with  a  solut.  mercurous 
nitrate  containing  traces  of  free  acid,  metallic  mercury  is  pre- 
cipitated, and  the  odor  of  salicylic  aldehyde  becomes  apparent. 
See  Plugge's  phenol  test. 

Fresenius-Babo  (ARSENIC).  Arsenates  and  arsenic  sulphide  are 
reduced  on  fusing  with  12  parts  of  a  mixture  of  sodium  car- 
bonate, 3,  and  potassium  cyanide,  i,  in  a  stream  of  carbonic 
acid,  the  substance  being  heated  in  a  porcelain  boat  placed 
in  a  reduction  tube.  The  arsenic  may  be  identified  by  the 
formation  of  a  mirror. 

Fresenius- Neubauer  (PHOSPHORUS).  Vapors  of  phosphorus 
reduce  silver-nitrate  solut. 

Freund  (SULPHATES  IN  URINE).  To  60  Cc.  urine  add  10  drops 
each  i-%  solut.  alizarin  and  5-%  acetic  acid.  When  mixture 
is  orange,  triturate  with  solut.  barium  acetate  (11.22:1000) 
till  ppt.  distinctly  red  (i  Cc.  of  barium-acetate  solut.  =  3  Mg. 


90  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

sulphur  trioxide).  If  urine  dark,  decolorize  with  acetic  acid 
and  powd.  zinc. 

Frey  (AMMONIA  CARMINE).  Carmine,  0.15  to  0.30  Gm. ; 
ammonia,  a  sufficiency;  water,  30  Gm. ;  filter  and  add  glyc- 
erin, 30  Gm.,  and  strong  alcohol,  8  to  12  Gm. 

Frey  (ARTIFICIAL  IODIZED  SERUM).  Distilled  water,  135  Gm. ; 
egg  albumin,  15  Gm. ;  sodium  chloride,  0.20  Gm.  After  filtra- 
tion add  tincture  iodine,  3  Gm.  Any  precipitate  is  removed 
by  filtering  through  flannel,  and  a  little  iodine  is  then  added 
to  the  filtrate. 

Frey  (FUCHSINE  SOLUTION).  For  staining  microscopic  prepa- 
rations, there  is  used  a  solut.  of  o.oi  Gm.  crystallized  fuchsine, 
20  to  25  drops  absolute  alcohol,  and  15  Cc.  of  water. 

Friedenwald-Ehrlich  (DiAzo  REACTION  FOR  TYPHOID  AND 
TUBERCULE).  This  is  a  modification  of  Ehrlich's  reaction,  in 
which  the  sulphanilic  acid  is  replaced  by  /?-amido-acetophe- 
none.  With  this  reagent  the  diazo  reaction  is  obtained  in 
Bacillus  typhus  abdominalis  and  B.  tuberculosis  miliaris. 

Friedlander  (ACETIC  GENTIAN-VIOLET).  Cone,  alcoholic  solut. 
gentian  violet,  50  Gm.;  acetic  acid,  10  Gm.;  distilled  water, 
100  Gm. 

Friedlander  (CAPSULE  STAIN).  Stain  for  24  hours  in  Fried- 
lander's  acetic-acid  gentian- violet  solut.,  then  decolorize  in 
o.i-%  acetic- acid  solut.,  and  rinse  in  water. 

Friedlander  (FIXING  MIXTURE).  Dissolve  copper  and  zinc 
sulphates,  125  parts  each,  in  i  ,000  parts  of  water. 

Friedlander  (STAINING  METHODS).  Cover-glass  preparations 
are  treated  for  3  minutes  with  a  i-%  solut.  acetic  acid,  and 
allowed  to  dry  after  removal  of  excess  of  liquid  by  filter-paper. 
Next  place  in  gentian- violet  aniline  water  (aniline  water,  100 
Cc.;  concentrated  alcoholic  solut.  gentian  violet,  n  Cc.; 
absolute  alcohol,  10  Cc.)  for  half  a  minute,  wash  in  water, 
dry  and  mount  in  balsam.  Sections  are  kept  for  24  hours  in 
a  warm  place,  in  the  following  solution:  Cone,  alcoholic  solut. 
gentian  violet,  50  Cc.;  distilled  water,  100  Cc.;  glacial  acetic 
acid,  10  Cc.  Then  treat  for  i  or  2  minutes  with  o.i-%  acetic 
acid,  dehydrate,  clear  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Friedlander  (Wooo  FIBER  IN  PAPER).  Fuming  hydrobromic 
acid  colors  wood  fiber  an  intense  green. 


TESTS  AMD  REAGENTS.  91 

Frisch  (CREOSOTE;  PHENOL).  An  alcoholic  solut.  creosote  is 
colored  emerald  green  by  an  alcoholic  solut.  ferric  chloride; 
phenol  is  colored  blue. 

Fritsche  (HYDROCARBONS).  Dinitroanthraquinone  yields  crys- 
talline compounds  with  many  hydrocarbons. 

Froehde  (ALBUMIN).  Solut.  of  molybdic  acid  in  sulphuric  acid 
gives  a  dark-blue  color  with  albumin  in  substance. 

Froehde  (ALKALOIDS).  With  alkaloids  and  glucosides  a  freshly 
prepared  solution  of  o.oi  Gm.  of  sodium  molybdate  in  i  Cc. 
of  concentrated  sulphuric  acid  (according  to  others  o.oi  Gm. 
:  10  Cc.,  also  i  Gm.  :  10  Cc.)  produces  characteristic  color- 
reactions.  For  details  see  Hager,  Pharm.  Praxis,  1886,  I,  208. 
Proteins  yield  a  dark-blue  color. 

Froehde  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  If  a  cyanide  is  fused  with 
sodium  thiosulphate,  the  mass  dissolved  in  water  and  ferric 
chloride  added,  a  blood-red  color  ensues. 

Frohn  (ALBUMINOUS  SUBSTANCES  AND  ALKALOIDS).  Boil  1.5 
Gm.  freshly  precipitated  bismuth  subnitrate  with  a  solut.  of  7 
Gm.  potassium  iodide  in  20  Cc.  water,  and  then  add  20  drops 
hydrochloric  acid.  The  orange-yellow  solution  produces  pre- 
cipitates in  acid  solutions  of  albumin  and  alkaloids.  See  also 
Dragendorffs  test. 

Frommerherz  (GLUCOSE).  41.76  Gm.  of  crystallized  copper 
sulphate,  20.88  Gm.  of  potassium  bitartrate,  and  10.44  Gm. 
of  potassa,  dissolved  in  sufficient  water  to  make  a  liter.  See 
Fehling's  test. 

Fuerbringer  (ALBUMIN).  Mixture  of  mercic  and  sodium  chlo- 
rides with  citric  acid  and  sodium  chloride.  In  albuminous 
urine  the  reagent  causes  a  turbidity  or  a  flocculent  ppt.  As, 
however,  uric  acid  is  also  precipitated,  the  urine  must  first  be 
diluted.  See  also  Stuetz's  albumin  capsules. 

Fuerbringer  (MERCURY).  Urine  is  acidified  and  "brass-wool" 
immersed  in  it,  then  rinsed  with  water,  absolute  alcohol,  and 
ether  in  turn.  On  heating  the  brass  to  redness  in  a  combus- 
tion tube  containing  a  little  iodine  at  one  end,  mercury  (if 
present)  vaporizes  and  combines  with  the  iodine  to  form  red 
iodide. 

Fuge  (REDUCED  IRON).  Dissolve  4  Gm.  pure  copper  sulphate 
in  100  Cc.  hot  water,  and  add  i  Gm.  of  sample.  Shake  in  a 


92  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

corked  flask  for  10  minutes,  then  filter,  and  titrate  with  deci- 
normal  potassium-bichromate  solution. 

Gabbet  (DYE  FOR  TUBERCLE  BACILLI).  This  consists  of  2 
Gm.  methylene  blue,  25  Gm.  cone,  sulphuric  acid,  and  75 
Gm.  water. 

Gabbet-Ernst  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Stain  cover-glass  prepara- 
tion in  cold  Ziehl-Neelsen's  carbol-fuchsine  solut.  for  2  to  5 
min.,  then  for  i  min.  in  Gabbet 's  methylene-blue  sulphuric- 
acid  solut.  (see  above),  and  rinse  in  water.  This  method  is 
one  of  the  most  rapid,  convenient,  and  exact. 

Gaffky  (STAINING  METHODS).  Leave  sections  hardened  in 
alcohol  for  20  to  24  hours  in  a  deep-blue  opaque  solution, 
freshly  made  by  adding  saturated  alcoholic  solut.  of  methy- 
lene blue  to  distilled  water.  Then  wash  in  distilled  water, 
dehydrate  in  absolute  alcohol,  clear  in  turpentine  oil,  and 
mount  in  balsam. 

Gage  (CLEARING  MIXTURE).  Mix  40  Cc.  melted  carbolic  acid 
with  60  Cc.  turpentine  oil. 

Gage  (DECALCIFICATION  FLUID).  Dilute  a  sat.  aqueous  solut. 
alum  with  an  equal  vol.  of  water,  and  to  each  100  Cc.  of  the 
solution  add  5  Cc.  of  strong  nitric  acid.  Change  every  2  or  3 
days  until  decalcification  complete. 

Gage  (FORMALDEHYDE  MIXTURE).  Add  two  parts  of  40-% 
formaldehyde  solution  to  1,000  parts  normal  salt-solution 
(o.7S-%  in  water). 

Gage  (PICRIC  ALCOHOL).  Mix  250  parts  of  95-%  alcohol  with 
750  parts  water  and  i  part  picric  acid. 

Gage  (PRESERVATIVE  FLUID).  Egg  albumin,  15  Cc.;  water, 
200  Cc. ;  mercuric  chloride,  0.5  Gm.;  sodium  chloride,  4  Gm. 
Filter  and  preserve  in  a  cool  place. 

Gage  (PRESERVATIVE  FOR  POTASH  AND  SODA  PREPARATIONS). 
Mount  tissues  treated  with  strong  potassa  or  soda  solution, 
in  60- %  potassium-acetate  solut.  (with  or  without  the  addition 
of  i%  acetic  acid),  or  simply  treat  and  mount  in  glycerin  or 
glycerin  jelly.  They  may  be  stained  if  the  acetate  be  first 
washed  out  by  treatment  with  alum  solution  for  24  hours. 

Gaglio  (MERCURY  VAPORS  IN  ATMOSPHERE).  Pass  air  to  be 
tested  through  a  solut.  palladium  chloride  in  500  parts  of 
water.  The  palladium  chloride  is  previously  dissolved  in 


TESTS  AMD  REAGENTS.  93 

hydrochloric  acid  with  aid  of  nitric  acid  and  repeatedly  evap- 
orated to  dryness  with  hydrochloric  acid.  If  mercury  present 
the  solution  is  reduced,  as  shown  by  the  formation  of  black 
spots. 

Galippe  (ALBUMIN).  Picric  acid  solution  is  added  drop  by  drop 
to  the  suspected  urine.  A  white  cloudiness  indicates  the 
presence  of  albumin.  Compare  Hager's  alkaloid  reagent. 

Gallois  (INOSITE  IN  URINE).  Free  urine  from  glucose  by  fer- 
mentation and  from  albumin  by  boiling,  evaporate  to  a  small 
bulk,  and  add  a  drop  mercurous-nitrate  solut.  If  inosite 
present  the  residue  upon  complete  evaporation  is  yellow,  and, 
upon  warming,  becomes  red.  (By  this  treatment  albumin  is 
colored  rose-red,  sugar,  black;  hence  these  must  previously  be 
completely  removed.) 

Ganassini  (HYDROGEN  SULPHIDE).  The  reagent  is  a  solution 
of  1.25  Gm.  ammonium  molybdate  in  50  Cc.  distilled  water, 
which  is  mixed  with  a  separately  prepared  solut.  of  2.5  Gm. 
of  potassium  sulphocynate  in  45  Cc.  water  to  which  5  Cc.  cone. 
HC1  are  added.  Strips  of  filter-paper  are  impregnated  with 
the  solut.  so  obtained,  and  dried.  The  strips  so  prepared 
when  brought  into  contact  with  H2S  develop  an  intense, 
violet  color.  Should  a  red  color  develop  in  the  solut.  because 
of  the  presence  of  iron,  it  may  be  dissipated  by  adding  a  very 
small  quantity  of  oxalic  acid  until  the  color  becomes  a  yellow- 
ish-green. The  solut.  is  then  to  be  used  as  above  stated.  The 
reagent  is  stated  to  be  advantageous  because  of  its  sensitive- 
ness, and  because  of  the  readiness  with  which  it  may  be 
everywhere  prepared. 

Gannal  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Dissolve  i  part  of  aluminium 
acetate  in  10  parts  water. 

Ganswindt  (ROSE  OIL).  Impurities  in  rose  oil  may  be  detected 
by  noting  odor  given  off  on  atomizing  a  mixture  of  one  drop 
oil  and  i£  fl.  oz.  water  in  a  moderately  warm  room. 

Ganther  (BLOOD  STAINS).  Place  i  drop  of  solut.  of  blood 
stain,  or  small  portion  of  rust  containing  blood,  on  glass  slide 
(on  black  paper),  add  i  drop  feebly  alkaline  water,  and  in  a 
few  minutes  i  drop  hydrogen  dioxide — if  trace  of  blood  pres- 
ent, comparatively  large  bubbles  of  oxygen  form,  and  unite 
to  a  froth  persisting  several  hours,  and  collecting  gradually 


94  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

towards  the  center.  Pus  behaves  similarly.  Test  may  be 
used  to  identify  hemin  crystals. 

Gantter  (COTTONSEED  OIL  IN  LARD).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  melted 
fat  in  10  Cc.  petroleum  ether,  add  i  drop  cone,  sulphuric  acid, 
and  shake  mixture — if  cottonseed  oil  present,  a  dark-brown 
color  develops ;  pure  lard  remains  colorless  or  a  light  brown. 

Gardiner  (TANNIC  ACID).  Ammonium-molybdate  solution  pro- 
duces a  yellow  precipitate  with  the  acid. 

Garrigou  (ORGANIC  MATTER  IN  MINERAL  WATERS).  Barium 
hydrate  added  to  a  mineral  water  ppts.  all  metallic  oxides 
present  and  allows  organic  matters  to  be  detected.  For  de- 
tails see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  x,  p.  87. 

Garrod  (URIC  ACID  IN  BLOOD).  Add  0.5  Cc.  acetic  acid  to  30 
Cc.  blood  serum,  and  immerse  a  fine  thread — if  uric  acid  pres- 
ent, crystals  form  on  thread  (obtained  specially  in  gout  but  also 
in  leucemia  and  chlorosis). 

Gassend  (SESAME  OIL).  To  15  Cc.  of  the  oil  and  10  Cc.  of 
oxalic-acid  solution,  add  2  to  3  Cc.  of  io-%  sodium-bisulphite 
solut.,  shake,  and  set  aside  for  5  minutes — if  the  red  color 
permanent,  the  oil  may  be  assumed  to  be  adulterated  with 
sesame  oil.  (Modified  Baudouiri's  test). 

Gatehouse  (ARSENIC).  A  black  stain  is  produced  on  silver-ni- 
trate paper  held  over  mouth  of  test-tube  in  which  an  arsenical 
solution  is  heated  with  caustic  soda  and  a  strip  of  aluminium. 

Gaudail  (ALBUMIN).    Mercuric  nitrate  gives  a  ppt.  with  albumin. 

Gaule  (FIXING  LIQUID).  Mercuric  chloride,  5  Gm. ;  sodium 
chloride,  0.5  Gm. ;  water,  100  Cc. 

Gaultier  de  Claubry-Chatin  (IODINE).  See  Chatin-Gaultier  de 
Claubry. 

Gautier  (ALBUMIN).  250  Cc.  soda  solution,  50  Cc.  3-%  copper- 
sulphate  solution,  and  700  Cc.  of  glacial  acetic  acid.  This 
mixture  precipitates  serum  albumin  from  its  solutions,  but 
not  egg  albumin. 

Gautier  (TANNIN  REACTION).  Precipitation  effected  by  shak- 
ing with  cuprous  carbonate  and  adding  alcohol,  or  by  addition 
of  aqueous  copper-acetate  (1:30). 

Gawalowski  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Improved  Esbactis  re- 
agent. Picric  acid,  i;  citric  acid,  2;  water,  50;  alcohol,  30; 
dissolve,  and  add  water  to  100. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  95 

Gawalowski  (ALCOHOL  IN  PERU  BALSAM).  Odor  of  aldehyde 
is  given  off  on  adding  Peru  balsam  containing  alcohol  to  a 
solut.  of  potassium  bichromate  in  sulphuric  acid. 

Gawalowski  (BENZIN:  BENZENE)  .  Picric  acid  is  soluble  in 
the  benzene,  giving  an  intense  yellow  color;  insoluble  in 
benzin. 

Gawalowski  (INDICATOR).  Methyl-orange  and  phenolphtalein 
solution,  used  as  a  neutrality  indicator.  Gives  with  alkalies 
a  red  color;  neutral  solutions  give  a  lemon-yellow;  and  acids 
give  a  pink  color. 

Gayard  (MANGANESE  IN  ZINC).  On  treating  with  dil.  sulphuric 
acid  and  electrolyzing  clear  solution,  a  violet  color  appears 
around  platinum  electrode. 

Gayard  (TANNIN;  GALLIC  ACID).  To  distinguish  tannin  from 
gallic  acid,  add  a  cone,  solution  lead  acetate — the  tannate 
formed  is  insoluble ;  the  gallate  is  said  to  be  soluble. 

Gayon-Ganon-Molher  (ALDEHYDES).  Test  solution  is  prepared 
by  mixing  100  Cc.  sodium-bisulphite  solut.  sp.  gr.  1.3, 
with  150  Cc.  i :  i, ooo  aqueous  fuchsine  solution,  diluting 
with  i  liter  water,  and  finally  adding  15  Cc.  cone,  sulphuric 
acid. 

Gene  (PERU  BALSAM).  Shake  5  Gm.  Peru  balsam  with  5  Gm. 
sodium-hydroxide  solut.  (sp.  gr.  1.168  to  1.172),  then  wash 
out  with  three  successive  10  Gm.  of  ether.  Evaporate  solvent 
in  tared  dish  until  two  weighings  at  5  minutes'  interval  show 
difference  of  not  more  than  i  Cgm.  To  weighed  residue  add 
35  to  40  Cc.  of  semi-normal  alcoholic  potassa  solution  and  20 
Cc.  alcohol,  saponify  on  water-bath,  and  titrate  with  acid. 
Weight  of  residue  (cinnamein)  should  be  from  57  to  60%;  and 
the  acid  number  between  235  and  238. 

Geissler  (ALBUMIN).  A  white  ppt.  is  given  by  urine  containing 
albumin  on  adding  solut.  potassium  iodide,  3.32  Gm.,  and 
mercuric  chloride,  1.35  Gm.,  in  water,  40  Cc.,  and  acetic  acid, 
20  Cc. 

Geissler  (ALBUMIN  TEST-PAPERS).  Strips  of  filter-paper,  some 
saturated  with  cone,  citric-acid  solution,  some  with  3-% 
corrosive-sublimate  solut.  to  which  12  to  15%  potassium 
iodide  has  been  added.  A  strip  of  the  acid  paper  is  dipped 
into  the  urine,  then  the  mercury-potassium-iodide  paper — if 


96  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

albumin  present  a  ppt.  forms.  Concentrated  urine  must  first 
be  diluted.  See  Oliver's  test. 

Geissler  (FUCHSINE  IN  WINE),  i. — Amyl  alcohol  shaken  with 
wine,  after  adding  excess  of  ammonia,  takes  up  fuchsine  only. 
2. — Melted  stearin  is  poured  into  wine  heated  to  60°  C.,  and 
the  mixture  shaken  briskly.  On  slowly  cooling  the  stearin  will 
be  colored  red  if  fuchsine  present. 

Geitel  (NEUTRAL  FAT  IN  FREE  FATTY  ACIDS).  Dissolve  2 
Gm.  of  the  fatty  acids  in  15  Cc.  hot  alcohol  and  add  15  Cc. 
ammonia — if  considerable  neutral  fat  present,  solution  be- 
comes turbid.  Traces  of  neutral  fat  detected  by  overlaying 
solution  with  cold  methyl  alcohol — if  neutral  fat  present  a 
turbidity  occurs  at  contact-point. 

Geith  (STEARIN  IN  WAX).  Wax  containing  stearin  causes 
lime-water  to  lose  its  alkalinity  on  boiling. 

Genfer  (STAIN  FOR  MICRO  SECTIONS).  A  i-%  ammonio-congo- 
red  solut.,  to  which  is  added  0.1%  of  chrysoidine. 
The  section  is  first  bleached  with  Javelle  water,  then  well 
washed  and  made  alkaline  with  ammonia,  before  immersion 
in  stain.  In  vegetable  preparations,  the  cuticle  is  stained 
golden-yellow;  wood  fibers  orange-red  to  straw-yellow; 
phloem  rose-red.  Preparations  should  be  mounted  in  glyc- 
erin-gelatin; the  colors  are  permanent. 

Gentele  (SUGAR  DETERMINATION).  Potassium  ferricyande, 
27.45  Gm.;  solution  caustic  soda,  sp.  gr.  1.34,  25  Cc.,  water 
to  make  250  Cc. 

Geoffroy  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Dissolve  with  as  little  heat 
as  possible,  3  to  4  Gm.  gelatin  in  100  Cc.  of  io-%  aque- 
ous chloral-hydrate  solut.  See  Gilson's  chloral-hydrate 
jelly. 

Geogehan  (Acio  TEST).  All  inorganic  and  organic  acids,  ex- 
cepting hydrocyanic  acid,  precipitate  red  mercuric  iodide  from 
a  solution  of  a  double  salt  of  mercury  cyanide  and  potassium 
iodide. 

Gerard  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Dilute  aqueous  iodopotassium- 
iodide  solut.  is  added  in  small  quantity  to  chloroformic 
extract  of  urine,  and  potassa  solut.  added — reddish  color  of 
the  chloroformic  extract  disappears,  and,  if  biliary  pigments 
present,  potassa  solut.  is  colored  green. 


TESTS  4ND  REAGENTS.  97 

Gerber  (FIXED  OILS  IN  COPAIBA).  Pure  copaiba  remains  clear 
on  shaking  with  ammonia;  fixed  oils,  if  present,  cause  cloudi- 
ness. 

Gerhardt  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  Treat  10  to  15  Cc.  urine  with 
ferric-chloride  solut.  until  a  ppt.  is  formed.  Filter,  and  again 
add  ferric  chloride  to  nitrate.  If  acetone  present  a  Bordeaux- 
red  color  develops. 

Gerhardt  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS),  i. — A  green  color  forms  on 
extracting  urine  with  chloroform,  decanting,  and  mixing  with 
ozonized  turpentine  oil  and  a  little  dilute  potassa  solut.  2. — 
A  yellow  to  brownish-yellow  color,  with  greenish  fluorescence, 
forms  on  adding  iodine  and  sufficient  dilute  potassa  solut.  to 
chloroformic  extract. 

Gerhardt  (BRUCINE).  A  violet  color  develops  on  dissolving 
brucine  in  nitric  acid,  heating  solut.  till  it  becomes  yellow, 
then  adding  water  and  a  solut.  stannous  chloride. 

Gerrard  (ATROPINE  AND  HYOSCYAMINE).  Solut.  5  Gm.  mercuric 
chloride  in  95  Gm.  50-%  alcohol.  If  2  Cc.  of  reagent  are 
warmed  with  o.ooi  Gm.  atropine,  a  red  ppt.  forms.  Hyo- 
cyamine  produces  a  similar  ppt.  Homatropine  is  not 
pptd. 

Gerrard  (GLUCOSE).  Dilute  10  Cc.  Fehling's  reagent  with  40  Cc. 
of  water  and  heat  to  boiling;  a  solut.  of  potassium  cyanide  of 
about  5-%  strength  is  then  run  in  until  the  blue  color  is  only 
just  visible.  Another  10  Cc.  of  Fehling's  solution  are  now 
added,  and  the  urine  or  other  saccharine  solution  run  in  rapidly 
from  a  burette,  the  liquid  being  kept  boiling;  when  the  color 
is  discharged  the  volume  of  liquid  added  is  read  off;  this 
volume  contains  0.05  Gm.  of  glucose;  in  cases  where  more 
than  0.5%  of  glucose  is  present,  the  urine  must  be  diluted  with 
water. 

Giacomi  (STAINING  METHOD).  Stain  cover-glass  preparations 
for  a  few  minutes  in  hot  solut.  fuchsine,  then  place  in  water 
containing  a  few  drops  ferric- chloride  solut.,  and  afterwards 
decolorize  in  strong  ferric-chloride  solution.  If  any  ppt.  be 
formed  with  the  iron  solution,  complete  decolorization  in 
alcohol.  Counter- stain  with  vesuvine. 

Giacomi  (SYPHILIS-BACILLUS  STAIN).  Stain  several  minutes 
in  aniline- water  fuchsine,  then  place  in  water  containing 


98  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

several  drops  Fe2Cl6  solut.,  and  finally  rinse  in  water.  Syph- 
ilis bacilli  lose  their  color  in  mineral  acids  at  once,  or  very 
quickly — 35  to  45  seconds  (differentiation  from  tubercle  and 
leprosy  bacilli) — but  they  bear  immersion  in  alcohol  for  a 
considerably  longer  time  without  effect  (differentiation  from 
smegma  bacillus). 

Gibbes  (BORAX  CARMINE).  Carmine,  30  grains;  borax,  120 
grains;  water,  4  fl.  oz.  Decant  when  clear.  After  staining 
sections  in  this  for  a  few  minutes,  wash  in  mixture  of  hydro- 
chloric acid,  i  part,  and  absolute  alcohol,  20  parts.  When 
tissues  are  bright  rose-red  wash  in  several  changes  of  alcohol 
to  remove  acid. 

Gibbes  (DOUBLE  STAINING  METHOD).  Magenta,  2  Gm.;  me- 
thylene  blue,  i  Gm.;  add  slowly  aniline,  3  Cc.,  dissolved  in 
alcohol,  15  Cc.  Subsequently  add  15  Cc.  distilled  water 
and  keep  stain  in  a  stoppered  bottle.  Place  cover-glass 
preparations  for  4  minutes  in  the  slightly  heated  stain  and 
leave  sections  for  some  hours  in  the  stain  at  ordinary  tempera- 
ture. Afterwards  wash  in  methylated  spirit  until  no  more 
color  comes  away,  then  dehydrate,  clear  in  cedar  oil,  and 
mount  in  balsam. 

Gibbes  (MAGENTA  STAIN).  Magenta,  2  Gm.;  aniline,  3  Gm.; 
rectified  spirit,  20  Cc. ;  distilled  water,  20  Cc. 

Gibbs  (STAIN  FOR  TUBERCLE  BACILLI).  Fuchsine,  2,  and 
methylene  blue,  i,  are  well  rubbed  together  with  a  mixture  of 
aniline,  3  vol.;  alcohol  (95-%),  15  vol.;  water,  15  vol.  Prep- 
arations stained  with  this  solut.  show  tubercle  bacilli  red,  on 
a  blue  ground. 

Giesbrecht  (SHELLAC  FIXATIVE).  Filter  a  moderately  strong 
solut.  of  brown  shellac  in  absolute  alcohol  and  spread  on 
warmed  slides  by  means  of  a  glass  rod  dipped  in  the  solut.  and 
drawn  once  over  each  slide.  Then  let  the  slides  dry.  Brush 
them  over  with  creosote  shortly  before  applying  sections,  and 
after  the  latter  have  been  arranged,  heat  on  a  water-bath  for 
about  15  minutes  at  the  melting-point  of  the  paraffin.  On 
cooling,  the  sections  will  be  found  to  be  firmly  fixed  in  the 
shellac,  and  the  paraffin  may  be  dissolved  away  by  dropping 
turpentine  on  them. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  99 

Giesecke  (FREE  SULPHURIC  ACID  IN  ALUMINIUM  SULPHATE). 
Tincture  of  hematoxylon  causes  in  dilute  solut.  of  acid-free 
salt  a  deep,  violet  color;  if  free  acid  present,  color  will  be  pale, 
brownish-yellow. 

Giesel  (COCAINE).  5  Cc.  i-%  cocaine  solut.  yield  upon  addition 
of  2  Cc.  sat.  potassium-permanganate  solut.  a  violet  ppt.  of 
cocaine  permanganate. 

Gieson,  Van-  (FORMALIN  METHOD).  Tissues  are  hardened  in 
4-,  6-,  or  io-%  solutions  of  formaldehyde,  followed  by  95-% 
alcohol. 

Gigli  (PHENACETIN).  Mix  equal  volumes  saturated  solut. 
phenacetin  and  chlorine  water,  and  add  few  drops  ammonia — 
a  reddish  to  brown  color  develops.  If  phenacetin  contains 
5  to  10%  quinine,  a  handsome  blue  develops  on  adding  chlo- 
rine water. 

Gil  (FREE  SULPHUR).  Heat  alcohol  containing  a  small  quan- 
tity of  caustic  potassa  or  caustic  soda  with  substance  to 
be  examined — if  sulphur  present,  the  alcohol  will  acquire 
a  blue  or  green  color,  according  to  quantity  of  sulphur 
present. 

Gilbert  (MAGNESIA  MIXTURE).  Magnesium  chloride,  10.15 
Gm.;  ammonium  chloride,  20  Gm.;  io-%  ammonia,  40  Cc.; 
water,  to  make  100  Cc.;  10  Cc.  of  this  solut.  ppt.  0.355  Gm. 
phosphoric  acid. 

Gilbert  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  Magnesia  mixture  is  used  as  a 
reagent. 

Gilson  (BLEACHING  PROCESS).  Objects  hardened  in  bichromate 
solution  are  bleached  with  a  few  drops  alcoholic  solut.  of  sul- 
phurous anhydride. 

Gilson  (CHLORAL-HYDRATE  JELLY).  Mix  equal  volumes  melted 
gelatin  and  glycerin,  and  add  crystals  of  chloral  hydrate  until 
the  bulk  of  the  mixture  has  increased  by  one  half,  warming 
until  dissolved.  See  Geoffrey's  mounting  medium. 

Gilson  (HARDENING  MIXTURE).  Mix  i  part  chloroform  with  i 
or  2  parts  oil  cedar,  and  add  from  time  to  time  more  oil  cedar, 
until  all  the  chloroform  is  replaced. 

Gilson  (IMBEDDING  PROCESS).  Dehydrate  objects,  soak  in 
ether,  and  place  in  test-tube  containing  collodion  or  thin 
celloidin  solution.  Dip  the  tube  into  a  bath  of  melted  paraffin 


loo  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

and  allow  collodion  to  boil  until  it  becomes  syrupy,  and  is 
reduced  to  about  one-third  its  original  volume.  Then  turn 
out  the  mass,  mount  on  a  block  of  hardened  celloidin,  and 
harden  in  chloroform  for  about  an  hour.  Next  clear  in  cedar 
oil  and  fix  on  the  microtome. 

Gilson  (MERCURO-NITRIC  MIXTURE).  Nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.45 6) t 
78  Cc.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  22  Cc.;  mercuric  chloride,  95  to 
100  Gm.;  alcohol  (6o-%),  500  Cc.;  distilled  water,  4400  Cc. 
When  required  for  marine  animals,  add  a  few  crystals  iodine. 
Any  granular  precipitate  in  the  preparations  should  be  re- 
moved by  washing  with  water  containing  a  little  tincture  of 
iodine. 

Gilson  (PRESERVATIVE  FLUID).  Alcohol  (6o-%),  60  Cc.;  water, 
30  Cc.;  glycerin,  30  Cc.;  acetic  acid  (15  parts  glacial  acid,  85 
water),  2  Cc.;  mercuric  chloride,  0.15  Gm. 

Girard  (COAL-TAR  DYES  IN  WINE).  To  20  Cc.  wine  add  4  Cc. 
io-%  potassa  solut.  and  20  Cc.  5-%  mercurous-sulphate  solut., 
shake  and  filter — natural  wine  yields  a  colorless  filtrate;  arti- 
ficially colored  wine  a  red. 

Girardin  (SULPHUROUS  ACID).  Hydrochloric  acid  containing 
sulphurous  acid  gives  a  yellowish-brown  ppt.  on  adding  to  16 
Gm.  of  the  acid  10  Gm.  crystallized  stannous  chloride  and  2 
to  3  Cc.  water. 

Glaessner  (DIFFERENTIATING  FATTY  OILS).  Test  depends  upon 
their  behavior  toward  fuming  nitric  acid,  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid,  and  carbon  disulphide.  For  details  consult 
Benedikt;  "Analyse  der  Fette"  II,  p.  309. 

Glage  (PRESERVATIVE  SOLUTION  FOR  ANATOMICAL  SPECIMENS). 
Modified  Keiserling's  method.  Potass,  nitrate,  10  Gm.; 
potass,  acetate,  30  Gm.;  formaldehyde,  750  Gm.;  dist. 
water,  i  ,000  Gm.  In  this  soak  for  one  or  two  days  sections  1.5 
centimeters  thick,  then  transfer  them  to  8o-%  alcohol,  in 
which  they  resume  their  natural  color.  They  may  then  be 
preserved  in  a  mixture  of  water,  glycerin  and  potassium 
acetate. 

Glenard  (QUININE).  On  adding  a  drop  of  ammonium-sulphate, 
phosphate,  or  oxalate  solution,  quinine  separates  in  needle- 
shaped  crystals,  as  seen  under  the  microscope.  Cinchonine 
is  amorphous. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  101 

Gmelin  (BILIARY  MATTER).  Pour  cautiously  down  the  side  of 
a  conical  glass  vessel  containing  6  to  8  volumes  of  urine  2  vol- 
umes of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  25-%  nitric  acid  and  red 
fuming  nitric  acid,  so  that  the  acid  may  collect  at  the  bottom 
of  the  vessel.  If  biliary  pigments  present  zone  color  reactions 
are  produced,  changing  from  green  to  blue,  violet,  red,  and 
yellow.  To  increase  intensity  of  reaction,  a  ppt.  of  barium 
sulphate  is  produced  in  the  urine  which  carries  with  it  the 
coloring  matter.  The  collected  and  dried  ppt.  is  then  tested 
with  nitric  acid. 

Brueck's  modification:  Addition  first  of  diluted,  boiled 
nitric  acid,  then  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 

Dragendorff's,  or  Deubner's  modification:  Filter  through 
a  porous  plate  instead  of  filter-paper  and  then  test  residue 
on  the  plate  with  nitric  acid. 

Heintz's  modification:  Bring  urine  and  fuming  nitric  acid 
in  contact  on  porcelain  plate,  or  overlay  in  test-tube — play 
of  colors  takes  place,  passing  from  green  to  blue  and  finally 
violet. 

Hilger's  modification:  The  urine  is  treated  with  barium 
hydrate  at  a  moderate  temperature  and  the  resultant  ppt. 
.after  washing  is  tested  with  nitric  acid. 

Vitali's  modification:  A  few  drops  of  potassium-nitrite 
solution  are  added,  then  diluted  sulphuric  acid. 

Masse? s  modification:  Cone,  sulphuric  acid  is  first  added 
to  urine,  then  a  crystal  of  potassium  nitrite — green  streaks 
radiate  from  the  fragments  of  the  nitrite. 

Fleischl's  modification:  The  urine  is  mixed  with  an  equal 
volume  of  cone,  sodium-nitrite  solution,  then  a  layer  of  cone, 
sulphuric  acid  is  added  from  below  by  means  of  a  pipette. 

Rosenbach's  modification:  Nitroso-nitric  acid  is  added  to 
residue  left  on  filtering  the  urine. 

'Gmelin-Smithson  (MERCURY).  Envelop  one  end  of  a  thick  pol- 
ished iron  wire  with  gold  leaf,  and  immerse  it  in  the  fluid  to 
more  than  cover  the  gold  part.  If  mercury  present,  the  gold 
soon  becomes  white.  The  wire  bearing  the  gold  is  then  dried 
over  sulphuric  acid,  cut  off,  and  heated  to  redness  in  a  glass 
tube  drawn  out  to  a  point,  in  a  current  of  hydrogen,  when  the 
mercury  condenses  in  the  cool  part  of  the  tube. 


102  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Goadby  (PRESERVATIVE  FLUID).  120  Gm.  sodium  chloride,  60 
Gm.  of  alum,  0.25  Gm.  mercuric  chloride,  and  2.33  liters 
water.  A  stronger  preparation  contains  only  half  the  quan- 
tity mercuric  chloride  and  water.  When  preparations  con- 
tain calcium  carbonate,  omit  the  alum. 

Godbay  (SOLUTION).     See  Goadby' s  preservative  fluid. 

Godeffroy  (ALKALOIDS),  i. — Solution  antimony  chloride  pre- 
cipitates from  hydrochloric-acid  solutions,  aconitine,  atropine, 
quinine,  cinchonine,  piperin,  strychnine,  and  veratine,  as 
white  or  yellow  ppts.  Caffeine  and  morphine  are  not  pptd. 
2. — In  addition  to  antimony  chloride  and  silico-tungstic 
acid,  Godeffroy  recommended,  as  reagents  for  alkaloids, 
solutions  of  ferric  chloride  or  stannous  chloride  in  hydro- 
chloric acid.  For  cinchona  alkaloids  he  applied  the  micro- 
sulpho-cyanide  test.  See  Proceedings  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc., 
1877-78. 

Godeffroy-Laubenheimer  (ALKALOIDS).  Silico-tungstic  acid  pro- 
duces very  difficultly  soluble  precipitates  with  solutions  of 
hydrochlorates  of  alkaloids. 

Goette  (HARDENING  FLUID).  50  Cc.  of  2-%  copper-sulphate 
solution;  50  Cc.  25-%  alcohol;  and  35  drops  rectified  wood 
vinegar. 

Golding-Bird  (ALDEHYDE).  Spirit  nitrous  ether  contain- 
ing aldehyde  is  colored  yellow  on  adding  dilute  potassa 
solut. 

Goldmann  (HEROIN).  Boil  small  quantity  of  substance  with 
dil.  sulphuric  acid,  add  some  alcohol,  and  boil  again — odor  of 
acetic  ether  developed  if  heroin  present. 

Goldmann  (SALOPHEN).  Boil  substance  with  2-%  soda  lye — 
a  blue  color,  due  to  atmospheric  oxidation,  develops. 

Goldmann-Baumann  (CYSTINE).     See  Baumann-Goldmann. 

Golgi  (SUBLIMATE  METHOD).  Harden  small  cubes  of  tissue 
for  15  to  30  days  in  Muller's  fluid,  which  should  be  frequently 
changed.  Then  transfer  for  8  to  10  days  to  0.25-  to  i-% 
aqueous  mercuric-chloride  solut.,  which  must  be  changed, 
as  it  becomes  colored.  If  desired,  treat  subsequently  with 
weak  sodium-sulphide  solution  to  darken  stain  and  make  it 
sharper.  After  cutting  sections  from  material  thus  prepared 
they  must  be  well  washed  with  water. 


TESTS  4ND  REAGENTS.  103 

Gorup-Besanez  (CREOSOTE).  An  emerald-green  color  develops 
on  adding  alcoholic  ferric-chloride  solut.  to  creosote;  carbolic 
acid  gives  a  blue. 

Gorup-Besanez  (PEPTONE).  This  is  the  biuret  reaction,  a  pale 
rose-red  being  produced  on  adding  a  little  potassa-  or  soda 
solution,  together  with  a  few  drops  of  very  dilute  solut. 
(almost  colorless)  of  copper  sulphate.  Albumin  gives  a  blue 
color;  albuminates,  a  violet. 

Gottstein  (BACTERIA  IN  POTABLE  WATER).  Bacteria  causes 
evolution  of  oxygen  when  hydrogen  dioxide  is  added  to  water 
containing  them.  With  10,000  in  i  Cc.  disengagement  is  very 
brisk;  with  1,000  in  i  Cc.  evolution  still  distinct.  Reaction 
does  not  sometimes  take  place  until  15  minutes  after  adding 
the  dioxide. 

Gouver  (ALBUMIN).  A  solut.  of  mercuric  cyanide  in  excess  of 
potassium  iodide  gives  with  albuminoids  a  white  ppt. 

Graham- Hoffmann  (ALKALOIDS).  Take  up  alkaloids  with  animal 
charcoal,  then  extract  with  suitable  solvents. 

Grahe  (CINCHONA  BARKS).  Genuine  cinchona  barks  when 
heated  in  a  test-tube  yield  red  fumes;  spurious  barks  yield 
vapors  and  a  brownish  tar. 

Gram  (BACTERIA  STAIN),  i. — Shake  15  drops  aniline  oil  with 
15  Gm.  water,  filter  the  solut.  and  add  to  filtrate  4  to  5  drops 
of  sat.  alcoholic  solut.  gentian  violet.  2. — Shake  3.3  Cc. 
aniline  with  100  Cc.  distilled  water,  filter,  add  n  Cc.  cone, 
alcoholic  solut.  gentian  violet  and  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol. 
After  preparations  have  been  stained  for  i  to  3  minutes  in  one 
of  the  above  they  are  quickly  rinsed  in  absolute  alcohol  and 
then  placed  in  Gram's  solut.  of  iodine  in  potassium  iodide 
(iodine,  i  Gm.;  potassium  iodide,  2  Gm. ;  water,  300  Cc.), 
until  they  have  acquired  a  brown  color.  This  takes  about  i 
to  3  minutes,  and  they  are  next  washed  in  90-%  alcohol  until 
pale  yellow,  then  dehydrated,  cleared,  and  mounted  in  bal- 
sam. Counterstain  with  eosine  or  vesuvine  if  desired.  Cer- 
tain bacteria  (anthrax)  retain  the  color,  whereas  others 
(cholera,  typhus,  Bact.  coli),  as  well  as  cellular  nuclei,  are 
decolorized. 

Gram  (IODINE  SOLUTION).  Iodine,  i  Gm. ;  potassium  iodide, 
2  Gm.;  distilled  water,  300  Gm. 


104  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Gram-Gun ther  (MICRO-SECTION  STAIN).  A  modification  of 
Gram's  process,  in  which  the  section,  after  treatment  with 
iodine,  is  put  into  absolute  alcohol  for  half  a  minute,  then  in 
3-%  hydrochloric  acid-alcohol  for  ten  seconds,  and  again  for 
a  few  minutes  in  absolute  alcohol,  this  treatment  being  con- 
tinued till  no  more  decoloration  takes  place.  Finally  the  sec- 
tions are  placed  in  xylene,  then  in  Canada  balsam. 

Grandeau  (ALKALOIDS).  To  the  solution  of  alkaloids  in  cone, 
sulphuric  acid,  bromine  water  is  carefully  added.  With  some 
alkaloids  it  produces  characteristic  color  reactions.  The  solu- 

,  tion  of  digitalin  and  digit alein  in  sulphuric  acid  is  yellow,  but 
changes  to  rose-red  and  violet  by  the  action  of  bromine. 
Preparations  of  digitalis  yield  the  same  reaction.  Morphine 
also  produces  a  red  color. 

Grange  (IODINE).  A  violet  or  blue  color  is  developed  with 
hyponitrous  acid,  chloroform,  and  starch  paste. 

Grant-Cohen  (ALKALIES  WITH  THE  SULPHITES).  Place  in  a 
flask  a  measured  volume  of  hydrogen  dioxide  colored  with 
methyl  orange,  and  made  exactly  neutral  with  sufficient  caus- 
tic soda,  then  add  solut.  containing  a  known  quantity  of  salt 
to  be  analyzed,  and  boil.  Sulphites  are  oxidized  to  sulphates; 
when  cool,  more  methyl  orange  is  added,  and  the  liquid 
titrated  with  normal  acid. 

Graser  (STAINING  METHOD).  Stain  sections  for  12  to  24  hours 
in  an  extremely  dilute  aqueous  solut.  methyl  violet,  then  wash 
out  in  acidulated  alcohol,  and  subsequently  in  pure  alcohol. 

Grassini  (COBALT).  On  adding  solut.  potass,  sulphocyanate 
to  a  dil.  solut.  cobalt  chloride  and  overlaying  with  alcohol 
the  latter  acquires  a  turquoise  blue  on  rotating.  H2O2  com- 
pletely destroys  the  color. 

Gravis  (AGAR  AGAR).  Agar  agar,  i  part;  water,  1,000  parts. 
Used  for  fixing  serial  sections  on  slides.  Use  like  Born- 
Wieger's  quince  mucilage,  which  see. 

Gray  (GELATIN  PROCESS).  Fix  serial  sections  on  slides  with  a 
solut.  of  gelatin,  i  part,  in  water,  100  parts.  Let  slides  dry 
spontaneously  overnight ,  then  remove  paraffin  with  a  suitable 
solvent,  and  treat  preparations  for  5  minutes  with  a  2-% 

I  solut.  potassium  bichromate  to  render  the  gelatin  insoluble. 
Stain  as  desired,  and  mount. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  105 

Greenwalt  (TEST-PAPER).  Iris  Paper.  Paper  impregnated 
with  a  hot  aqueous  extract  of  Blue  flag,  and  dried.  The 
paper,  when  neutral,  has  a  blue  color,  changed  to  green  by 
alkalies,  and  to  red  by  acids. 

Grehant  (CRUCIFEROUS  OILS).  The  fixed  oils  of  the  Cruciferae 
yield  a  black  color  on  boiling  with  potassa  lye  and  adding 
silver-nitrate  solut. 

Greittherr  (COCAINE  REACTION).  A  few  drops  cocaine  solu- 
tion mixed  with  2  to  3  Cc.  chlorine  water  and  a  few  drops 
0.5-%  palladium-chloride  solut.  yield  a  handsome  red  ppt., 
insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  in  ether,  but  soluble  in  sodium- 
thiosulphate  solution. 

Grenacher  (ALCOHOLIC  CARMINE).  Add  3  to  4  drops  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  a  few  grains  powdered  carmine  to  50  Cc. 
60-  to  80- %  alcohol.  Boil  for  10  minutes,  cool,  and  filter. 

Grenacher  (ALUM  CARMINE).  Dissolve  5  Gm.  ammonia  alum 
in  100  Cc.  distilled  water;  add  i  Gm.  carmine,  and  boil  for  20 
minutes;  filter  when  cool,  and  add  distilled  water  to  make  up 
to  100  Cc. 

Grenacher  (BLEACHING  MIXTURE).  Glycerin,  i  part;  80- % 
alcohol,  2  parts;  add  2  to  3%  hydrochloric  acid. 

Grenacher  (BORAX  CARMINE).  Aqueous:  Borax,  i  to  2;  car- 
mine, 0.5  to  0.75.  Boil  with  water,  100  fl.  parts,  then  add 
acetic  acid  carefully  to  purple  solut.  till  color  deep-red. 
Filter  after  124  hrs.  Alcoholic:  Carmine,  2  to  3;  borax,  4. 
Dissolve  in  boiling  water,  100  fl.  parts,  then  dilute  with  equal 
vol.  of  70-%  alcohol,  and  filter  after  standing  some  time. 
Pieces  of  tissue  are  stained  in  this  for  i  to  3  days,  then  trans- 
ferred to  70-%  alcohol  containing  0.5  to  i%  HC1. 

Grenacher  (HEMATOXYLIN  STAIN).  Mix  4  Cc.  saturated  solut. 
hematoxylin  crystals  in  absolute  alcohol  and  150  Cc.  sat- 
urated aqueous  solut.  ammonium  alum.  After  solution  has 
stood  in  the  light  a  week  it  is  filtered,  and  glycerin, 
22  Cc.,  and  methyl  alcohol,  25  Cc.,  added.  See  also  Dela- 
field's  hematoxylin. 

Grenacher  (HYDROCHLORIC-ACID  CARMINE).  As  much  carmine 
as  will  lie  on  the  point  of  a  knife  is  dissolved  in  50  Cc.  60-  to 
80- %  alcohol,  to  which  are  added  3  to  4  drops  hydrochloric 
acid.  Then  filter. 


106  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Grenacher  (STAINING  SOLUTION  FOR  CELL  NUCLEUS).  Car- 
mine, 0.5  to  i;  potassium  or  ammonium  alum,  i  to  5;  water, 
100  fl.  parts.  After  filtering,  add  a  trace  of  carbolic  acid. 

Greshoff  (!ODOFORM).  lodoform  reacts  actively  with  silver 
nitrate,  yielding  carbon  monoxide,  silver  iodide,  and  nitric 
acid. 

Griess  (FECAL  MATTER  IN  WATER).  A  i-%  solut.  of  diazo- 
sulphanilic  acid  made  alkaline  with  soda  solution.  Water 
containing  fecal  matter  becomes  yellow  within  five  minutes 
on  addition  of  this  solution. 

Griess  (NITROUS  ACID),  i.— A  solution  of  a  salt  of  meta- 
phenylenediamine  produces  a  yellowish-brown  color  with 
nitrous  acid.  A  0.5-%  solut.  of  the  base  is  prepared  with  the 
aid  of  sufficient  sulphuric  acid  to  acid  reaction.  If  the  solut. 
is  not  colorless  it  should  be  decolorized  with  freshly-burnt 
animal  charcoal.  2. — A  solut.  of  sulphanilic  acid  and  naph- 
tylamine  sulphate  is  colored  red  by  traces  of  nitrous  acid. 
The  solution  to  be  tested  is  acidified  with  sulphuric  acid;  sul- 
phanilic acid  solution  is  added,  and,  after  a  few  minutes, 
solution  of  naphtylamine  sulphate,  which  has  been  decolor- 
ized with  animal  charcoal.  See  Lunge's  reaction. 

Griess  (TEST-PAPER  FOR  NITRATES  AND  NITRITES),  i. — Paper 
impregnated  with  an  alcoh.  solut.  sulphanilic  acid  and 
alpha-naphtylamine  sulphate  (or  hydrochlorate).  Gives 
with  nitrous  acid  and  nitrites  a  red  color.  Also  used  to 
detect  bilirubin  and  aldehydes  in  urine.  2. — Metaphe- 
nylenediamine  paper.  Gives  a  yellowish-brown  color  with 
nitrites. 

Griess-Ilosvay  (NITROUS  ACID).  Dissolve  sulphanilic  acid, 
0.5  Gm.,  in  acetic  acid,  150  Cc.,  then  add  naphtylamine, 
o.i  Gm.,  boiled  with  water,  20  Cc.  The  colorless  solution  is 
poured  off  from  the  blue- violet  residue,  and  acetic  acid,  150 
Cc.,  added  to  it.  The  solutions  are  then  mixed  and,  if 
necessary,  rendered  colorless  by  shaking  with  zinc  dust.  The 
reagent  should  be  kept  in  well-closed  vessels. 

Griessmayer  (FREE  ALKALIES).  The  colorless  mixture  ob- 
tained on  adding  i  Cc.  centinormal  iodine  solution  to  one  drop 
of  tannin  solution  becomes  a  brilliant  red  on  adding  a  faintly 
alkaline  solution. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  107 

Griessmayer  (TANNIN),  i. — The  author's  test  for  free  alkalies 
is  reversed,  the  same  red  color  being  developed.  2. — Starch 
solution  colored  blue  with  a  very  dilute  iodine  solution  (i :  100,- 
ooo)  is  decolorized  on  adding  tannin  solut. ;  potassium  nitrate 
restores  the  color. 

Grigg  (ALBUMIN).  Metaphosphoric  acid  precipitates  albumin. 
See  Berzelius'  albumin  reagent. 

Griggi  (AciDS  [MINERAL]  IN  VINEGAR).  Add  i  drop  of  25-% 
fuchsine  solut.  (in  90-%  alcohol)  to  i  Cc.  vinegar — if  pure, 
no  change  of  color;  if  mineral  acids  present  (even  i%),  color 
becomes  a  dirty-yellow. 

Griggi  (BENZOIC  ACID  IN  BENZONAPHTOL).  Exhaust  sub- 
stance with  alcohol,  and  treat  extract  with  potassium  iodide 
and  potassium  iodate — iodine  separates  if  free  benzoic  acid 
present,  and  is  shown  by  yellow  color  of  liquid,  or  by  reddish- 
violet  color  of  carbon  disulphide  on  admixture  of  latter. 
Avoid  an  excess  of  potassium  iodide. 

Griggi  (DIFFERENTIATING  GALLIC  ACID  FROM  TANNIN  AND 
PYROGALLOL).  Shake  a  few  Cc.  of  i-%  solut.  of  substance 
with  i  Cc.  of  3.3-%  solut.  potassium  cyanide — bright  ruby-red 
color  develops  with  gallic  acid.  Tannin  or  pyrogallol  simi- 
larly treated  gives  a  yellowish-red.  With  excess  of  reagent 
gallic  acid  gives  permanent  yellowish-brown  ppt.;  tannin  a 
characteristic  dirty-white  ppt. 

Griggi  (DIFFERENTIATING  IRON  CITRATE  AND  POTASSIO-FERRIC 
TARTRATE).  Dissolve  a  few  scales  in  5  Cc.  water,  with 
warmth  if  necessary,  and  add  5  Cc.  5-%  solut.  sod.  salicylate 
— with  iron  citrate,  solut.  is  at  once  dark-red;  potassio-ferric 
tartrate  remains  uncolored,  or  darkens  only  after  a  while. 

Griggi  (IRON  IN  COPPER  SULPHATE).  Overlay  5  Cc.  of  1:5 
copper-sulphate  solut.  with  5  Cc.  ethereal  io-%  solut.  salicylic 
acid — more  or  less  violet  zone  forms  if  iron  present. 

Grimaux  (NITRATES).  An  aqueous  solut.  of  nitroquinetol, 
acidulated  with  sulphuric  acid,  gives  with  nitric  acid  or  nitrates 
an  immediate  ppt.  of  nitroquinetol  nitrate. 

Grimshaw  (ACETIC  ACID  IN  CALCIUM  ACETATE).  Treat  10 
Gm.  acetate  with  water,  add  excess  of  sodium  bisulphate, 
filter,  make  up  to  definite  volume,  and  titrate  a  known  vol- 
ume with  standard  alkali.  Evaporate  an  equal  volume  to 


io8  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

dryness  with  repeated  moistening  with  water  to  drive  off  free 
acetic  acid,  dissolve  residue,  and  titrate  with  alkali — difference 
between  two  titrations  gives  quantity  of  acetic  acid. 

Grismer  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE),  a. — Solut.  safranine  1:1,000. 
b. — Solut.  potassium  hydrate.  Boil  i  Cc.  urine  with  5  Cc.  a 
and  2  Cc.  b — decolorization  denotes  glucose. 

Grocco  (CREATININE  IN  URINE).  Modified  Neubauer's  method. 
Urine  acidified  with  acetic  acid  is  kept  for  24  hours  then 
treated  with  milk-of-lime  until  only  faintly  acid;  calcium 
chloride  is  then  added,  and  the  liquid  evaporated,  keeping  it 
faintly  acid  by  cautious  addition  of  acetic  acid.  The  residue 
is  then  extracted  with  alcohol  containing  a  little  sodium 
acetate,  and  the  filtered  liquid  pptd.  with  alcoholic  zinc 
chloride. 

Grodyki  (ACETAL).  lodoform  is  formed  on  adding  to  a  dilute 
solution  a  few  drops  hydrochloric  acid,  followed  by  soda 
solution  and  iodine. 

Grove  (MORPHINE).  A  dark-brown  color  is  produced  by  mor- 
phine on  adding  a  few  drops  sulphuric  acid,  heating  moder- 
ately, and  adding  a  trace  of  potassium  perchlorate  entirely 
free  from  chlorate. 

Gruber-Widal  (REACTION).     See  Widal  reaction. 

Gruenhut  (GLYCERIN).  Mix  substance  with  double  its  weight 
potassium  bisulphate,  heat  on  sand-bath  until  frothing  com- 
mences, and  collect  distillate  in  cooled  receiver.  Condensate 
will  smell  strongly  of  acroleine,  and  will  reduce  alkaline  silver 
solution  in  the  cold. 

Guareschi  (CARBOLIC  ACID).  A  purplish-red  color  develops 
on  evaporating  to  dryness  with  potassa  and  mixing  warm 
residue  with  chloroform. 

Guenzburg  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE). 
Dissolve  2  Gm.  phloroglucin  and  i  Gm.  vanillin  in  30  Gm. 
alcohol.  If  a  few  drops  of  solution  be  evaporated  with  an 
equal  bulk  gastric  juice  in  a  porcelain  capsule,  the  presence 
of  hydrochloric  acid  is  indicated  by  the  formation  of  a  red 
film. 

Guenzburg  (TEST-PAPER  FOR  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  Paper 
impregnated  with  an  alcoholic  solution  of  phloroglucin- vanil- 
lin (2:1)  gives  a  red  color  with  HC1. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  109 

Guerin  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Add  a  io-%  solut.  chromic 
acid  to  5  or  6  Cc.  urine — a  ppt.  or  turbidity  not  dissipated 
by  heat  indicates  albumin.  Peptones  and  protopep tones 
(hemialbumose ;  albuminose)  and  some  alkaloids  also  give 
ppts.,  but  these  disappear  on  heating. 

Guerin  (ALBUMINOIDS  IN  URINE).  Add  10  to  15  drops  of  io-% 
solut.  sozoiodolic  acid  to  8  or  10  Cc.  of  urine — a  flocculent 
ppt.  or  cloudiness  forms,  according  to  quantity  of  albumin 
present.  Alkaline  urates  and  uric  acid  not  pptd.  by 
reagent.  Albumoses,  peptones,  and  most  alkaloids  pptd.  by 
the  acid,  but  ppts.  disappear  on  heating.  Nucleo-albumins 
cause  only  faint  cloudiness  in  cold,  and  an  insol.  ppt.  on  heating. 

Guezda  (ALBUMINS).  Solution  of  nickel  sulphate  and  ammo- 
nia gives  a  ppt.  with  albumins. 

Guezda  (!NDOL  BASES  AND  ALBUMINOIDS).  Fuse  trace  of 
indol  with  0.5  Gm.  oxalic  acid — a  purple-red  melted  mass  or 
sublimate,  scarcely  changed  by  KOH,  is  obtained.  Alpha- 
methylindol,  skatol,  and  methylindolcarbonic  acid  also  give 
the  purplish-red  color;  alphaphenylindol  affords  a  greenish- 
yellow  sublimate,  changing  to  black.  Oxalic  acid  fused  with 
albumin,  peptone,  and  gelatin  affords  a  pink  sublimate. 
Other  animal  substances  behave  differently,  some  giving  a 
greenish,  some  only  very  little  characteristic  color  reactions. 
Alloxanthin,  however,  gives  with  oxalic  acid  a  red  color. 

Guibourt  (ROSE  OIL),  i. — Impure  oil  is  colored  brown  when 
exposed  under  a  bell- jar  with  iodine.  2. — An  apple-green 
color  with  nitrous-acid  vapors  indicates  rose-geranium  oil. 
3. — Sulphuric  acid  does  not  destroy  odor  of  pure  rose  oil. 

Guignet  (REAGENT).     Ammoniacal  solution  of  copper  sulphate. 

Guldens  tee  den  (COPPER  IN  WATER).  Acidulate  250  Cc.  water 
with  acetic  acid,  pass  hydrogen  sulphide  into  solut.,  and 
add  0.5  Gm.  talcum  (purified  by  boiling  with  nitric  acid). 
Shake,  let  settle,  and  decant.  Collect  ppt.  and  wash  it  with 
a  few  Cc.  warm  nitric  acid.  Evaporate  washings  to  dryness, 
and  dissolve  residue  in  few  drops  water.  Place  a  drop  of  this 
solut.  on  a  polished  iron  surface  with  a  trace  HC1.  To 
another  portion  add  a  drop  pqtassium-chromate  solut.  with 
acetic  acid,  then  add  i  or  2  drops  ammonia  and  a  trace  of 
phenol — a  blue  color  develops  in  a  few  hours. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Gulielmo  (ATROPINE).  On  heating  with  cone,  sulphuric  acid 
an  odor  of  orange  flowers  (some  say  rose)  develops. 

Gulli  (OiL  TURPENTINE  IN  BERGAMOT  OIL).  Mix  several 
grammes  suspected  oil  with  alcoholic  potassa  solut.,  and 
evaporate  to  dryness  in  a  platinum  dish.  Ignite  residue,  treat 
with  dist.  water,  filter,  and  test  solut.  for  HC1  (which  will  be 
present  if  the  bergamot  oil  contains  any  oil  turpentine  sat- 
urated with  HC1,  and  which  is  used  as  an  adulterant). 

Gunn  (CocA  ASSAY).  Dampen  5  Gm.  powd.  coca  with  2-% 
ammonia,  let  stand  30  minutes,  then  percolate  with  ammo- 
niated  ether  to  obtain  100  Cc.  percolate  (or  until  exhausted). 
Shake  out  percolate  with  3  washings  of  2-%  HC1,  then  wash 
acid  extract  once  with  ether,  make  alkaline  with  ammonia, 
wash  out  thrice  with  ether,  collect  ethereal  washings  in  a  tared 
dish,  evaporate  solvent,  and  dry  residue  at  75°  C. 

Gunning  (ACETONE).  lodoform  and  a  black  precipitate  of 
nitrogen  iodide  are  formed  on  adding  tincture  of  iodine  and 
ammonia  to  the  solution  to  be  tested  (e.  g.,  distillate  from 
urine).  The  nitrogen  iodide  gradually  disappears,  and  the 
yellow  color  of  the  iodoform  predominates.  Alcohol  in  this 
case  does  not  produce  iodoform.  Compare  Lieben's  reaction. 

Gunther  (BACTERIA  STAIN).  Modified  Gram's  method.  Stain 
in  aniline- water  gentian- violet  i  minute,  dry  with  filter-paper, 
treat  with  KI  solut.  2  minutes,  then  with  alcohol  30  seconds, 
3-%  HC1  10  seconds,  then  with  alcohol  and  with  cedar  oil, 
and  finally  mount  in  Canada  balsam. 

Gutzeit  (ARSENIC).  The  substance  to  be  tested,  together  with 
pure  zinc  and  pure  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  is  placed  in  a  test- 
tube,  the  mouth  of  which  is  closed  with  a  piece  of  filter-paper 
moistened  with  a  few  drops  of  50-%  silver-nitrate  solut.  The 
arseniuretted  hydrogen  formed  if  arsenic  present  produces  a 
yellow  spot  on  the  paper,  which  is  blackened  upon  moistening 
with  water.  See  Flueckiger's  test  for  arsenic. 

Guyard    (MANGANESE  IN  ZINC).     See    Gayard. 

Guyard  (TANNIN:  GALLIC  ACID).     See  Gayard. 

Guyon  (ALDEHYDES).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  fuchsine  in  i  liter  water 
and  add  a  mixture  of  20  Cc.  sodium-bisulphite  solut.  (30° 
Be.)  and  10  Cc.  concentrated  hydrochloric  acid,  i  Cc.  of 
reagent  added  to  2  Cc.  of  solution  to  be  tested  will  show  the 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  in 

presence  of  aldehyde  by  formation  of  an  intensely  purple-red 
color.  Reagent  also  known  as  Schiffs  reagent. 

Guyot  (AMMONIA).  Potassium  bromide  is  added  to  an  acid 
solution  of  mercuric  nitrate  until  the  precipitate  first  formed 
is  redissolved;  then  caustic-potassa  solution  is  added  until  an 
orange-yellow  precipitate  forms,  which  is  then  filtered  off. 
The  solution  gives  a  white  precipitate  with  ammonia.  Com- 
pare with  Nessler's  reagent. 

Guyot  (IODOFORM).  A  blue  color  develops  on  heating  iodoform 
in  a  flask  and  passing  the  vapor  through  a  heated  tube  con- 
taining starch. 

Hack-Kingzett  (REAGENT).  Cone,  sulphuric  acid  and  sugar 
(Pettenkofer's  bile  test)  affords  color  reactions  with  benzene, 
camphor,  clove  oil  and  other  ethereal  oils,  morphine,  phenol, 
piperin,  pyrogallol,  salicylic  acid,  turpentine  oil,  etc.;  e.  g.,  on 
dissolving  camphor  in  cone,  sulphuric  acid  and  adding  cane 
sugar  to  the  deep-red  fluid,  the  solution  solidifies  and  forms 
a  pink'mass;  on  adding  water  to  this  the  color  disappears,  and 
a  ppt.  insoluble  in  ether  forms. 

Haensel  (SOLUTION).  A  trace  of  acetic  acid  is  added  to  Fol's 
picro-chromic  acid  solut. 

Haentsch  (GLYCERIN  MEDIUM).  Glycerin,  i  part;  alcohol,  3 
parts;  water,  2  parts. 

Hagen  (STRYCHNINE).  On  adding  sulphuric  acid  and  lead 
dioxide  to  the  suspected  liquid,  a  bluish- violet  color  develops. 

Hager  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  A  solution  of  picric  acid  produces 
turbidity  in  urine  containing  albumin. 

Hager  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS),  i. — On  shaking  an 
essential  oil  containing  alcohol  with  an  equal  volume  of  a 
mixture  of  water,  i ,  glycerin,  2  (or  a  solution  of  sodium  nitrate, 
i,  in  water,  3),  and  allowing  to  stand  a  while,  the  volume  of 
oil  will  be  diminished  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  alcohol 
present.  2. — If  a  trace  of  tannin  be  added  to  5  drops  of  essen- 
tial oil  containing  alcohol  and,  after  shaking,  the  mixture  is 
left  for  several  hours  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  the  tannin 
will  sink  after  becoming  pasty  and  adhesive ;  in  the  absence  of 
alcohol,  the  tannin  will  continue  to  float,  remaining  solid  and 
porous.  3. — If  a  drop  of  oil  be  poured  into  water,  a  turbidity 
indicates  presence  of  alcohol. 


H2  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Eager  (ALCOHOL  IN  ETHER).  Add  a  small  fragment  of  fuchsine 
to  the  ether — the  latter,  if  pure,  remains  uncolored. 

Hager  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  of  picric  acid  produces  precipitates 
in  alkaloidal  solutions.  Solut.  also  used  for  albumin  by  over- 
laying urine — in  presence  of  albumin  a  turbidity  is  produced. 

Hager  (AMMONIA).  Solution  of  mercurous  nitrate  gives  a  brown 
color  or  a  black  ppt.  with  ammonia. 

Hager  (AMYLIC  ALCOHOL).  On  dipping  a  roll  of  filter-paper 
into  alcohol  containing  fusel  oil,  and  mixed  with  10%  of 
glycerin,  the  odor  of  amylic  alcohol  becomes  very  pronounced 
when  paper  is  dried  at  a  temperature  not  exceeding  25°  C. 

Hager  (ARSENIC),  i. — Arseniuretted  hydrogen  is  evolved  on 
heating  a  liquid  containing  arsenic  with  excess  of  potassa  solu- 
tion, zinc,  and  a  little  magnesium  ribbon.  2. — An  arsenica 
solution  will  develop  a  steel-colored  to  brown  stain  when 
heated  to  about  90°  C.  on  thick  tin-foil,  after  acidifying  strongly 
with  hydrochloric  acid.  3 . — When  a  substance  or  liquid  con- 
taining arsenic  is  boiled  with  sodium  chloride,  ferrous  chloride, 
and  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  arsenic  chloride  and  hydrochloric 
acid  are  formed,  and  the  arsenic  may  be  tested  in  any  con- 
venient way  after  passing  the  products  of  the  reaction  into 
water.  4. — In  the  "Kramato"  method,  a  bluish  to  black 
stain  or  violet  ring  is  formed  on  letting  a  drop  of  a  hydrochloric- 
acid  solution  of  arsenic  fall  upon  a  strip  of  bright  brass,  copper, 
tin,  or  tin-foil,  and  heating  moderately.  See  Reinsch's  test. 
5. — The  substance  or  liquid  is  placed  in  a  test-tube  with  some 
diluted  sulphuric  acid  and  a  small  piece  of  zinc;  the  tube  is 
then  closed  with  a  cork  in  which  are  two  slits,  into  one  of 
which  a  strip  of  lead- acetate  paper  is  inserted,  and  into  the 
other  a  strip  of  silver-nitrate  paper.  The  lead  paper  will 
indicate  sulphurous  acid  and  the  silver  paper  arsenic,  the 
stains  produced  by  the  latter  being  unaffected  by  a  io-% 
solution  of  potassium  cyanide. 

Hager  (BENZOIN  IN  BALSAM  PERU).  Dissolve  i  part  balsam  in 
7  parts  70-%  alcohol,  and  compare  with  sample  of  known 
quality  (the  more  benzoin  the  lighter  the  color).  Then  dilute 
half  with  4  or  5  volumes  water  and  shake.  The  resulting 
fluid  should  retain  its  original  turbidity  for  3  days  on  standing 
at  ordinary  temperature;  if  the  balsam  contains  resin,  oil,  or 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  113 

tar,  the  liquid  will  not  be  so  turbid,  and  will  show  a  ppt. 
either  floating  or  at  the  bottom. 

Hager  (BRUCINE).  A  yellowish  to  blood-red  color  develops  on 
adding  dilute  sulphuric  acid  and  manganese  dioxide  to  a 
solution  of  brucine  and  filtering.  The  color  is  changed  to 
violet  on  heating  the  filtrate  with  nitric  acid  in  the  presence 
of  stannous  chloride. 

Hager  (BUTTER  [ORGANOLEPTIC  REACTION]).  A  cotton  wick  is 
saturated  with  the  liquefied  fat  and  ignited,  the  flame  being 
extinguished  after  two  minutes  —  pure  butter  develops  the 
odor  of  strongly-fried  butter;  margarin  that  of  acrolein. 

Hager  (CACAO  BUTTER  [ANILINE  TEST]),  i  Gm.  cacao  butter 
is  dissolved  in  2  to  3  Gm.  aniline,  and  set  aside  for  i-J-  hours  at 
a  temperature  of  15°  C.  Pure  cacao  butter  floats  as  a  clear 
liquid  layer  on  the  aniline;  if  tallow,  wax,  stearin,  or  paraffin 
is  present,  the  oily  layer  shows  granular  formations  or  has 
solidified  entirely. 

Hager  (CASTOR  OIL  IN  COPAIVA  BALSAM).  Mix  balsam  with 
4  volumes  petroleum  benzin — on  standing  a  few  hours  separa- 
tion takes  place,  as  castor  oil  is  not  completely  soluble  in  the 
petroleum  benzin. 

Hager  (CHLOROFORM  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Shake  15  drops  of 
suspected  oil  with  50  to  60  drops  alcohol,  and  30  drops  diluted 
sulphuric  acid;  then  add  a  few  pieces  of  zinc,  and  heat.  When 
evolution  of  hydrogen  ceases,  add  an  equal  volume  of  cold 
water,  shake  and  run  through  a  wet  filter.  If  chloroform 
present  in  the  oil,  silver  chloride  will  be  pptd.  on  acidifying 
filtrate  strongly  with  nitric  acid,  and  adding  silver-nitrate 
solution. 

Hager  (CHOLESTERIN).     See  Salkowski's  test. 

Hager  (CITRIC  AND  TARTARIC  ACIDS).  Pour  a  solut.  of  potas- 
sium hydroxide,  i,  in  water,  2,  and  alcohol,  i,  upon  a  glass 
plate,  and  place  crystals  of  the  acid  at  intervals  of  i  to  2 
inches.  Citric  acid  dissolves  almost  entirely  without  losing 
its  transparency  within  i  or  2  hours;  tartaric  acid  soon  be- 
comes an  opaque  white. 

Hager  (COLCHICINE).  In  concentrated  solutions  of  colchicine, 
a  solution  of  borax  produces  a  white  ppt. ;  in  dilute  solutions 


H4  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

the  ppt.  is  not  formed  at  ordinary  temperatures,  but  upon 
heating  to  50°  C. 

Hager  (COPPER  IN  VINEGAR).  Add  15  drops  solut.  of  potas- 
sium ferrocyanide  to  15  Cc.  vinegar — on  standing  a  few  hours 
a  brown  ppt.  deposits  if  copper  present  in  traces;  if  much 
copper  present,  ppt.  develops  at  once. 

Hager  (DEXTRIN  IN  ACACIA).  A  blue  color  develops  on  boiling 
a  liquid  containing  dextrin  with  ammonium  molybdate  and 
a  little  nitric  or  citric  acid. 

Hager  (ESSENTIAL  OILS),  i. — Oils  are  distinguished  by  their 
varying  solubility  in  alcohol,  as  indicated  by  the  opalescence 
produced  (See  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.,  1882).  2. — Shake 
5  or  6  drops  of  the  oil  with  25  to  30  drops  sulphuric  acid,  and 
note  the  heat  and  turbidity  produced;  on  cooling,  add  8  or  10 
Cc.  of  90-%  alcohol,  shake  briskly,  and  note  the  color  and 
turbidity .  See  Prescott '  s  "  Organic  A  nalysis . ' ' 

Hager  (FATTY  OILS  IN  COPAIVA  BALSAM).  Heat  5  to  10  drops  of 
balsam  in  a  watch-glass  for  15  to  20  minutes  at  110°  to  120° 
C.,  and  then  cool — if  balsam  good,  the  residue  is  hard  and 
brittle;  if  fatty  oils  present,  it  is  pasty  or  sticky. 

Hager  (FIXED  OILS).  In  the  "elaidin"  test  the  oil  is  shaken 
with  an  equal  volume  of  25-%  nitric  acid,  a  strip  of  copper 
added,  and  the  mixture  set  aside  at  the  ordinary  temperature; 
note  the  appearance  of  the  mixture  at  intervals  of  1 5  minutes. 
See  Prescott 's  "Organic  Analysis." 

Hager  (FREE  ACID  IN  ALUMINIUM  SULPHATE).  Shake  the 
powdered  salt  with  absolute  alcohol — the  nitrate  must  not 
have  an  acid  reaction. 

Hager  (GALLIC  AND  TANNIC  ACIDS).  Add  excess  of  sodium- 
phosphate  solut.  to  liquid  and  add  ferric  chloride — carbolic 
or  salicylic  acid  causes  no  color,  but  gallic  or  tannic  acid  causes 
a  violet  color. 

Hager  (GLUCOSE).  Solution  of  30  Gm.  of  red  mercuric  oxide, 
30  Gm.  of  sodium  acetate,  50  Gm.  of  sodium  chloride,  25  Gm. 
of  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  400  Cc.  of  water,  diluted  to  a  liter. 
Solution  containing  glucose  (diabetic  urine)  and  boiled  with 
reagent,  yields  a  ppt.  of  mercurous  chloride. 

Hager  (GLYCERIN).  An  aqueous  solut.  glycerin  colored  blue 
by  litmus  tincture,  when  mixed  with  a  solution  of  borax,  also 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  115 

colored  blue  by  means  of  litmus,  assumes  a  red  color.  See 
Linde's  test  for  glycerin. 

Hager  (GURJUN  BALSAM  IN  BALSAM  COPAIVA).  Mix  i  volume 
balsam  copaiva  with  5  volumes  petroleum  ether — if  gurjun 
balsam  present,  mixture  becomes  very  turbid  in  a  few  minutes, 
and  a  voluminous  precipitate  deposits,  becoming  solid  in  a 
few  days.  With  pure  copaiva,  a  dust-like  deposit  forms  after 
several  hours. 

Hager  (HYDRIDES  OF  SULPHUR,  ARSENIC,  ANTIMONY,  AND  PHOS- 
PHORUS). The  hydrides  formed  by  action  of  zinc  and  sul- 
phuric acid  in  presence  of  the  substance  tested  are  allowed  to 
act  on  parchment  paper  moistened  with  silver-nitrate  solut.  If 
resulting  brown  or  black  spot  is  macerated  with  io-%  potas- 
sium cyanide  solution  the  color  resulting  from  action  of  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  disappears  at  once;  that  resulting  from 
the  hydrides  of  antimony  and  phosphorus  disappears  grad- 
ually (i  to  2  hrs.);  that  from  the  arseniuretted  hydrogen  not 
at  all. 

Hager  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID  IN  AMYL  NITRITE).  Add  2  or  3 
drops  solut.  silver  nitrate  to  mixture  of  10  drops  amyl  nitrite 
and  100  to  150  drops  alcohol — cloudiness  or  ppt.  indicates 
presence  of  hydrocyanic  acid. 

Hager  (looic  ACID  IN  NITRIC  ACID).  On  adding  to  3  Cc.  of  the 
suspected  nitric  acid,  3  drops  sodium-sulphite  solut.  and  after 
i  minute,  5  Cc.  of  ammonia  water  with  i  drop  silver-nitrate 
solut.,  a  cloudiness  or  ppt.  appears  in  the  presence  of  iodic 
acid,  and  does  not  disappear  on  the  addition  of  several  Cc. 
ammonia  water. 

Hager  (MINERAL  ACIDS).  Vinegar  containing  free  mineral 
acid  leaves  a  crystalline  residue  on  adding  one-fourth  its  bulk 
ammonia  and  evaporating  above  70°  C. 

Hager  (NITRIC  ACID).  A  blue  color  is  caused  by  molybdic  acid 
and  sugar. 

Hager  (NITROBENZENE  IN  ESSENTIAL  OIL  ALMOND).  Pure  oil 
forms  a  clear  solut.  on  gently  agitating  10  drops  with  10  Cc. 
45-%  alcohol;  in  the  presence  of  nitrobenzene,  solut.  will  be 
cloudy. 

Hager  (NITROUS  ACID).  Carbolic  acid  with  nitrous  acid  causes 
a  red  color,  which  changes  to  brown,  then  green. 


n6  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Hager  (PHOSPHORUS).  A  black  stain  is  caused  on  taking  up 
phosphorus  with  ether  or  benzene,  heating  to  30°  to  40°  C.,  and 
exposing  a  strip  of  silver-nitrate  paper  to  vapors  given  off. 

Hager  (QUININE).  On  well  shaking  2  Gm.  pure  quinine  sul- 
phate with  20  Cc.  cold  water  and  filtering,  then  diluting  ni- 
trate with  equal  bulk  of  water  and  shaking  with  10  or  12 
drops  sodium-salicy late  solut.  (1:5),  the  solut.  remains  clear; 
other  cinchona  alkaloids,  if  present,  cause  cloudiness. 

Hager  (SANTONIN).  On  well  shaking  2  Gm.  pure  santonin  with 
6  Cc.  water  and  filtering,  then  adding  i  or  2  Cc.  sat.  picric-acid 
solut.,  no  cloudiness  or  ppt.  should  occur. 

Hager  (SODIUM  SALTS).  White  cloudiness  is  caused  by  sodium 
salts  on  adding  a  mixture  of  crystallized  stannous  chloride,  5, 
water,  10,  and  sufficient  potassium-hydroxide  solut.  Test 
may  also  be  employed  to  detect  lithium  and  ammonium  salts. 

Hager  (STRYCHNINE).  Sulphuric  acid  and  lead  peroxide  give 
a  bluish- violet  color  with  strychnine. 

Hager  (SUGAR  IN  GLYCERIN).  A  blue  color  develops  on  boiling 
5  drops  glycerin  containing  sugar  with  100  drops  water,  3  or 
4  Cgm.  ammonium  molybdate,  and  i  drop  of  25-%  nitric  acid. 

Hager  (TURPENTINE  IN  COPAIVA).  i. — Odor  of  turpentine 
becomes  very  apparent  when  i  dram  copaiva  containing  it  is 
mixed  with  5  or  6  drops  water  and  sufficient  litharge  to  make 
a  thin  paste.  2. — Pure  copaiva  forms  a  clear  mixture  with 
12  volumes  of  90-%  alcohol,  and  the  mixture  becomes  turbid 
on  adding  1 2  volumes  more ;  in  presence  of  turpentine  or  other 
adulterant  the  result  is  different. 

Hager  (POTABLE  WATER).  Addition  of  tannin  solution  (tannin, 
i,  water,  4,  and  alcohol,  i)  to  potable  water  should  cause  no 
turbidity,  even  after  standing  some  time. 

Hager  (WAX),  i. — Dissolve  0.5  Gm.  wax  in  5  Cc.  chloroform 
— a  residue  indicates  presence  of  honey,  prepared  chalk,  ocher, 
alumina,  starch,  sulphur,  brick  dust,  lead  oxide,  lead  car- 
bonate, gypsum,  or  water.  2. — Boil  wax  with  15  parts  of  a 
mixture  of  water,  i,  and  90-%  alcohol,  2,  and  cool;  if  cloudy, 
filter  and  mix  with  equal  volume  water.  If  resin  present,  it 
is  dissolved  by  the  alcoholic  liquid;  stearin,  paraffin,  and  wax 
remain  unaffected.  3. — Shake  2  Cc.  chloroformic  solut.  of 
wax  with  12  to  15  Cc.  lime  water — stearic  acid  forms  a  granu- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  117 

lar  lime  soap,  whereas  the  chloroform  and  wax  form  an  emul- 
sion-like separate  layer.  4. — On  heating  wax  in  a  test-tube, 
odors  of  acrolein  develop  if  tallow  present  in  the  wax. 

Hager-Landolt  (PARAFFIN  IN  WAX).  Melt  2  Gm.  wax  in  a 
wide  test-tube,  add  1.5  Gm.  KOH  dissolved  in  4  Cc.  water, 
and  boil  ij  minutes  with  constant  agitation;  when  some- 
what cool,  add  8  Gm.  benzene  and  shake  vigorously,  then 
add  to  the  still  milky  fluid  5.5  Cc.  cone,  solut.  lead  acetate 
and  shake.  Decant  the  clear,  separated  benzene  through 
cotton,  and  repeat  shaking  with  fresh  benzene.  Evaporate 
benzene  extracts,  add  to  residue  6  Gm.  cone.  H2SO4,  and 
heat  on  sand-bath  till  wax  all  carbonized,  then  let  cool, 
add  water,  and  collect  undecomposed  paraffin.  Purify  this 
by  extracting  with  petroleum  ether  and  evaporating  sol- 
vent. 

Hahnemann  (LEAD  AND  COPPER  IN  URINE).  A  black  or  brown 
ppt.  is  thrown  down  on  shaking  with  a  solut.  made  by  dis- 
solving tartaric  acid,  i,  in  water,  64,  shaking  briskly  for  a 
while  with  calcium  sulphide,  i ,  and  decanting. 

Haine  (GLUCOSE).  3  Gm.  copper  sulphate,  9  Gm.  potassa,  100 
Gm.  glycerin,  and  600  Gm.  water.  Glucose  (diabetic  urine), 
upon  the  application  of  heat,  precipitates  red  cuprous  oxide 
from  solut. 

Haines  (GLUCOSE).  The  author  states  that  the  formulas  pre- 
viously published  are  incorrect.  The  following  are  the  proper 
proportions:  Copper  sulphate,  2  Gm.;  glycerin,  20  Gm.;  po- 
tassa, 9  Gm.;  water,  175  Gm.  Boil  4  Cc.  of  the  solut.  and 
add  6  to  10  drops  (not  more)  urine,  and  boil  again — if  sugar 
present  a  yellow  or  yellowish-red  ppt.  forms. 

Hairs  (SACCHARIN  IN  PRESENCE  OF  SALICYLIC  ACID).  Ex- 
tract suspected  liquid  with  ether,  evaporate,  take  up  ethereal 
residue  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and  precipitate  salicylic  acid 
by  bromine  water;  remove  excess  of  bromine  from  filtrate  by 
current  of  air,  and  isolate  saccharin  with  ether;  then  identify 
saccharin  by  Bornstein's  test. 

Haller-Bela    (MACERATING  MIXTURE).     See  Bela-Haller. 

Halphen  (COTTONSEED  OIL).  Mix  equal  parts  of  suspected  oil, 
amylic  alcohol,  and  carbon  disulphide  containing  i  %  sulphur, 
place  in  a  test-tube,  and  plunge  ^  or  £  into  boiling  salt  water — 


n8  TEST$.AN.D  RE  A 'GENTS. 

after  10  to  15  minutes  a  red  color  develops  if  cottonseed  oil 
present. 

Hamann  (CARMINE  SOLUTION).  Add  acetic  acid  to  an  ammo- 
niacal  solut.  of  carmine  until  a  ppt.  begins  to  form,  and  filter 
the  fluid  before  using.  Addition  of  i  to  2%  chloral  hydrate 
renders  solut.  more  permanent. 

Hamilton  (HEMATOXYLIN).  Hematoxylin,  12  Gm.;  ammonia 
alum,  50  Gm. ;  glycerin,  65  Cc.;  distilled  water,  130  Cc.  Boil 
the  solut.,  and  while  hot  add  5  Cc.  liquid  carbolic  acid.  Ex- 
pose mixture  to  daylight  for  a  month  to  ripen  it. 

Hamlin  (ALKALOIDS).  Color  reactions  are  afforded  on  treat- 
ment with  sulphuric  acid  and  potassium  chromate,  followed 
by  chlorinated  lime.  See  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assn.,  1881. 

Hammarsten  (CAFFEINE  IN  URINE).  Add  10  drops  dil.  sul- 
phuric acid  to  500  Cc.  urine,  and  evaporate  to  40  Cc.  Mix  this 
with  120  Cc.  97-%  alcohol,  and  let  stand  12  hours,  filter  off 
alcohol,  and  evaporate.  Shake  residue  with  £  its  volume 
benzene  3  or  4  times,  and  add  to  extract  chlorine  water  and 
ammonia — a  violet  color  indicates  presence  of  caffeine  (theine). 

Hammarsten  (GLOBULIN  IN  URINE).  Globulin  is  pptd.  by  a  sat. 
solut.  magnesium  sulphate,  or  by  crystals  of  magnesium 
sulphate. 

Hammarsten  (!NDICAN  IN  URINE).  Mix  urine  with  equal  vol- 
ume fuming  hydrochloric  acid,  add  chlorinated-lime  solut. 
drop  by  drop,  and  shake  out  mixture  with  chloroform.  The 
latter  takes  up  indigo  resulting  from  the  indican,  and  is  col- 
ored blue.  An  excess  of  chlorinated-lime  solut.  is  to  be 
avoided.  Also  known  as  Jaffe's  test. 

Hammarsten  (METALBUMIN).  Mixture  of  cone,  sulphuric  acid 
and  acetic  acid  gives  a  violet  color  with  metalbumin. 

Hammarsten-Robbert  (THYMOL).  Mix  a  solut.  of  thymol  with 
half  its  volume  glacial  acetic  acid  and  add  equal  volume  sul- 
phuric acid,  then  heat — a  reddish-violet  color  develops. 

Hanaman  (SLIDE-CLEANING  SOLUTION).  Add  i  volume  strong 
sulphuric  acid  to  8  volumes  potassium-bichromate  solut. 

Hannay  (CYANIDES).  Titrate  solut.  made  alkaline  with  ammo- 
nia with  standard  solut.  mercuric  chloride,  containing  13.537 
Gm.  in  1,000  Cc.  i  Cc.  =  0.0027  Gm.  HCN.  A  faint  turbidity 
indicates  end  of  reaction. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  119 

Hansen  (HEMATEIN  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  hematoxylin 
crystals  in  10  Gm.  absolute  alcohol,  and  add  a  solut.  20  Gm. 
potassa-alum  in  200  Gm.  distilled  water.  Then  pour  mixture 
into  a  porcelain  capsule  containing  3  Cc.  cone,  aqueous  solut. 
potassium  permanganate,  heat  to  boiling-point  with  constant 
stirring,  and  after  solut.  has  become  dark  reddish- violet  con- 
tinue boiling  for  half  a  minute  to  a  minute.  When  cool,  solut. 
is  ready  for  use. 

Hanstein  (ANILINE  STAIN  FOR  MICROSCOPIC  PREPARATIONS). 
i . — Equal  parts  methyl  violet  and  fuchsine.  2. — i  part  violet 
and  2  parts  fuchsine.  For  use,  a  concentrated  alcoholic  solu- 
tion of  the  mixture  is  prepared. 

Hardy  (ALCOHOL).  A  blue  color  develops  on  adding  guaiac, 
hydrocyanic  acid,  and  copper  sulphate. 

Hardy  (ALCOHOL  IN  CHLOROFORM).  Hydrogen  is  evolved  on 
adding  metallic  sodium. 

Harley  (UROHEMATIN).  i. — Dilute  urine  of  24  hours  to  60  fl.  oz., 
or  concentrate  if  volume  greater.  Add  to  2  fl.  dr.  of  urine  £ 
fl.  dr.  nitric  acid  and  let  stand — a  pink,  crimson,  or  purple  color 
denotes  excess  of  urohematin.  2. — Boil  4  fl.  oz.  urine,  and 
add  nitric  acid;  when  cool,  heat  in  6-fl.-oz.  bottle  with  i  fl.  oz. 
ether,  shake,  and  set  aside  for  24  hours — a  red  color  in  ethereal 
solution  indicates  excess  of  urohematin. 

Harnack  (IODINE  IN  URINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  shak- 
ing with  starch  paste  and  carbon  disulphide. 

Hartig  (AMMONIA-CARMINE  STAIN).  Suspend  carmine  in  dis- 
tilled water,  and  dissolve  by  gradual  addition  of  ammonia 
water,  then  filter. 

Harting  (PRESERVATIVE  FLUID).  An  aqueous  solut.  of  mer- 
curic chloride  (i  :  200  to  i  :  500). 

Haslam  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  A  whitish  zone  forms  on  mix- 
ing urine  with  a  few  drops  solut.  sodium  chloride  and  overlay- 
ing with  solut.  ferric  chloride. 

Hassalt  (ACONITINE).  A  violet  color  develops  on  dissolving  acon- 
itine  in  syrupy  phosphoric  acid  and  cautiously  evaporating. 

Hatschett  (COPPER).  Traces  of  copper  salts  give  with  ferrocyanic 
acid  and  its  salts  a  brown  precipitate  ( Hatschett 's  brown). 

Hauchecorne  (COTTONSEED  OIL  IN  OLIVE  OIL).  Heat  oil,  6 
Gm.,  with  2  Gm.  pure  nitric  acid,  40°  Be.,  on  a  water-bath  for 


120  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

2  minutes — pure  oil  remains  unchanged  or  becomes  lighter, 
and  should  solidify  within  24  hours  to  a  flesh-colored  mass. 
Adulterated  oil  assumes  an  orange-brown  red.  The  nitric  acid 
must  be  free  from  nitrous  acid. 

Haug  (DECALCIFICATION  SOLUTION).  Mix  i  Gm.  phloroglucin 
with  10  Cc.  pure  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.4),  and  warm  very 
slowly  and  carefully  with  gentle  agitation.  Dilute  solut.  with 
100  Cc.  distilled  water  and  add  10  Cc.  nitric  acid.  Hydro- 
chloric acid  may  be  used  instead  of  nitric  acid,  30%  of  acid 
being  used,  and  0.5%  sodium  chloride  should  then  be  added. 

Haugk  (THIOSULPHATES).  Color  of  potassium-permanganate 
solut.  is  changed  to  bluish-green  by  thiosulphates. 

Hay  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  Throw  a  little  sulphur  in  fluid — if  bil- 
iary acids  present,  the  sulphur  sinks. 

Hayem  (SOLUTION  FOR  FIXING  BLOOD  CORPUSCLES).  Mercuric 
chloride,  0.5  Gm.;  sodium  chloride,  i  Gm. ;  sodium  sulphate, 
5  Gm.;  distilled  water,  200  Cc. 

Hayem  (SOLUTION  FOR  HYPODERMOCLYSIS).  Sodium  chloride, 
75  grains;  sodium  sulphate,  150  grains;  sterilized  water,  40 
fl.  oz. 

Hefelmann  (BOMBAY  MACE).  Basic  lead  acetate  gives  a  white 
ppt.  with  an  alcoholic  extract  of  genuine  mace ;  with  Bombay 
mace  it  gives  a  red  ppt.  According  to  Waage,  however,  this 
test  is  not  always  trustworthy. 

Hefelmann-Mann  (FLUORINE  IN  BEER).  Test  depends  upon 
precipitation  of  fluorides  as  calcium  or  barium  fluoride. 
Upon  treating  ppt.  containing  fluorides  with  sulphuric  acid, 
hydrofluoric  acid  is  liberated  and  is  recognized  by  its  glass- 
etching  properties. 

Hegler  (LIGNIN).  Sections  are  placed  in  alcohol,  then  treated 
with  a  hydro-alcoholic  thallium-sulphate  solut. — lignin  is 
colored  orange-yellow;  cellulose  and  cork  remain  uncolored. 

Hehn  (CHLORAL  REAGENT  FOR  VOLATILE  OILS  AND  RESINS). 
Saturate  100  Cc.  alcohol  with  chlorine,  and  partly  remove  the 
resulting  hydrochloric  acid  by  distillation.  Then  add  sul- 
phuric acid  and  distil  the  resulting  metachloral.  Two 
drops  of  the  latter  when  brought  in  contact  with  i  drop  of 
certain  volatile  oils  or  a  fragment  of  some  resins  produce 
characteristic  color  reactions.  See  Dragendorff,  Analysis  of 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  121 

Plants.  Oil  of  myrrh  (or  residue  from  the  petroleum-ether 
extract  of  myrrh)  produces  a  violet-red  color  with  the  reagent. 

Hehner  (Acio  NUMBER).  Denotes  the  amount  of  insoluble 
fatty  acids  yielded  by  100  Gm.  of  fat,  and  serves  for  the  char- 
acterization of  fats. 

Hehner  (FORMALDEHYDE).  Add  i  drop  aqueous  phenol  solut. 
to  suspected  liquid,  and  overlay  mixture  on  cone,  sulphuric 
acid — if  formaldehyde  present,  a  carmine-red  zone  forms  at 
point  of  contact  of  two  liquids. 

Hehner  (FORMALDEHYDE  IN  MILK),  i. — Add  some  94-%  sul- 
phuric acid — if  formaldehyde  present,  a  blue  color  develops. 
2. — Distil  a  part  of  the  milk,  add  some  peptone,  and  then  sul- 
phuric acid.  According  to  Leonard,  the  blue  color  appears 
only  when  a  trace  of  ferric  chloride  or  other  oxidizer  is  present 
in  the  sulphuric  acid. 

Hehner  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  Add  25  Cc.  decinor- 
mal  alkali  to  50  Cc.  vinegar,  evaporate  to  dryness,  and  ignite 
at  low  red  heat  to  convert  acetates  into  carbonate.  Cool,  add 
25  Cc.  decinormal  acid,  heat  to  expel  CO2,  and  filter;  wash  filter, 
and  titrate  washings  and  filtrate  with  decinormal  alkali — each 
Cc.  used  equals  0.0049  Gm.  H2SO4  or  0.00364  Gm.  HC1.  Pure 
vinegar  leaves  an  alkaline  ash. 

Heidenhain  (ALBUMIN).  On  pouring  a  dilute  solution  of  violet- 
black  into  an  acid  solution  of  serum  albumin  or  casein,  a 
flocculent  ppt.  very  rapidly  forms,  if  any  notable  quantity  of 
albumin  is  present.  Even  in  a  dilution  of  i :  20,000  a  handsome, 
colored  flocculent  ppt.  forms  after  a  short  time.  For  the  detec- 
tion of  albumin  in  urine,  the  latter  is  acidulated  with  0.4-% 
acetic  acid,  while  slightly  heating,  so  as  to  change  the  albu- 
min to  acid  albumin.  An  excess  of  acetic  acid  hinders  the 
reaction.  With  a  supposed  albumin-content  of  1:1,000  to 
1:5,000,  3  to  5  Cc.  of  a  2-%  dye  solution  are  added  to  15 
Cc.  urine;  in  the  case  of  an  albumin-content  of  i :  10,000  to 
i :  20,000  only  3  Cc.  of  the  aniline  solution  is  employed;  with 
a  i :  40,000,  2  Cc. ;  and  with  a  solution  of  i :  60,000  solution,  i 
Cc.  is  used.  The  acid  aniline  dye  combines  with  the  albumin, 
giving  a  ppt. 

Heidenhain  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  Sodium  chloride,  0.5-%  solu- 
tion, is  saturated  with  warm  corrosive  sublimate  solut. 


122  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Heidenhain  (HEMATOXYLIN  METHOD).  a. — Hematoxylin,  i 
Gm.;  distilled  water,  300  Cc.  b. — Potassium  chromate,  i 
Gm. ;  distilled  water,  200  Cc.  Small  pieces  of  tissue  hard- 
ened in  alcohol  or  picric  arid  are  placed  in  a  for  12  to  24  hours, 
and  then  transferred  for  a  similar  length  of  time  to  b.  Wash 
thoroughly  in  water,  dehydrate  in  alcohol,  and  imbed  in 
paraffin. 

Heidenhain  (!RON  HEMATOXYLIN  METHOD).  Sections  are  treated 
for  -J-  to  3  hours  with  a  1.5-  to  4-%  solut.  iron  alum,  then 
washed  with  water  and  stained  in  a  0.5-%  aqueous  solut. 
hematoxylin.  Rinse  with  water,  and  again  treat  with  the 
iron  solut.  for  20  to  60  minutes.  The  sections  are  sometimes 
stained  for  24  hours  or  more  in  a  weak  solution  (i-%)  of 
Bordeaux  R.,  or  aniline  blue,  before  treatment  with  the  iron 
alum. 

Heidenhain  (NEUTRAL  CARMINE).  Prepare  solut.  according  to 
Beale's  formula,  but  with  omission  of  alcohol,  and  render  it 
almost  neutral,  either  by  cautiously  adding  dilute  acetic  acid 
or  by  driving  off  the  free  ammonia  by  warming  on  a  water-bath. 

Heidenhain  (SUBLIMATE  SOLUTION).  A  0.5-%  solut.  of  sodium 
chloride  is  saturated  while  hot  with  mercuric  chloride. 

Heidenreich  (FIXED  OILS).  Various  color  reactions  are  pro- 
duced on  mixing  10  or  15  drops  of  the  oil  with  2  drops  cone, 
sulphuric  acid.  See  also  Heydenreich's  test. 

Heijningen,  Van-  (QUININE).  Ammonium-oxalate  solut.  affords 
a  crystalline  ppt. 

Heinrich  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  mercuric  iodide,  18  Gm.,  and 
potassium  iodide,  25  Gm.,  in  sufficient  water;  then  add  caustic 
potassa  and  water  to  make  i  ,000  Cc.  On  heating  some  of  this 
solut.  with  suspected  liquid,  reduction  occurs  if  glucose  pres- 
ent. See  also  Sachsse's  solut. 

Heinsius  (ALBUMIN).  Add  i  or  2  drops  dil.  acetic  acid  to  5  or 
10  Cc.  of  suspected  liquid  and  boil;  then  add  sufficient  sodium- 
chloride  solut.  to  make  liquid  contain  at  least  4%  sodium 
chloride — if  any  albumin  present,  it  will  be  precipitated. 

Heintz  (POTASSIUM  IN  URINE).  Acidulate  100  Cc.  urine  with 
hydrochloric  acid,  and  add  double  the  volume  of  a  mixture  of 
equal  parts  alcohol  and  ether  containing  some  platinum 
chloride.  In  a  few  hours  potassium-platinum  chloride  (and 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  123 

also  the  corresponding  ammonium  salt)  crystallizes  as  octa- 
hedra,  which  may  be  identified  under  the  microscope. 

Heintz-Ragsky  (UREA).  On  heating  urea  with  acids  or 
caustic  alkalies  it  is  converted  into  ammonium  carbonate. 
The  CO2  which  may  be  liberated  from  the  latter  is  used 
for  calculating  the  quantity  of  urea  that  was  present 
(CH4N20  +  2H20  =  [NHJ.COJ. 

Heise  (KERMES  COLORING  IN  WINE).  Shake  20  Cc.  of  the 
wine  with  10  Cc.  of  a  io-%  alum  solut.  and  100  Cc.  io-% 
sodium-carbonate  solut.;  then  exactly  neutralize  with  the 
latter  solut.  The  filtrate  gives  the  following  reactions  if 
kermes  coloring  matter  present:  Amyl  alcohol  extracts  no 
color  from  acid  or  alkaline  solutions;  a  solut.  acidulated  with 
acetic  acid  is  not  altered  by  sodium  bisulphite,  or  colored 
yellow  by  caustic  alkali.  The  coloring  matter  of  beet-root 
gives  similar  reactions. 

Helch  (PILOCARPINE  HYDROCHLORATE).  About  0.01-0.02  Gm. 
pilocarpine  hydrochlorate  (small  quantities  give  to  the  ben- 
zene a  distinct  violet  color,  larger  quantities  a  blue  color)  are 
dissolved  in  a  little  dist.  water  in  a  test-tube,  i  to  2  Cc.  H2O2  of 
acid  reaction  added,  the  liquid  then  overlaid  with  about  2  Cc. 
benzene,  and  finally  a  few  drops  of  a  very  dilute  solution  of 
K2Cr2O7  (i  Cc.  to  contain  about  0.003  Gm.  K2Cr2O7)  are 
added.  The  mixture  is  immediately  shaken  carefully  and 
allowed  to  settle;  if  pilocarpine  hydrochlorate  be  present  the 
benzene  is  colored  very  distinctly  violet.  The  reaction  is  so 
sensitive  that  o.oi  Gm.  is  sufficient  for  detecting  the  presence 
of  pilocarpine  hydrochlorate.  The  author  tested  a  whole  series 
of  substances,  some  alkaloids  and  their  salts,  and  some  of  the 
newer  remedies,  but  none  of  the  substances  examined  afforded 
the  violet  color  similar  to  that  of  pilocarpine,  with  the  excep- 
tion, however,  of  pyridine.  Quinoline  salicylate  gives  a  dirty- 
violet,  turbid  color,  which  however  completely  vanishes, 
while  antipyrine,  migranine,  and  salipyrin,  examined  under 
conditions  similar  to  those  under  which  pilocarpine  was  exam- 
ined, give  a  dark-blue  color  to  the  benzene,  so  that  these  above- 
named  substances,  by  this  test  alone,  can  be  distinguished 
from  pilocarpine. 

Heller  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).     Albuminous  urine,  when  over- 


124  TESTS  AND  REAGEUTS. 

laid  upon  heated  nitric  acid,  shows  a  white  zone  at  the  point 
of  contact. 

Heller  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Mix  6  Cc.  hydrochloric  acid  with 
enough  urine  to  color,  and  allow  nitric  acid  to  flow  down  side 
and  form  a  lower  layer — a  play  of  colors  denotes  presence  of 
biliary  pigments. 

Heller  (GLUCOSE).  Glucose  solutions  or  urine  containing  glu- 
cose are  colored  yellow  to  reddish-brown  on  heating  with 
caustic  potassa.  See  Moore's  test. 

Heller  (HEMOGLOBIN).  Urine  rendered  strongly  alkaline  with 
caustic-potassa  solut.  yields  on  boiling,  when  hemoglobin  is 
present,  a  red  ppt.  of  earthy  phosphates. 

Heller  (!NDICAN  IN  URINE),  i. — Add  4  Cc.  urine  to  2  Cc.  cone, 
hydrochloric  acid  with  constant  stirring,  and  then  let  stand — 
a  violet  or  blue  develops  if  indican  present.  (If  bile  present, 
remove  by  pptn.  with  lead  acetate,  and  nitration.)  2. — Gen- 
tly heat  4  Cc.  hydrochloric  or  nitric  acid  in  test-tube,  and 
overlay  with  urine  free  from  albumin — a  violet  or  blue  color 
develops. 

Heller  (UROPHAINE  IN  URINE).  Pour  4  Cc.  urine  upon  2  Cc. 
sulphuric  acid  in  a  beaker,  from  a  height  of  about  4  inches — 
a  black  or  opaque  color  indicates  excess;  a  pale  garnet-red 
diminution. 

Heller-Moore  (GLUCOSE).     See  Moore-Heller. 

Heller-Teichmann  (BLOOD  IN  URINE).  Urine  containing  blood, 
when  heated  to  boiling  with  a  drop  acetic  acid,  forms  a  brown- 
ish-red to  blackish  coagulum.  If  to  boiling  hot  liquid  a  little 

»  caustic-soda  solut.  is  added,  it  becomes  clear  and  yields  a  sed- 
iment of  earthy  phosphates  that,  from  the  adhering  coloring 
matter  of  the  blood,  appears  red  to  brownish-red  in  trans- 
mitted, greenish  by  reflected  light. 

Helwig  (BLOOD).  Solut.  potassium  iodide,  i  part,  in  4  parts 
water,  removes  dried-up  and  old  blood  stains,  without  altering 
coloring-matter  of  blood. 

Helwig  (SOLANINE).  A  cherry-red  color  develops  on  adding  a 
mixture  of  equal  volumes  sulphuric  acid  and  alcohol. 

Hempel  (IODIDES).  A  rose-red  color  develops  on  adding  ferric- 
chloride  solut.,  sulphuric  acid  and  starch  paste,  to  a  liquid 
containing  an  iodide. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  125 

Hendrix  (SANDAL  OIL).  Mix  0.5  Cc.  oil  with  2  Gm.  solut.  of 
3  parts  cryst.  carbolic  acid  in  i  part  alcohol,  add  0.5  Gm.  cone, 
hydrochloric  acid  and  shake — pure  sandal  oil  gives  a  yellow 
zone  at  contact-point ;  copaiva  gives  a  mauve ;  cedar  oil  yields 
a  milky  solut.  and  brown  color. 

Henking  (EXAMINATION  LIQUID  FOR  OVA).  Distilled  water, 
80  Cc.;  glycerin,  16  Cc.;  formic  acid,  3  Cc.;  osmic  acid  (i-%), 
i  Cc.;  dahlia,  0.04  Gm. 

Henle  (STAIN  FOR  NERVOUS  TISSUE).  Sections  are  left  in 
palladium-chloride  solut.  (1:300  to  i :  600)  till  they  are  of  a 
straw  color,  then  rinsed  in  water  and  stained  with  strong 
ammonia-carmine. 

Henneguy  (ALUM  CARMINE).  Excess  of  carmine  is  boiled  in 
saturated  solut.  potassa  alum,  and  10%  of  glacial  acetic  acid 
added  on  cooling.  Allow  to  settle  for  some  days,  and  then 
filter. 

Henneguy  (PERMANGANATE  METHOD).  Treat  sections  for  5 
minutes  with  i-%  potassium-permanganate  solut.;  then  wash 
in  water  and  stain  with  safranine,  rubin,  gentian  violet,  or 
vesuvine,  preference  being  given  to  a  safranine  solut.  pre- 
pared with  aniline  water. 

Henninger  (NITROBENZENE  IN  ESSENTIAL  OIL  ALMOND). 
Caustic-potassa  solut.  causes  a  green  color. 

Henocque  (GOLD  PROCESS).  Impregnate  tissues  with  a  0.5-% 
solut.  gold  chloride;  then  wash  in  water  for  12  to  24  hours, 
and  reduce  with  the  aid  of  heat  (40°  to  50°  C.)  in  nearly  satu- 
rated solut.  tartaric  acid. 

Henry  (IODINE).  Potassium  -  permanganate  solut.  liberates 
iodine. 

Henry,  De-  (INDICATOR).  By  monochromatic  light  afforded  by 
sodium  flame,  red  litmus  color  appears  colorless;  the  blue 
appears  black. 

Henry-Humbert  (IODINE;  BROMINE).  Add  acidified  silver- 
nitrate  solut.  to  water  containing  iodine  or  bromine;  mix  ppt. 
with  silver  cyanide,  and  pass  current  of  dry  chlorine  over  it — 
cyanogen  iodide  or  bromide  is  formed. 

Henzold  (GELATIN  IN  FRUIT  JELLIES).  Boil  material  with 
water,  filter,  boil  filtrate  with  excess  of  io-%  solut.  potas- 
sium bichromate,  cool,  then  add  2  or  3  drops  cone.  H2SO4 — 


126  TESTS  AMD  REAGENTS. 

if  gelatin  present  a  white  flocculent  ppt.  forms  and  gradually 
collects  in  a  lump  at  bottom  of  liquid.  Pectinous  matters 
from  plants  do  not  give  the  reaction. 

Herapath  (QUININE  REACTION).  Alcoholic  solutions  of  quinine 
yield  on  addition  of  tincture  of  iodine  a  crystalline  ppt.  of 
quinine  iodosulphate.  This  separates  in  thin  plates,  green 
at  ordinary  temperatures,  brownish-red  at  100°  C.  and  pos- 
sessing strong  polarizing  properties.  For  microscopical  exam- 
ination of  the  urine,  the  latter,  after  being  rendered  alkaline, 
is  shaken  out  with  ether,  the  ethereal  solut.  evaporated,  and 
a  portion  of  residue  dissolved  on  a  cover-glass  in  a  drop  of  a 
mixture  of  11.25  G"m-  acetic  acid,  3.75  Gm.  alcohol,  and  6 

•  drops  diluted  sulphuric  acid.  To  this  is  added  a  drop  of 
tincture  of  iodine. 

Herbst  (ACONITINE).  Upon  carefully  concentrating  a  phos- 
phoric-acid solut.  of  aconitine  containing  aconine,  a  dirty- 
violet  color  is  produced.  Pure  crystallized  aconitine  does  not 
give  this  reaction. 

Herbst  (ATROPINE).  On  adding  sulphuric  acid,  potassium 
bichromate  (or  ammonium  molybdate)  and  a  little  water,  odor 
of  essential  oil  almond  develops.  Also  known  as  Herbst- 
Pfeifjer  test. 

Hermann  (FORMALDEHYDE  SOLUTION).  A  i-%  solution,  ob- 
tained by  diluting  formaldehyde  with  40  volumes  of  water. 

Hermann  (PLATINO-ACETO-OSMIC  MIXTURE).  15  parts  i-% 
platinic  chloride  solution,  i  part  of  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  2 
and  4  parts  of  2-%  osmic  acid. 

Hermann  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Place  cover-glass  preparation 
in  heated  Hermann's  solution  for  not  longer  than  i  minute, 
then  for  4  to  5  seconds  in  io-%  HNO3.  Wash  in  95-%  alco- 
hol, and  after-stain  in  eosine  (i  Gm.  to  100  Cc.  60- %  alcohol) 
for  half  a  minute. 

Hermann  (VIOLET  AMMONIA-CARBOLATE).  a. — Crystal  violet, 
i  Gm. ;  95-%  alcohol,  30  Cc.  b. — Ammonium  carbonate,  i 
i  Gm.;  dist.  water,  100  Cc.  Add  enough  of  solut.  a  to  solut. 
b  to  produce  a  dense  stain  on  filter-paper. 

Hermann-Boettger  (STAINING  PROCESS).  See  Flemming's 
process. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  127 

Herse  (CODEINE).  Dissolve  substance  in  sulphuric  acid  and 
add  solut.  ferric  chloride  —  a  blue  color  develops  with 
codeine. 

Hertwig  (MACERATING  FLUID).  Mix  equal  parts  of  0.05-% 
osmic  acid  and  0.2-%  acetic  acid.  Medusae  are  treated  with 
this  mixture  for  2  or  3  minutes,  then  washed  in  o.i-%  acetic 
acid  until  free  from  osmic  acid.  Leave  24  hours  in  the  dilute 
acetic  acid,  then  wash  in  water,  stain  with  Beale's  carmine 
and  mount  in  glycerin.  For  Actiniae  use  0.04-%  osmic  acid 
and  make  both  solutions  with  sea  water.  Wash  out  with 
0.2-%  acetic  acid,  and  stain  with  picro- carmine. 

Hertz  (VEGETABLE  COLORING  MATTER  IN  WINE).  Shake  10 
to  15  Cc.  red  wine  with  5  Cc.  sat.  solut.  tartar  emetic — 
natural  wine  affords  a  cherry-red  color  by  both  reflected 
and  transmitted  light;  foreign  coloring  matters  give  violet 
shades. 

Herzberg  (FREE  ACIDS).  Paper  tinted  with  Congo  red  turns 
bluish  to  bluish-black  in  the  presence  of  free  acids. 

Herzberg  (PAPER).  Wood  pulp  and  jute  give  a  lemon-yellow 
color  with  dilute  solut.  iodine  in  potassium  iodide;  linen, 
hemp  and  cotton  papers,  a  brown  color;  while  wood,  cellulose, 
straw  and  esparto  remain  colorless.  Strips  of  the  paper  are 
first  boiled  to  a  pulp  with  dilute  potassa  solut.  and  then 
washed  free  from  alkali  before  applying  reagent.  Hemp, 
cotton,  jute  and  linen  give  a  yellow  color  with  zinc-chloride- 
iodine  solution ;  cellulose  gives  a  bluish  color. 

Herzberg  (TEST-PAPER).  Congo-red  papers  (blue  and  red). 
Alkalies  give  a  red  color,  and  acids  a  blue.  Also  known  as 
RiegeVs  paper. 

Hesse  (ALLIED  ALKALOIDS  IN  QUININE).  These  alkaloids  are 
less  soluble  in  ether  than  quinine,  while  their  sulphates  are 
more  readily  soluble  in  water  than  the  corresponding  quinine 
salt.  Shake  0.5  Gm.  quinine  sulphate  with  10  Cc.  water  of 
50°  to  60°  C.;  after  standing  for  15  minutes,  filter  off  5  Cc., 
then  add  i  Cc.  ether  (sp.  gr.  0.7203)  and  5  drops  ammonia 
water  (sp.  gr.  0.96).  The  presence  of  quinidine,  cinchonine, 
etc.,  is  indicated  by  immediate  or  gradual  formation  of  crystals 
in  ethereal  layer. 
Hesse  (CHOLESTERIN).  See  Salkowski's  test. 


128  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Hesse  (CODEINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  dissolving  in  sul- 
phuric acid  and  adding  ferric-chloride  solut. 

Hesse  (MORPHINE  IN  QUININE  SULPHATE).  Mix  suspected 
sulphate  with  diluted  •  nitric  acid  (1:4) — if  morphine  present 
yellowish  to  orange-red  color  develops. 

Hesse  (QUINIDINE).  Treat  0.5  Gm.  pure  quinidine  with  a  solut. 
of  0.5  Gm.  potassium  iodide  in  10  Cc.  hot  water,  filter  after  i 
hour,  and  then  add  i  drop  of  ammonia — no  cloudiness  should 
be  produced. 

Hessert  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Fix  film  by  treating  cover- 
glass  preparations  with  a  saturated  alcoholic  solut.  mercuric 
chloride,  wash,  and  stain  for  30  or  40  minutes  in  a  hot  io-% 
aqueous  or  saturated  alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine. 

Heurck,  Van-  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  This  is  simply  mono- 
bromide  of  naphtalin. 

Heuschen  (AMYGDALIN).  Reduce  suspected  substance  to  fine 
powder,  then  add  a  little  chalk,  coarse  rye  flour,  and  water, 
and  allow  to  ferment.  If  amygdalin  present  hydrocyanic  acid 
will  be  evolved  and  stain  cuprous  guaiac  paper  blue. 

Heut  (DIFFERENTIATING  CONIINE  AND  NICOTINE).  Add  i  drop 
cone,  alcoholic  solut.  phenolphtalein  to  suspected  liquid — no 
reaction  occurs  with  nicotine,  but  if  trace  of  coniine  present  a 
red  color  develops;  difference  more  marked  on  adding  chlo- 
roform. 

Heydenreich  (COTTONSEED  OIL  IN  OLIVE  OIL).  Allow  a  few 
drops  of  the  oil  to  fall  on  some  pure  sulphuric  acid  in  a  porce- 
lain capsule — with  pure  olive  oil,  the  point  of  contact  is  yel- 
lowish-green ;  with  foreign  oils  (cottonseed  oil)  it  is  yellowish- 
orange  to  brown. 

Heynsius  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Boil  5  to  10  Cc.  of  filtered 
urine  with  a  few  drops  diluted  acetic  acid  and  then  add  a  satu- 
rated solut.  common  salt — a  white  ppt.  results  if  albumin 
present. 

Hickson  (EOSINE-HEMATOXYLIN  METHOD).  Stain  sections  on 
slide  for  i  hour  with  a  strong  solut.  eosine  in  90-%  alcohol,  then 
wash  with  alcohol  and  stain  for  20  minutes  in  a  weak  solut. 
of  hematoxylin. 

Hilger  (ALBUMIN).  A  ppt.  forms  on  acidifying  with  acetic  acid 
and  adding  potassium-ferrocyanide  solut. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  129 

Hilger  (ARSENIC).  A  black  stain  develops  on  acidifying  strongly 
with  hydrochloric  acid,  adding  excess  of  aqueous  iodine  solut., 
introducing  a  piece  of  pure  zinc,  and  exposing  silver-nitrate 
paper  to  the  gas  evolved. 

Hilger  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Ppt.  coloring  matter  by  boiling 
with  barium  hydrate.  The  yellow  ppt.  filtered  off  and  washed, 
gives  the  following  reactions :  With  alcohol  and  a  few  drops  of 
sulphuric  acid,  ppt.  becomes  colorless  while  the  solution  be- 
comes green;  with  nitric  acid  containing  nitrous  acid,  green 
and  blue  colors  result. 

Hilger  (loDic  ACID  IN  NITRIC  ACID).  On  diluting  with  water 
and  shaking  with  25%  carbon  disulphide,  in  presence  of  a  few 
pieces  of  rasped  tin,  the  disulphide  is  colored  violet. 

Hilger-Mai  (KERMES  COLORING  IN  WINE).  Mix  5  Cc.  of  wine 
with  10  drops  of  a  5-%  solut.  of  iodine  in  potassium  iodide, 
filter  mixture  after  standing  for  2  hours,  and  treat  filtrate  with 
sodium  thiosulphate  in  excess.  Natural  wine  is  decolorized, 
but  kermes  gives  a  red  color  not  destroyed  on  addition  of  sul- 
phuric acid. 

Himmelmann  (ARSENIC).  This  is  Marsh's  method,  modified  by 
substitution  for  the  acid  and  zinc  of  an  ammoniacal  solut. 
ammonium  chloride  which  has  been  heated  gently  with  a  mix- 
ture of  equal  parts  granulated  zinc  and  powdered  iron.  The 
liquid  containing  arsenic  is  made  neutral  or  alkaline  before 
adding,  and  arseniuretted  hydrogen  is  evolved. 

Himly  (ILLUMINATING  GAS  IN  WATER).  Add  chlorine  water 
to  suspected  liquid,  expose  to  sunlight,  and  remove  free  chlo- 
rine by  adding  mercury  or  mercury  oxide.  If  mixture  ex- 
hibits an  odor  of  ethylene  chloride  or  similar  compound, 
illuminating  gas  was  present  in  the  water.  At  least  500  Cc. 
water  should  be  used  in  this  test. 

Himly  (MINERAL  SUBSTANCES  IN  FLOUR).  Shake  the  flour  with 
chloroform,  allow  to  deposit,  and  examine  sediment. 

Himly  (OILED  WHEAT).  On  shaking  the  grain  with  bronze 
powder  and  rubbing  with  filter-paper  only  the  oiled  grains  will 
appear  bronzed. 

Hindenlang  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Strong  metaphosphoric 
acid  causes  an  opalescent  cloudiness  or  produces  a  ppt.  in 
urine  containing  albumin. 


13°  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Hinsberg-Autenrieth  (PHENACETIN).     See  Autenrieih-Hinsberg. 

Hinterberger  (ATROPINE).  A  blood-red  color  develops  on 
passing  a  current  of  cyanogen  into  an  alcoholic  solut.  of 
atropine. 

Hirsch  (PHENOL).  A  purple  color  develops  on  adding  tincture 
of  ferric  chloride  to  an  aqueous  solut.  of  phenol. 

Hirschsohn  (ACETANILID  IN  PHENACETIN).  o.i  Gm.  phenace- 
tin  is  dissolved  in  10  Cc.  water,  the  solut.  filtered  after  cool- 
ing, and  treated  with  bromine  water  until  a  yellow  color  results. 
If  the  solut.  becomes  turbid,  acetanilid  was  present  (formation 
of  parabromacetanilid). 

Hirschsohn  (ALOES),  i. — i  drop  io-%  solut.  CuSO4  and  i  drop 
H2O2  added  to  10  Cc.  aq.  i :  1,000  solut.  aloes  gives  on  boiling, 
a  raspberry-red  color  with  all  varieties  of  aloes.  2. — Boil  10 
Cc.  aloes  solut.  with  i  drop  CuSO4  solut.  and  i  drop  1:15 
solut.  potass,  ferricyanide,  and  filter — filtrate  is  either  yellow- 
ish or  pink  (latter  is  afforded  by  Curacao,  Barbadoes,  Zanzi- 
bar and  Natal  aloes).  3. — Curacao  and  Barbadoes  aloes  give 
with  CuSO4  and  potass,  sulphocyanate  a  raspberry-red  color 
at  ordinary  temperatures  but  much  more  pronounced  on  heat- 
ing. 4. — Natal  aloes  boiled  with  borax  solut.  gives  a  red  color. 
5. — Tinct.  aloes,  after  exposure  to  sunlight  for  some  time,  no 
longer  affords  the  reaction  with  CuSO4  and  H2O2. 

Hirschsohn  (BENZOINS).  Siam  benzoin  is  colored  cherry-red  by 
cone,  sulphuric  acid;  other  benzoins  are  colored  brownish- 
red.  Siam  benzoin  with  sulphuric  acid  gives  a  clear,  violet 
solution  on  admixture  of  alcohol,  and  on  adding  water  next, 
violet-red  flocks  form.  Sumatra  and  Penang  benzoins 
treated  similarly  give  reddish-violet  solutions  and  dirty- 
violet  flocks. 

Hirschsohn  (CASSIA  OIL).  Run  10  Cc.  oil  into  a  special  flask 
with  narrow  neck  graduated  to  6  Cc.  in  tenths,  and  nearly  fill 
flask  with  almost  boiling  sodium-bisulphite  solut.  Shake  well, 
and  when  reaction  moderates  add  more  hot  bisulphite,  then 
immerse  flask  in  boiling  water  until  non-aldehydes  have  sepa- 
rated as  a  perfectly  clear  layer.  Adjust  lower  surface  of  layer 
to  zero  mark  on  scale  by  adding  more  bisulphite,  and  read  off 
the  volume.  The  difference  between  this  and  10  Cc.  repre- 
sents quantity  of  cinnamic  aldehyde  in  oil. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  131 

Hirschsohn     (CHLORAL  ALCOHOLATE    IN  CHLORAL    HYDRATE). 
i  Gm.  chloral  hydrate  is  tested  with  i  Cc.  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr. 
1.38).     If  at  ordinary  temperatures,  or  upon  warming,  a  yel- 
low color  results  within  10  minutes,  alcoholate  was  present. 
Hirschsohn  (COTTONSEED    OIL).      Heat  5  Cc.  of  oil  for  20  min- 
utes on  the  water-bath  with  6  to  10  drops  of  a  solut.  of  i  Gm. 
gold  chloride  in   200  Cc.  chloroform — presence  of  cottonseed 
oil  is  indicated  by  development  of  a  red  color. 
Hirschsohn  (DIFFERENTIATING  TARS),     i. — Completely  soluble 
in  95-%  acetic  acid. 

(A) :  Turpentine  oil  (French)  dissolves  it  completely.  The  pe- 
troleum-ether extract  of  the  tar  is  colored  greenish  by  shak- 
ing with  a  diluted  solut.  (i :  i  ,000)  of  copper  acetate.  Chlo- 
roform and  absolute  ether  dissolve  it  completely Pine  tar 

(B):  Turpentine  oil  dissolves  it  only  partially.  The  petro- 
leum-ether extract  is  not  colored  by  copper-acetate  solut. 
Chloroform  and  absolute  ether  do  not  entirely  dissolve 

it Beech  tar 

2. — Not  completely  soluble  in  95-%  acetic  acid. 
(A):  Turpentine  oil  dissolves  it  completely,  [a]:  Aniline  dis- 
solves it  completely.     Aqueous  extract  (1:20)  yields  a  red. 

color  with  ferric-chloride  solut.  (i :  1,000) .Juniper  tar 

[&]:  Aniline  does  not  dissolve  it  completely.     The  aqueous 

extract  is  colored  greenish  by  ferric  chloride Birch  tar 

(B):  Turpentine  oil  dissolves  it  only  partially.  Benzene, 
chloroform,  ether,  and  olive  oil  dissolve  it  only  par- 
tially  Aspen  tar 

Hirschsohn  (DRAGON'S  BLOOD).     The  alcoholic  extract  has  a 

pure  red  color;  that  of  other  resins  is  usually  reddish-yellow. 
Hirschsohn  (FATTY  OILS  IN  BALSAM  OF  COPAIBA).  20  to  40 
drops  of  the  balsam  are  boiled  with  i  to  2  Cc.  of  a  solut.  of  i 
part  NaOH  in  5  parts  95-%  alcohol.  The  presence  of  oil  is 
indicated  by  gelatinous  ppt.  or  turbidity  on  cooling,  or  upon 
addition  of  2  volumes  of  ether.  Pure  copaiba  balsam  with  3 
volumes  of  90-%  alcohol  should  yield  a  mixture  from  which 
no  oil  globules  should  separate  within  an  hour. 
Hirschsohn  (GURJUN  BALSAM  IN  COPAIBA  BALSAM),  i  vol- 
ume of  balsam,  3  volumes  95-%  alcohol  and  i  Gm.  crystallized 
stannous  chloride  are  boiled  together  until  a  complete  solut. 


132  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

results.  Admixtures  of  gurjun  balsam  are  shown,  by  appear- 
ance of  a  red  color,  changing  to  blue  on  standing  some  time. 

Hirschsohn  (GURJUN  BALSAM).  Two  Cc.  solut.  cone,  sulphuric 
acid  in  acetic  ether  (1  +  5),  added  to  3  to  4  drops  gurjun  bal- 
sam, causes  a  violet  color.  For  testing  copaiba  balsam,  6  to 
8  drops  of  balsam  are  added  to  a  solut.  of  2  drops  sulphuric 
acid  in  4  Cc.  acetic  ether — a  violet  color  indicates  presence  of 
gurjun  balsam. 

Hirschsohn  (PERU  BALSAM),  i. — Balsam  heated  on  water-bath 
half  an  hour  with  half  its  volume  calcium  hydrate  should  not 
solidify.  2. — One  volume  balsam  with  4  volumes  80- %  acetic 
acid  must  give  only  an  opalescent  or  cloudy  solution  from 
which  no  oily  drops  should  separate  in  2  hours.  3. — The 
petroleum-ether  extract  shaken  with  copper-acetate  solut. 
(1:1,000)  must  not  be  colored  bluish-green  or  green.  4. — 
Residue  from  petroleum-ether  extract  should  not  be  colored 
by  hydrochloric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.19. 

Hirschsohn  (QUININE  AND  QUINIDINE).  Reaction  consists  in 
the  addition  of  one  drop  H2O2  solut.  (about  2-%)  and  i  drop 
of  io-%  CuSO4  solut.  to  the  neutral  alkaloidal  solut.  (chlo- 
ride or  sulphate);  on  boiling,  an  intense  raspberry-red  color 
appears,  changing  to  bluish  violet,  then  blue,  and,  after  a 
while,  slowly  to  green.  The  limit  of  sensibility  is  i :  10,000. 
As  in  every  such  test  it  is  highly  important  to  know  upon 
what  other  substances  it  has  been  tried,  the  following  list  in- 
creases the  value  of  the  reaction  very  considerably:  A  color- 
less or  only  faintly  yellow  solution  is  obtained  with  antipyrine, 
atropine,  aconitine,  acolyctine,  asaron,  brucine,  berberine, 
bebeerine,  caffeine,  cocaine,  cinchonidine,  cinchonine,  cincho- 
namine,  cinchotenine,  codeine,  colchicine,  colocynthin,  con- 
vallamarin,  convallarin,  coumarin,  cubebin,  caryophyllin, 
delphinine,  daturine,  digitin,  digit alin,  duboisine,  gelsemine, 
helenin,  hyoscine,  hyoscamine,  kosin,  meconin,  minispermine, 
piperin,  picrotoxin,  pilocarpine,  quassiin,  quinoline,  solanine, 
saponin,  santonin,  salicin,  senegin,  scoparine,  sabadilline, 
sparteine,  strychnine,  taxine,  theobromine,  urson,  vanillin, 
and  veratrine.  The  following  give  yellow  to  brown:  Analgen, 
apomorphine,  arbutin,  aesculin,  chelerythrine,  cotoin,  du- 
boisine (amorphous),  eserine,  hydrastine,  hydrastinine,  mor- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  133 

phine,  narceme,  narcotine,  paracotoin,  papaverine,  peuce- 
danin,  phloridzin  and  pyrodin.  A  light  onion-red  is  pro- 
duced by  thalline,  an  intense  blue  by  kairine,  and  a  light  blue 
by  asparagine.  The  peculiar  raspberry-red  tint  is  observed 
with  euquinine,  but  only  feebly,  so  that  this  color  when  strongly 
developed  seems  quite  characteristic  of  quinine  or  quinidine. 

Hirschsohn  (RosiN  IN  GUAIAC  RESIN  AND  BALSAM  OF  TOLU). 
The  finely-powdered  sample  is  shaken  for  10  to  15  minutes 
with  4  to  5  times  its  weight  petroleum  ether ;  aqueous  copper- 
acetate  solut.  causes  a  green  color  in  filtrate  if  rosin  present. 

Histed  (ALOINS).  On  adding  a  few  grains  barbaloin  to  several 
drops  of  cone,  sulphuric  acid  and  gently  passing  over  the 
surface  a  glass  rod  moistened  with  nitric  acid,  a  red  color 
develops;  nataloin  causes  a  blue  color. 

Histed  (NATALOIN).  If  nataloin  is  dissolved  in  cone,  sulphuric 
acid  and  a  small  fragment  potassium  nitrate  added,  a  green 
color  develops,  changing  to  red  and  then  to  blue. 

Hlasiwetz  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  If  an  alkaline  cyanide  solu- 
tion is  warmed  with  picric  acid,  a  blood-red  color  results. 

Hoehnel,  Von-  (LIGNIN).  Phenol-hydrochloric  acid  (highly  cone, 
solut.  of  phenol  in  fuming  hydrochloric  acid)  gives  a  green 
color  with  lignin. 

Hoehnel,  Von-  (SILK).  A  saturated  solut.  chromic  acid  diluted 
with  an  equal  volume  of  water.  Mulberry-red  silk  is  dis- 
solved by  heating  for  less  than  a  minute  in  this  solut.;  wild 
silk  is  insoluble  in  the  reagent;  sheep's  wool  is  dissolved  like 
mulberry  silk. 

Hofer  (NARCOTIZATION  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  hydroxylamine 
hydrochlorate  (or  sulphate)  in  water,  neutralize  with  sodium 
carbonate  and  dilute  to  a  i-%  solut.  Solut.  is  further  reduced, 
according  to  organisms  to  be  killed. 

Hoffmann  (ALBUMINS  AND  PHENOLS).  Solut.  of  mercuric 
nitrate  containing  a  trace  of  free  nitrous  acid.  Yields  simi- 
lar color  reactions  as  Millon's  reagent.  See  Hoffman's  reac- 
tion for  tyrosin. 

Hoffmann  (ALBUMIN  TEST-PAPER),  a. — Dissolve  corrosive 
sublimate,  i  part,  in  distilled  water,  20  parts,  b. — Dissolve 
potassium  iodide,  i  part,  in  distilled  water,  2  parts.  Mix 
solutions;  impregnate  paper  with  mixture  and  dry.  Pre- 


J34  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

pared  paper,  dipped  into  albuminous  urine  immediately  causes 
a  ppt.  in  acid  urine — if  necessary,  add  a  little  acetic  acid. 

Hoffmann  (ALKALOIDS  AND  ANILINE  SALTS),  i. — Aniline  salts 
are  distinguished  from  alkaloids  by  not  affording  ppts. 
with  potassium  iodide,  potassium-cadmium  iodide,  and  mer- 
cury-potassium iodide,  but  giving  with  solut.  of  sodium 
phospho-molybdate  in  sulphuric  or  oxalic-acid  solut.  a  ppt. 
at  first  yellow,  then  blue,  and  yielding  a  blue  solution  with 
ammonia  water.  2. — Tannic  acid  only  partially  ppts.  aniline 
salts.  2. — Alcoholic  mercury-chloride  solut.  causes  in  alco- 
holic aniline  solut.  a  white,  crystalline  ppt.  nearly  insol.  in 
water. 

Hoffmann  (ANILINE  REACTION).  With  fuming  nitric  acid, 
aniline  gives  a  deep  blue  solution,  becoming  yellow  and  finally 
red  upon  warming. 

Hoffmann  (BENZENE).  Heat  with  fuming  nitric  acid,  subject 
the  resulting  nitrobenzene  to  the  action  of  alcohol,  hydro- 
chloric acid,  and  granulated  zinc,  then  test  the  aniline  pro- 
duced with  chlorinated  lime. 

Hoffmann  (BLUE  STAIN).  Hoffmann's  blue,  i  Gm.;  alcohol, 
20  Cc.;  distilled  water,  80  Cc.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  0.5  Cc. 
As  a  nuclear  stain  immerse  sections  for  10  minutes,  rinse  in 
water,  wash  in  90-%  alcohol,  dehydrate,  clear,  and  mount 
in  balsam.  To  stain  sieve  areas,  stain  sections  5  or  10  min- 
utes, rinse  in  distilled  water,  and  mount  in  glycerin;  or,  dehy- 
drate, clear,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Hoffmann  (CARBON  BISULPHIDE).  Triethyl  phosphine  gives  a 
rose-red  color. 

Hoffmann  (CHLOROFORM),  i. — Isonitrile  is  formed  on  adding 
aniline,  alcohol,  and  soda.  2. — When  a  trace  of  ammonium 
chloride  and  ferrous  chloride  is  warmed  with  an  excess  of  alco- 
holic potassa  solution  and  a  few  drops  chloroform,  and  the 
mixture  then  diluted  with  water  and  acidified  with  hydro- 
chloric acid,  a  greenish-blue  color  results. 

Hoffmann  (INDICATOR).  The  color  of  eupittonic  acid  is  changed 
from  yellow  to  blue  by  alkalies,  and  to  red  by  acids. 

Hoffmann  (PHENOL).  Cautiously  overlay  2  Cc.  of  the  liquid 
on  an  equal  volume  sulphuric  acid,  and  drop  into  the  liquid 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  135 

a  few  crystals  potassium  nitrate — the  violet  color  may  appear 
in  streaks. 

Hoffmann  (PRIMARY  AMINES),  i. — These  yield  upon  warm- 
ing with  chloroform  and  alcoholic  potassa  solution  the  char- 
acteristic odor  of  isonitrile.  2. — On  evaporating  an  ethereal 
solution  of  a  primary  amine  base  with  carbon  disulphide,  dis- 
solving the  residue  in  water,  and  boiling  solut.  with  silver  ni- 
trate, mercuric  chloride,  or  ferric  chloride,  an  odor  of  mustard 
oil  develops. 

Hoffmann  (TYROSIN).  The  hot  aqueous  solution  of  tyrosin 
(obtained  from  the  urine  sediment)  yields  a  red  color  and  ppt. 
on  addition  of  a  solut.  of  mercuric  nitrate  with  some  potassium 
nitrate. 

Hoffmann- Ultzmann  (BILIFUSCIN).  Dip  piece  of  clean  white 
linen  in  urine  and  allow  to  dry.  Linen  is  colored  brown  if 
bilifuscin  present. 

Hoffmeister  (CELLULOSE  SOLVENT).  Mixture  consists  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  potassium  chlorate. 

Hofmeister  (CREATIN).  Phosphotungstic  acid  gives  a  readily 
soluble,  crystallizable  compound  with  creatin;  with  creatinine 
a  difficultly  soluble  compound  is  formed. 

Hofmeister  (LEUCINE).  Heat  solut.  with  mercurous  nitrate — 
if  leucine  is  present,  a  deposit  of  metallic  mercury  forms. 

Hofmeister  (PRECIPITANT  FOR  PEPTONE).  Commercial  so- 
dium tungstate  is  dissolved  in  hot  water,  phosphoric  acid 
added  to  acid  reaction,  then  strongly  acidulated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  and  filtered  after  standing  24  hours. 

Hoggan  (FERRIC-CHLORIDE  STAIN).  Treat  tissue  first  with 
silver-nitrate  solut.  (previously  exposed  for  a  short  time  to 
diffused  light),  then  dehydrate  in  alcohol,  and  then  treat  for 
a  few  minutes  with  2-%  alcoholic  solut.  ferric  chloride.  Next 
treat  with  2-%  alcoholic  solut.  pyrogallic  acid,  and  when  dark 
enough,  wash  in  water  and  mount  in  glycerin. 

Holde  (TARRY  CONSTITUENTS  OF  LUBRICANTS  OBTAINED  FROM 
PETROLEUM).  Dissolve  in  petroleum  ether  in  which  the  tarry 
admixtures  are  insoluble. 

Holde  (UNSAPONIFIABLE  SUBSTANCES  IN  FATS).  Boil  a  piece 
of  caustic  potassa  the  size  of  a  pea  in  5  Cc.  absolute  alcohol 
until  completely  dissolved,  add  3  to  4  drops  of  the  fat,  and 


I36  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

then  boil  the  whole  for  i  minute.  Upon  diluting  with  3  to  4 
Cc.  of  water,  a  turbidity  indicates  the  presence  of  an  unsapon- 
ifiable  substance. 

Honsell  (SMEGMA  BACILLUS  STAIN).  Stain  in  boiling  carbol- 
fuchsine  2  min.,  rinse  in  water,  dry,  treat  with  a  mixture  of 
97  parts  alcohol  and  3  parts  HC1  for  10  min.,  rinse  in  water, 
counterstain  in  equal  parts  of  saturated  alcoholic  solut. 
methylene  blue  and  water.  Only  tubercle  bacilli  are  stained 
red,  smegma  bacilli  are  not. 

Hopkins  (URIC  ACID).  Saturate  100  Cc.  urine  with  finely  pow- 
dered ammonium  chloride  (about  30  Gm.)  let  stand  2  hours 
with  occasional  stirring,  then  filter,  and  wash  with  saturated 
solut.  ammonium  chloride;  then  rinse  off  filter  with  hot  water, 
heat  just  to  boiling  with  excess  dilute  HC1,  cool,  and  let  stand 
2  hours.  Collect  crystals  of  uric  acid,  wash  twice  with  cold 
water,  then  with  alcohol,  until  free  from  acidity,  dry  at  100° 
C.,  and  weigh.  Add  o.ooi  Gm.  for  every  15  Cc.  of  mother 
liquor.  If  preferred,  the  acid  ammonium-urate  ppt.  from 
above  may  be  titrated.  Treat  ppt.  obtained  as  above  from 
200  Cc.  urine  with  known  volume  decinormal  sulphuric  acid, 
boil,  cool,  dilute  to  200  Cc.,  add  little  methyl  orange,  and 
titrate  back  with  semi- decinormal  alkali.  Difference  between 
volume  required  and  volume  of  acid  solut.  represents  ammo- 
nia of  ppt.,  the  uric  acid  having  no  action  on  methyl 
orange.  Each  Cc.  semi-decinormal  soda  solut.  =  0.0084  Gm. 
uric  acid. 

Hoppe-Seyler  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Ppt.  urine  with  milk-of- 
lime,  then  ppt.  the  lime  with  carbonic  acid,  filter  off,  and 
wash  the  ppt.  with  water.  If  nitroso-nitric  acid  is  dropped 
upon  the  ppt.  in  the  filter,  the  well-known  color  reactions  are 
produced  if  biliary  pigments  are  present.  See  Gmelin's  test. 

Hoppe-Seyler  (CARBON-MONOXIDE  POISONING).  A  few  drops 
of  the  blood  to  be  tested  are  mixed  in  a  porcelain  capsule  with 
an  equal  or  double  quantity  of  cone,  caustic-soda  solut. — 
blood  containing  carbon  monoxide  will  appear  of  a  vermilion 
color  in  thin  layers,  while  normal  blood  will  appear  a  dirty 
brownish-green. 

Hoppe-Seyler  (PHENOL).  A  pine  shaving  is  colored  blue  when 
moistened  with  phenol  and  hydrochloric  acid.  Tommasi's 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  137 

modification:  Instead  of  hydrochloric  acid,  a  mixture  of  50 
Cc.  hydrochloric  acid,  50  Cc.  water,  and  0.2  Gm.  potassium 
chlorate  is  used. 

Hoppe-Seyler  (SANTONIN  IN  URINE).  Treat  urine  with  caustic 
soda — a  red  color  develops;  add  amylic  alcohol — red  color 
disappears  (distinction  from  chrysophanic  acid,  which  amylic 
alcohol  does  not  decolorize). 

Hoppe-Seyler  (SUGAR  IN  THE  URINE).  Test  depends  upon  for- 
mation of  indigo  upon  warming  urine  containing  glucose 
with  orthonitrophenylpropiolic  acid.  Reagent  employed 
is  a  0.5-%  solut.  of  this  acid  in  soda  lye.  Five  Cc.  of  the  solut. 
are  boiled  with  10  drops  urine;  sugar,  if  present,  develops  an 
indigo  color. 

Hoppe-Seyler  (XANTHINE).  Calcium  chloride  and  sodium- 
hydrate  solut.  added  to  a  solut.  containing  xanthine,  give  at 
zone  of  contact  a  dark  green  color,  quickly  changing  to  brown, 
and  finally  disappearing. 

Horsford  (GLYCOCOLL).  A  bright  red  color  develops  on  heating 
with  potassium-hydroxide  solut. 

Horsley  (ALKALOIDS).  Sodium  nitroprussiate  yields  crystalline 
precipitates. 

Horsley  (GLUCOSE),  i. — Dissolve  copper  sulphate,  30,  in 
water,  1440,  add  tartaric  acid,  30,  and  cool;  then  add  potas- 
sium hydroxide,  90,  and  potassium  carbonate,  90.  This 
solut.  is  reduced  by  glucose.  2. — A  green  color  develops  on 
boiling  glucose  with  a  solut.  of  potassium  chromate  contain- 
ing free  alkali. 

Horsley  (MORPHINE),  i. — A  red  color  forms  several  hours  after 
adding  potassium-ferricyanide  solut.  2. — A  blood-red  color 
develops  on  adding  a  few  drops  silver-nitrate  solut.  and  adding 
nitric  acid  to  filtrate  after  reduction  of  the  silver. 

Horsley  (NITRIC  ACID).  Pyrogallic  and  sulphuric  acids  yield  a 
violet  color  with  aqueous  solutions  containing  traces  of  a  ni- 
trate. 

Horsley  (STRYCHNINE).  A  purple- violet  to  red  color  forms  on 
adding  potassium-bichromate  solut.  to  a  solut.  of  a  strychnine 
salt,  and,  after  separation  of  crystals,  adding  a  drop  of  sul- 
phuric acid. 

Hosaeus    (BORAX    OR   SODIUM  BICARBONATE  IN  MILK).     Add 


138  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

o.i  Gm.  tartaric  acid  to  100  Cc.  milk,  shake,  and  heat — if  milk 
does  not  curdle,  the  presence  of  borax  or  sodium  bicarbonate 
may  be  assumed. 

Houzeau  (OZONE  PAPER).  This  is  red  litmus  paper,  one-half 
of  which  has  been  saturated  with  potassium-iodide  solution. 
Since  ozone  liberates  free  alkali  from  potassium  iodide,  the 
paper  will  turn  blue  in  the  presence  of  this  gas. 

How  (ALKALOIDS).  Distinctive  color  reactions  are  obtained  on 
adding  sulphuric  acid  and  ferric  chloride.  See  "Proc.  Am. 
Phar.  Assoc."  1878. 

Howie  (CURCUMA).  0.3  Gm.  of  the  powdered  rhubarb  or  insect 
powder  to  be  tested  are  heaped  upon  filter-paper,  50  drops 
chloroform  gradually  dropped  upon  it,  and  after  drying  and 
removing  the  powder,  a  small  piece  of  borax  is  placed  upon 
the  spot  and  a  drop  of  HC1  added.  The  appearance  of  the 
well-known  red  color  indicates  curcuma.  Maisch's  test  is 
similar. 

Hoyer  (BERLIN-BLUE  GELATIN  MASS).  Freshly  precipitated 
Berlin  blue  is  placed  on  a  dialyzer  with  a  little  water, 
and  the  external  water  changed  until  the  solut.  begins  to  pass 
through  the  parchment.  Then  dilute  the  solut.  and  filter 
through  paper.  Next  heat  almost  to  boiling  and  add  gradu- 
ally a  warm,  thin  solut.  of  gelatin,  until  coagulation  begins  to 
set  in;  then  strain  through  wetted  flannel. 

Hoyer  (CARMINE).  Heat  i  Gm.  on  a  sand-bath  with  i  to  2  Cc. 
strong  ammonia  and  6  to  8  Cc.  distilled  water,  until  the  excess 
of  ammonia  is  driven  off.  When  the  solution  becomes  clear 
red,  allow  to  cool,  and  filter  off  ppt.  To  the  filtrate,  which 
should  be  quite  neutral,  add  4  to  6  times  its  volume  abso- 
lute alcohol,  and  collect  the  clear  red  ppt.  which  is  thrown 
down.  When  required  for  use,  dissolve  this  powder  in  water 
and  add  i  to  2%  chloral  hydrate  to  make  the  solution 
permanent. 

Hoyer  (CARMINE  GELATIN  MASS).  Mix  equal  parts  of  cone,  gel- 
atin solut.  and  neutral  carmine  as  above,  digest  in  a  water-bath 
until  the  dark  violet-red  tint  begins  to  change  to  bright  red, 
then  add  5  to  10%  glycerin  and  at  least  2%  by  weight  chlo- 
ral hydrate  in  cone,  solut.  Filter  through  flannel  and  keep 
in  an  open  vessel  under  a  bell-glass. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  139 

Hoyer  (GOLD  STAIN).  A  0.5-%  solut.  of  gold  and  potassium 
chloride  is  used  instead  of  gold  chloride  only. 

Hoyer  (LEAD-CHROMATE  GELATIN  MASS).  Filter  i  volume 
20-%  gelatin  solut.,  add  i  volume  cold  sat.  potassium-bichro- 
mate solut.,  then  warm  almost  to  boiling  and  add  gradually  i 
volume  cold  sat.  neutral  lead-acetate  solut.,  which  has  been 
previously  warmed.  Or,  mix  the  lead-acetate  solut.  with 
part  of  the  gelatin  solut.,  mix  the  bichromate  solut.  with  the 
remainder,  heat  the  latter  mixture,  and  gradually  pour  into 
it  the  first  mixture,  stirring  continually. 

Hoyer  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Dissolve  acacia  in  a  cone,  solut. 
of  chloral  hydrate  containing  5-  to  10%  glycerin  to  form  a 
thick  syrupy  fluid,  which  should  subsequently  be  filtered 
through  thick  swansdown.  This  form  of  the  medium  answers 
with  objects  stained  with  carmine  or  hematoxylin,  but  if 
aniline  stains  be  employed  the  gum  should  be  dissolved  in  a 
50-%  solut.  potassium  acetate,  or  solut.  ammonium  acetate 
prepared  by  neutralizing  10  Gm.  concent,  ammonia  with 
acetic  acid  and  making  up  with  water  to  30  Gm. 

Hoyer  (SHELLAC  INJECTION  MASS).  Dissolve  shellac  in  8o-% 
alcohol  to  the  consistency  of  a  thin  syrup,  and  strain  through 
muslin  of  medium  thickness.  Color  with  aniline  color  in  alco- 
holic solution,  or  by  means  of  vermilion  or  other  pigment  sus- 
pended in  alcohol. 

Hoyer  (SILVER-NITRATE  GELATIN  MASS).     Mix  a  cone,  solut. 

of  gelatin  with  an  equal  volume  of  a  4-%  silver-nitrate  solut. 

.  and  warm,  then  add  a  very  small  quantity  of  aqueous  pyro- 

gallic-acid  solut.  to  reduce  the  silver  salt,  and  add  chloral  and 

glycerin  as  in  the  carmine  gelatin  mass. 

Hoyer  (SILVER  STAIN).  Add  ammonia  to  a  solut.  of  silver 
nitrate  of  known  strength,  until  the  ppt.  formed  just  re-dis- 
solves, then  dilute  the  solut.  until  it  contains  0.5  to  0.75% 
of  the  salt 

Huber  (FREE  MINERAL  ACIDS).  The  reagent  is  an  aqueous 
solut.  containing  50%  each  of  ammonium  molybdate  and 
potassium  ferrocyanide.  Mineral  acids  yield  with  reagent  a 
red  turbidity  or  brown  precipitate,  depending  upon  the  quan- 
tity present.  Boric  and  arsenous  acids  do  not  give  this 
reaction. 


140  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Huebl  (IODINE  NUMBER).  This  serves  for  the  estimation  of 
unsaturated  compounds  in  a  substance  (oils,  rosin,  etc.), 
and  depends  upon  the  power  of  these  compounds  of  forming 
iodine-compounds.  The  iodine  number  of  a  substance  is  the 
quantity  of  iodine  which  100  parts  of  the  substance  will  take  up. 

Huebl  (SOLUTION  FOR  TESTING  OILS).  The  solut.,  which  is 
that  used  in  the  "iodine  absorption  test,"  is  thus  prepared: 
Iodine,  25  Gm.  is  dissolved  in  500  Cc.  95-%  alcohol;  mercuric 
chloride,  30  Gm.,  is  dissolved  in  a  similar  quantity  of  alcohol, 
and  the  two  solutions  are  mixed.  The  reagent  is  thus  applied: 
About  0.25  to  0.5  Gm.  of  the  oil  are  accurately  weighed  and 
dissolved  in  10  Cc.  chloroform  in  a  250-0.  stoppered  flask, 
and  25  Cc.'  of  the  Huebl  reagent  is  run  in.  At  the  same  time  a 
blank  experiment  under  similar  conditions,  but  without  any 
oil,  is  started.  After  standing  in  the  dark  for  not  less  than  4 
hours  (preferably  over  night),  20  Cc.  of  io-%  potassium- 
iodide  solut.  are  added  to  each,  and  150  Cc.  water.  The  un- 
combined  iodine  is  then  titrated  with  thiosulphate,  the  dif- 
ference between  two  flasks  showing  the  amount  of  iodine 
absorbed. 

Huebl-Waller  (IODINE  SOLUTION).  Similar  to  the  above,  but 
with  addition  of  25  Gm.  hydrochloric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.19,  to  the 
mercuric-chloride  solut.;  this  modified  reagent  is  much  more 
permanent  than  the  original  Huebl  solution. 

Huefner  (UREA).  A  recently  prepared  sodium-hypobromite 
solut.,  made  by  adding  25  Gm.  bromine  all  at  once  to  a  cooled 
solution  of  100  Gm.  sodium  hydrate  in  250  Gm.  of  water, 
decomposes  urea  into  carbonic  acid  and  nitrogen,  the  former 
being  absorbed  by  the  caustic  soda,  while  the  latter  is  meas- 
ured in  a  suitable  apparatus  (Knop's  azotometer,  Esbach's 
ureometer),  and  the  quantity  of  urea  thus  quantitatively 
estimated. 

Huehnefeld  (BLOOD  IN  URINE).  Acetic  acid,  2,  distilled  water, 
i,  are  each  mixed  with  alcohol,  100,  and  turpentine,  100;  i 
Cc.  of  the  mixture  and  i  Cc.  tincture  guaiac  are  mixed  together 
and  3  to  4  Cc.  urine  added;  if  blood  present,  a  blue  zone  is 
formed. 

Huehnefeld  (TURPENTINE  SOLUTION  FOR  TESTING  FOR 
BLOOD).  Ten  volumes  each  of  oil  turpentine,  alcohol,  and 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  141 

chloroform,  are  mixed  with  one  volume  glacial  acetic  acid, 
and  then  water  added  drop  by  drop  so  long  as  the  liquid 
remains  clear.  The  liquid  to  be  tested  for  blood  (urine)  is 
mixed  with  a  few  drops  reagent  and  a  few  drops  tincture 
guaiac  added — a  dark  blue  color  of  the  silky  mixture  indicates 
blood.  According  to  Schar,  test  is  applied  by  adding  to  sus- 
pected liquid  a  i-%  solut.  of  guaiac  resin  in  absolute  alcohol, 
and  shaking  resulting  ppt.,  after  nitration,  with  the  Huehne- 
feld  turpentine  solution. 

Huizinga  (GLUCOSE).  Add  caustic  potassa,  then  ammonium 
molybdate  (or  tungstate),  boil,  and  then  add  hydrochloric 
acid — a  blue  color  develops  if  glucose  present. 

Humbert-Henry  (IODINE;  BROMINE).     See  Henry-Humbert. 

Hume  (ARSENIC).  A  yellow  ppt.  forms  on  passing  arseniuretted 
hydrogen  into  ammoniacal  silver-nitrate  solut. 

Hume  (FREE  MINERAL  ACIDS).  Free  mineral  acids  in  vinegar 
give  distinctive  color  reactions  when  2  drops  vinegar  are  added 
to  residue  left  on  evaporating  a  neutral  solut.  of  ammonium 
molybdate  to  dryness  on  platinum  foil,  heating  till  barely 
moist,  and  then  cooling. 

Hummel  (BUTTER).  Press  bit  of  butter  to  a  thin  film  between 
cover-glass  and  glass  slide,  and  examine  with  polarizing  mi- 
croscope having  a  selenite  plate  between  slide  and  lower  nichol. 
Normal  butters  give  uniformly  blue-colored  field  with  absence 
of  fat  crystals ;  renovated  butters  give  blue  field  mottled  with 
yellow. 

Huppert  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Urine  is  treated  with  milk-of- 
lime  or  with  calcium  chloride  and  ammonia,  whereby,  in  the 
presence  of  biliary  pigments,  a  yellow  ppt.  of  bilirubin-lime  is 
formed.  Hot  alcohol,  containing  sulphuric  acid,  dissolves 
this,  forming  a  green  solution.  After  administration  of 
senna  or  rhubarb,  the  ppt.  with  lime  is  of  a  rose-red  color, 
the  acidified  alcoholic  solut.  being  orange-yellow. 

Husemann  (MORPHINE  REACTION).  Morphine  is  warmed  with 
cone,  sulphuric  acid  and,  after  cooling,  treated  with  a  drop  of 
nitric  acid — a  beautiful  dark- violet  color  results,  changing  to 
a  blood-red  and  gradually  fading. 

Hyatt  (SHELLAC  METHOD  FOR  HARD,  CHITINOUS  OBJECTS). 
Soak  in  alcohol,  then  immerse  in  a  clear,  alcoholic  solut, 


142  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

shellac  for  a  day  or  two,  then  imbed  with  plenty  thick  shellac 
solut.  in  a  groove  in  one-half  of  a  soft-wood  cylinder  split  in 
two  for  the  purpose.  Tie  the  two  halves  of  the  cylinder 
together,  and  when  the  shellac  has  become  quite  hard,  fix 
the  cylinder  in  a  microtome,  soak  with  warm  water,  and 
cut  the  sections. 

Hyde  (THALLEIOQUIN  REACTION).     See  Brand's  test. 

Ide  (IMBEDDING  METHOD).  Imbed  object  in  collodion  in  a  tube 
by  Gilson's  method,  boil  collodion  for  40  minutes,  next  bring 
for  15  minutes  into  chloroform  heated  to  30°  C.  and  contain- 
ing one-fourth  part  of  paraffin,  then  place  for  10  minutes  in 
pure  melted  paraffin. 

Ihl-Pechmann  (LEVULOSE).  i. — Warm  substance  with  cone, 
alcoholic  solut.  resorcin  containing  a  little  hydrochloric  acid — 
a  red  color  develops.  2. — Add  substance  to  a  cone,  solut. 
diphenylamine,  then  add  hydrochloric  acid,  and  boil — a  yel- 
lowish-green, then  dark-blue  color  appears. 

Ilimow  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Cloudiness  and  a  flocculent 
deposit  appear  on  acidifying  the  urine,  if  necessary,  with 
sodium  acid  phosphate,  allowing  to  settle,  cooling,  and  filter- 
ing, then  adding  diluted  carbolic  acid  (i :  20). 

Israel  (ORCEIN  STAIN).  Orcein,  2  Gm.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  2 
Gm,;  distilled  water,  100  Cc.  After  staining  in  this,  wash 
object  in  distilled  water,  and  pass  rapidly  through  abso- 
lute alcohol  to  thick  cedar  oil,  in  which  it  should  be 
mounted. 

Istrati  (ALDEHYDES  IN  ALCOHOL).  Add  0.2  Cc.  of  a  satur. 
alcoholic  solut.  of  a  phenol  to  2  Cc.  of  the  alcohol  to  be  exam- 
ined, then  add  i  Cc.  cone,  sulphuric  acid.  Different  phenols 
give  various  color  reactions,  for  which  see  MERCK'S  REPORT, 
ix,  p.  23. 

Ittner  (HYDROCYANIC-ACID  REACTION).  An  alkali-cyanide 
solution  when  mixed  with  a  solution  of  a  ferroso-ferric  salt, 
yields  a  p'/ecipitate  of  Prussian  blue. 

Jack  (SUGAR  IN  THE  URINE).  Phenylhydrazine  forms  with 
sugar  a  difficultly  soluble  osazone.  See  also  Fischer's  test. 

Jackson  (TITANIUM).  On  adding  hydrogen  dioxide  to  a  solut. 
of  titanium  in  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid,  a  yellow  to 
orange  color  develops. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  143 

Jacob  (FREEZING  MASS).  Acacia,  5  parts;  tragacanth,  i  part; 
gelatin,  i  part;  warm  water  containing  one-sixth  part  of  glyc- 
erin, enough  to  form  a  thin  jelly  when  cold. 

Jacobsen  (FATTY  OILS.)  Bring  fatty  oils  in  contact  with  rosani- 
line  acetate,  which  is  insoluble  in  neutral  fats,  but  is  dissolved 
by  free  fatty  acids. 

Jacqemart  (ETHYL  AND  METHYL  ALCOHOLS).  Upon  heating 
ethyl  alcohol  with  a  solut.  mercuric  nitrate,  the  mercuric  salt 
is  reduced  and  a  black  ppt.  results  on  adding  ammonia. 
Methyl  alcohol  does  not  give  this  reaction. 

Jacquemin  (ALKALIES  AND  ALKALOIDS).  A  solut.  of  pyrogallol 
containing  ferric  chloride  is  turned  blue  by  alkalies  or  alkaloids. 

Jacquemin  (ANILINE  REACTION).  A  very  dilute  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  aniline  treated  with  a  chlorinated-lime  solut.  and  then 
a  few  drops  of  a  very  dilute  ammonium-sulphide  solut.,  devel- 
ops a  rose-red  color  even  in  dilutions  of  i :  250,000. 

Jacquemin  (IODINE).  Pyrogallol  gives  a  brown  color  with  io- 
dine. 

Jacquemin  (NITROBENZENE).  On  adding  solut.  stannous  chlo- 
ride in  caustic  soda,  aniline  is  formed,  and  a  blue  color  develops 
on  adding  carbolic  acid  and  chlorinated-soda  solut. 

Jacquemin  (PHENOL  REACTION).  A  little  aniline  and  a  few  drops 
of  a  sodium-hypochlorite  solut.  cause  a  blue  color,  changed  to 
a  red  upon  the  addition  of  acids,  if  a  phenol  is  present. 

Jacquemin  (WOOL,  SILK  AND  COTTON).  Wash  textile  fabric  in 
warm  dilute  solut.  chromic  acid,  then  wash  with  water — wool 
and  silk  are  dyed ;  cotton  is  not. 

Jaeger  (GLYCERIN  MEDIUM).  Glycerin,  i  part;  alcohol,  i  part; 
sea- water,  10  parts. 

Jaffe  (CREATININE).  Urine  containing  creatinine  gives,  with  an 
aqueous  solut.  of  picric  acid  and  a  few  drops  soda  lye,  a  red 
color  which  becomes  yellow  on  adding  acid.  See  also  WeyVs 
test. 

Jaffe  (INDICAN  IN  URINE).  Mix  urine  with  equal  volume  cone. 
H2SO4,  add  a  few  Cc.  chloroform,  and  then  solut.  chlorinated 
lime  or  Javelle  water  by  drops,  shaking  after  each  addition — 
the  chloroform  is  gradually  colored  blue.  Slight  excess  of 

I  chlorinated  lime  does  no  harm,  but  large  excess  interferes  with 
test. 


144  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Jahr's  test  for  determining  the  melting-point  of  butter.  See 
Drouofs  test. 

Jaillard  (ROSE-GERANIUM  OIL).  Add  6  drops  oil  to  5  Cc.  70-% 
alcohol — complete  solut.  should  result. 

Jakimovitch  (SILVER  PROCESS).  Stain  dark-brown  with  silver 
stain,  then  expose  to  light  for  5  to  7  days  in  a  mixture  of  for- 
mic acid,  i  part;  amyl  alcohol,  i  part;  and  water,  100  parts. 
Renew  mixture  from  time  to  time,  and  when  all  the  mixture 
is  dissolved  a  darker  color  is  permanently  assumed. 

Jakobsohn  (STAIN  FOR  EPITHELIA  IN  URINE).  Add  a  i-% 
solut.  sodium-alizarin  monosulphonate  to  i  drop  recently-cen- 
trifugated  sediment.  Thymol  may  be  used  for  preservation 
of  urine. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (BILIRUBIN  IN  BLOOD).  Place  blood  in  test-tube 
in  refrigerator;  after  coagulation,  withdraw  serum  into  test- 
tube,  and  shake — a  yellow  froth  indicates  bilirubin.  Serum 
becomes  green  if  placed  in  warm  place  for  3  or  4  hours. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (DIACETIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Add  solut.  ferric 
chloride  to  urine,  filter,  then  add  more  reagent,  and  boil  portion 
of  the  mixture — the  red  color  should  persist.  To  another  por- 
tion of  urine  add  sulphuric  acid  and  ether,  then  apply  ferric- 
chloride  test  to  ethereal  extract. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (MELANIN  IN  URINE).  Add  a  few  drops  cone,  ferric- 
chloride  solut. — melanin  gives  a  gray  reaction,  andppt.  formed 
is  soluble  in  excess  of  reagent. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (PARA-CRESOL).  Add  sodium  nitro-prussiate  and 
caustic  potassa  to  solut. — a  reddish-yellow  develops,  changed 
to  light  pink  on  addition  of  acetic  acid. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (THALLINE).  Shake  urine  with  ether,  and  add  fer- 
ric-chloride solut.  to  ethereal  extract — a  dark-green  color 
develops. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Free  50  Cc.  urine  from  albu- 
min, add  2  Gm.  sodium  acetate  and  i  or  2  Gm.  phenylhydra- 
zine  hydrochlorate,  and  heat  to  100°  C. — on  cooling,  phenyl- 
glucosazone  crystallizes  out. 

Jaksch,  Von-  (URIC  ACID).  Modified  murexid  test,  bromine  or 
chlorine  water  or  nitrous  acid  being  used  as  oxidizer. 

James  (SLIDE-CLEANING  MIXTURE).  Equal  parts  benzin,  tur- 
pentine, and  alcohol. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  145 

Jandrier  (COTTON  IN  WOOLEN  FABRICS).  Wash  sample  of 
fabric,  and  treat  with  sulphuric  acid  (20  Be.)  for  half  hour  on 
water-bath.  To  i  or  2  Cc.  of  this  solut.  add  o.oi  Gm.  resorcin, 
and  overlay  on  cone,  sulphuric  acid  free  from  nitrous  products. 
Heat  developed  is  sufficient  to  give  a  color  at  contact-point 
of  the  liquids,  but  intensity  of  color  may  be  increased  by 
slightly  heating.  If  product  resulting  from  treating  cotton  is 
made  up  to  i :  1,000,  resorcin  will  give  an  orange  color;  alpha- 
naphtol  a  purple;  gallic  acid  a  green,  gradually  becoming  vio- 
let down  in  the  acid;  hydroquinone  of  pyrogallol  a  brown; 
morphine  or  codeine  lavender;  thymol  or  menthol  a  pink. 
Cotton  may  be  detected  in  colored  goods,  using  bone-black  to 
decolorize  solut.  if  necessary. 

Jansen  (CARMINE  BLUE).  An  acidified  alcoholic  solut.  of  Meis- 
ter,  Lucius,  and  Briming's  "bleu  carmin  aqueux." 

Jassoy  (MORPHINE).  Shake  suspected  powder  with  20  times  its 
weight  of  cold  water,  filter,  add  iodic  acid  and  then  chloroform 
— the  last  is  colored  rose-red  if  morphine  present. 

Javelle,  Eau  de  (POTASSIUM-HYPOCHLORITE  SOLUTION).  Dis- 
solve 8  parts  caustic  potassa  in  100  parts  distilled  water,  and 
pass  chlorine  through  to  saturation,  keeping  the  solution  cool 
meanwhile  with  a  mixture  of  ice  and  salt.  Or,  mix  20  parts 
chlorinated  lime  with  100  parts  water  and,  after  standing  some 
time,  add  a  solution  of  15  parts  of  caustic  potassa  in  100  parts 
water.  Filter  after  standing  several  hours  and  use  filtrate. 
Should  any  lime  be  left  in  solution  and  form  a  pellicle  of  crys- 
talline calcium  carbonate,  remove  by  adding  a  few  drops  of 
potassa  solution  and  filtering  off  the  ppt.  formed. 

Jaworowski  (ALBUMIN  AND  PEPTONE  IN  URINE).  Reagent  is 
a  solut.  of  ammonium  molybdate  and  citric  acid,  4,  in  water, 
40.  The  urine  is  mixed  with  excess  of  soda  and  filtered,  evap- 
orated to  one-third,  shaken  out  with  amyl  alcohol,  -and  neu- 
tralized with  citric  acid;  on  addition  of  reagent  a  precipitate 
forms  if  albumin  or  peptone  present. 

Jaworowski  (ALKALOIDS).  Dissolve  0.3  Gm.  sodium  vanadate 
in  10  Cc.  warm  distilled  water;  dissolve  0.3  Gm.  cupric  sul- 
phate in  10  Cc.  warm  distilled  water;  mix  the  solutions,  and 
add  sufficient  cone,  acetic  acid  (7  to  8  drops)  to  dissolve  ppt. 
of  copper  vanadate,  and  filter  turbid  liquid.  In  testing,  sub- 


146  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

stance  is  dissolved  in  4  or  5  Cc.  water  (pure  alkaloids  with  aid 
of  a  few  drops  dil.  acetic  acid),  and  solut.  divided  into  two 
portions,  one  of  which  is  treated  with  reagent  in  the  cold, 
the  other  treated  with  reagent  after  being  heated.  According 
to  the  alkaloid  under  consideration,  a  ppt.  will  form  in  one  of 
the  solutions.  Some  are  not  pptd.,  however.  For  details 
see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  v,  p.  456. 

Jaworowski  (AMMONIA).  Mercuric  chloride,  i;  sodium  car- 
bonate, i ;  sodium  chloride,  i ;  water,  30. 

Jaworowski  (CHLORAL-HYDRATE  REACTIONS),  i. — Dissolve 
0.12  Gm.  resorcin  in  aqueous  solut.  chloral  hydrate,  and  over- 
lay solut.  on  dil.  sulphuric  acid — a  few  colored  rings  appear, 
a  brown  one  being  most  distinct;  on  shaking,  mixture  turns 
brown,  being  clear  at  first,  then  turbid.  On  superstratifying 
with  cone,  ammonia,  the  upper  alkaline  stratum  becomes  yel- 
lowish-red. 2. — Nessler's  solut.  occasions  in  chloral-hydrate 
solutions  a  brick-red  ppt.  which  gradually  becomes  brighter, 

,  and  finally  dirty  yellowish-green.  3. — Add  0.3  Gm.  potas- 
sium sulphocyanate  to  2  Cc.  chloral-hydrate  solut.  (contain- 
ing about  0.03 — 0.06  Gm.),  heat  to  boiling,  then  add  3  to  5 
drops  potassa  solut. — mixture  becomes  light  brown  and  de- 
posits a  dark-brown  ppt.;  on  adding  ammonia  solut.  turns 
light  brown,  but  not  turbid.  4. — Dissolve  0.02  or  0.03  Gm. 
sodium  thiosulphate  in  2  Cc.  chloral-hydrate  solut.  (as  before), 
and  heat — liquid  assumes  a  brick-red  color  and  becomes  tur- 
bid; on  adding  a  few  drops  potassa  solut.,  mixture  becomes 
a  clear  brownish-red.  5. — Dissolve  0.06  to  0.12  Gm.  phloro- 
glucin  in  3  to  4  Cc.  hot  dist.  water,  add  0.09  to  0.12  Gm.  chloral 

,  hydrate,  boil,  then  add  16  drops  normal  potassa  solut. — a  deep 
brownish-red  develops.  If  cooled  liquid  is  acidulated  with 
HC1  and  shaken  with  amylic  alcohol,  latter  becomes  brown-red 
or  deep  brown.  Chloroform  yields  under  similar  circum- 
stances (phloroglucin  being  dissolved  in  hot  90-%  alcohol)  a 
dirty-brown  color  in  2  to  4  hours. 

Jaworowski  (CINCHONA  ALKALOIDS).  Freshly  prepared  mix- 
ture of  equal  parts  io-%  sodium-thiosulphate  solut.  and  5-% 
copper-sulphate  solut.  Quinine,  cinchonine,  cinchonidine, 
and  quinidine  all  give  yellow  amorphous  ppts.  with  reagent. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  147 

Jaworowski  (COPPER).  Reagent  prepared  by  adding  i  or  2  drops 
phenol  to  5  Cc.  ammonia  water. 

Jaworowski  (GLUCOSE).  Add  0.12  Gm.  iodic  acid  and  0.2  to  0.4 
Gm.  caustic-soda  solut.  to  3  or  4  Cc.  glucose  solut.  and  boil  for 
i  minute.  On  cooling,  acidulate  with  dil.  HC1,  and  carefully 
overlay  with  ammonia — a  dark  ppt.  of  nitrogen  iodide  falls. 

Jean  (OILS).  Syrupy  phosphoric  acid,  saturated  with  hydro- 
chloric acid  gas,  gives  distinctive  color  reactions  with  various 
oils. 

Jean-Alvarez  (CHLORATES,  CHLORIDES  AND  NITRATES).  Ppt. 
liquid  with  silver  acetate  and  filter  off  silver  chloride.  Acid- 
ulate nitrate  with  acetic  acid,  and  heat  with  piece  of  zinc; 
by  this  means  chlorates  are  reduced  to  chlorides  and  pptd.  as 
silver  chloride.  The  ppt.  gradually  disappears,  however, 
because  of  its  further  reduction  to  metallic  silver.  A  portion 
of  it  is  therefore  made  alkaline  with  potassa,  and  treated  with 
Nessler's  solut. — a  red  ppt.  indicates  ammonia  resulting  from 
reduction  of  any  nitrate  that  may  have  been  present. 

Jehn  (PEPPERMINT  OIL).  Dark,  cherry-red  color  develops  on 
adding  chloral  hydrate,  and  changed  to  violet  on  further  addi- 
tion of  sulphuric  acid  and  chloroform. 

Johannson  (ALKALOIDS  AND  PROXIMATE  PRINCIPLES),  i  Gm. 
ammonium  vanadate  dissolved  in  100  Cc.  cone,  sulphuric  acid 
gives  characteristic  reactions,  as  follows;  Aconitine — light 
coffee-brown ;  atropine — red  changing  to  yellowish-red  and  to 
red  again;  apomorphine — violet-blue  changing  rapidly  to 
dirty- green,  then  to  reddish-brown;  brucine — intense  blood- 
red,  color  fading  then  returning  again;  cinch  nine — faint 
orange;  cocaine — orange;  code;ne — greenish-brown  to  brown; 
colckicine — green,  changing  to  brownish-green  and  coffee- 
brown;  coniine — intense  green,  becoming  brownish;  caffeine 
— no  reaction;  digitalin — intense  dark  brown;  morphine — 
brown;  narceine — brown  to  brownish,  dirty  blue- violet,  be- 
coming red-brown;  narcotine — intense  blood-red;  papaverine 
— violet,  changing  to  dark  reddish- violet,  bluish-green,  and 
orange-yellow ;  picrotoxin — intense  yellowish-red — pilocar- 
pine — light  orange;  piperin — intense  red-brown  to  black- 
brown,  particles  being  black;  physostigmine — greenish-yellow 
changing  to  carmine-red  and  yellowish-brown;  quinidine — 


148  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

faint  bluish-green;  quinine — pale  orange,  then  bluish-green 
to  greenish-brown;  antifebrin — carmine-red  changing  to 
brown;  antipyrine — intense  greenish-blue,  becoming  bluer; 
kairin — dirty  rose-red  changing  to  dirty  light-brown  and 
brownish-green;  santonin — no  reaction;  solanine — coffee- 
brown,  the  edges  of  the  drops  becoming  carmine-red,  yellow 
towards  the  center,  and  dirty-green  at  the  center.  In  2  hours 
the  drop  is  gelatinous  and  intensely  dark- violet ;  strychnine — 
bluish- violet,  changing  to  reddish- violet,  carmine-red,  and 
fiery  red.  When  crystals  are  simply  moistened  with  rea- 
gent a  violet  blue  develops;  veratrine — brownish-red  chang- 
ing to  dark  reddish- violet. 

Johnson  (ALBUMIN).     See  Hager's  test  for  alkaloids. 

Johnson  (ARSENIC).  Heat  with  soda  and  a  strip  of  aluminium 
— arseniuretted  hydrogen  is  evolved,  detected  by  silver-nitrate 
paper. 

Johnson  (CEMENT  FOR  FIXING  CELLOIDIN  BLOCKS).  Melt  to- 
gether i  part  beeswax  and  2  parts  resin.  Drop  a  little  on  to 
the  warmed  object-holder,  then  press  on  to  it  the  perfectly  dry 
celloidin  block,  and  allow  to  cool. 

Johnson  (PLATINUM  HARDENING  MIXTURE).  Mix  solutions  of 
2.5-%  potassium  bichromate,  70  parts;  2-%  osmic  acid,  10 
parts;  and  i-%  platinic  chloride,  15  parts,  with  5  parts  acetic 
or  formic  acid. 

Johnson  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Heat  diabetic  urine  with  picric- 
acid  and  potassa  solut. — a  deep-red  color  appears.  Author 
recommends  the  previous  removal  of  uric  and  creatinine  with 
mercuric  chloride.  From  the  filtrate  obtained  after  a  while, 
the  excess  of  corrosive  sublimate  is  precipitated  with  ammonia, 
and  the  solut.  then  tested  with  picric  acid. 

Joliet  (IMBEDDING  METHOD).  Dissolve  acacia  in  water  to  the 
consistency  of  a  thick  syrup,  and  add  6  to  10  drops  glycerin  to 
a  watch-glassful.  Immerse  object,  and  leave  to  dry  for  i 
to  4  days,  then  cut  out  a  block  containing  it  and  allow  the 
other  side  to  dry. 

Jolles  (ACETONE).     Acetone  is  pptd.  by  phenvlhydrazine. 

Jolles  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Corrosive  sublimate,  i  Gm.;  suc- 
cinic  acid,  2  Gm. ;  sodium  chloride,  i  Gm.;  water,  50  Gm. 
To  apply  the  test,  4.5  Cc.  of  the  filtered  urine  are  poured  into 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  149 

each  of  two  test-tubes,  i  Cc.  acetic  acid  added  to  each,  and 
then  the  mixtures  shaken  up,  in  one  case  with  4  Cc.  of  rea- 
gent, in  the  other  with  4  Cc.  distilled  water.  By  comparing 
the  samples,  traces  of  albumin  (1:120,000)  may  be  detected. 
See  Spiegler's  reagent. 

Jolles  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Shake  50  Cc.  urine  for  several 
minutes  in  a  glass  cylinder  with  a  few  drops  io-%  HC1,  5  Cc. 
pure  chloroform,  and  a  satur.  barium-chloride  solut.  After 
standing  10  minutes,  the  chloroform  together  with  the  ppt, 
is  removed  with  a  pipette,  and  the  chloroform  evaporated  off 
in  a  test-tube  on  a  water-bath  at  80°  C.  On  exposure  to  or- 
dinary temperature  for  some  time,  the  aqueous  portion  of  the 
residue  is  decanted  from  the  agglutinated  precipitate.  This 
latter  is  distinctly  colored  even  when  only  i%  bile  is  present 
in  the  urine;  on  adding  3  drops  cone,  nitric  acid  containing 
one-third  its  volume  fuming  nitric  acid,  the  characteristic 
green  and  blue  rings  are  formed. 

Jolles  (IODINE  IN  URINE).  Mix  urine  with  an  equal  volume 
HC1  and  a  few  drops  chlorine  water — iodine,  if  present,  causes 
a  brown  ring,  becoming  blue  on  adding  starch  solution. 

Jolles  (MERCURY  IN  URINE).  Warm  100  Cc.  urine  with  2  Gin. 
granulated  gold  and  some  stannous  chloride.  After  decant- 
ing the  liquid,  wash  any  amalgam  that  may  be  formed  with 
water,  and  then  introduce  into  a  test-tube  with  a  little  water 
and  an  equal  volume  of  freshly  prepared  stannous-chloride 
solut.  The  slightest  traces  of  mercury  may  also  be  quantita- 
tively estimated  by  heating  the  dried  amalgam.  See  Merge? s 
test. 

Joly-Pacquelin  (PYROPHOSPHORIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  On  heat- 
ing urine  with  cone,  acids  or  alkalies,  pyrophosphates  are 
changed  to  orthophosphates,  which  are  then  pptd.  by  ammo- 
nium molybdate. 

Jones  (CHLORIDES,  BROMIDES,  AND  IODIDES).  Place  substance 
in  a  large  test-tube  with  a  little  manganese  dioxide  and 
water,  and  add  i  drop  io-%  sulphuric  acid — a  brown  color 
develops  if  iodine  present  and,  on  boiling,  violet  vapors  are 
given  off.  When  all  iodine  is  removed  by  boiling,  curther 
addition  of  2  Cc.  of  acid  causes  evolution  of  brown  vapors 
on  again  boiling,  if  bromine  be  present.  When  all  the  bro- 


150  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

mine  removed  by  boiling,  cool,  add  equal  volume  of  acid  and 
heat  once  more.  Green  vapors  indicate  chlorine. 

Jorissen  (AMYLIC  ALCOHOL).  10  drops  colorless  aniline  and  2 
or  3  drops  hydrochloric  acid  cause  a  red  color  in  10  Cc.  alcohol 
if  fusel  oil  present  in  quantity.  Very  small  quantities  of  fusel 
oil  must  first  be  separated  by  shaking  liquid  with  ether  and 
evaporating  ethereal  layer  before  applying  test.  Reaction  is 
not  produced  by  the  fusel  oil  contained  in  alcohol,  but  is  due 
to  the  presence  of  furfurol,  one  of  the  fermentation  by-pro- 
ducts (Forster).  If  considerable  quantities  of  furfurol  are 
present,  the  liquid  may  be  tested  directly  with  a  few  drops  of 
aniline  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Jorissen  (ALKALOIDS),  i  Gm.  zinc  chloride  dissolved  in  30  Gm. 
each  of  hydrochloric  acid  and  water.  Alkaloids  evaporated 
to  dryness  with  this  solution  give  characteristic  color  reac- 
tions. See  Hager,  Pharm.  Praxis,  1886,  III,  p.  1250. 

Jorissen  (APIOL).  Add  chlorine  water  to  dilute  alcoholic  solut. 
of  apiol  until  slight  turbidity,  then  add  a  few  drops  NH3 — a 
handsome  red  color  develops,  which  soon  fades.  Color  very 
intense  with  pure  apiol,  but  weak  with  adulterated  apiol. 

Jorissen  (IODINE  IN  BROMINE).  Boil  with  30  Cc.  saturated 
solut.  potassium  chlorate  till  colorless,  cool,  add  a  few  drops 
morphine  solution  (i  Gm.  dissolved  in  excess  of  dil.  H2SO4 
and  water  to  make  100  Cc.)  and  a  little  chloroform — latter 
is  colored  violet  if  iodine  present. 

Jorissen  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  A  purple  color  devel- 
ops on  adding  vinegar  containing  mineral  acids  to  a  mixture 
of  i  drop  Gurjun  oil  and  25  drops  glacial  acetic  acid. 

Jorissen  (MORPHINE).  Heat  morphine  on  a  water-bath  with  a 
few  drops  cone.  H2SO4  and  a  crystal  ferrous  sulphate,  and  pour 
resulting  liquid  into  a  few  Cc.  ammonia  water — at  point  of 
contact  a  red  color  develops,  soon  changing  to  violet,  while 
the  ammonia  solut.  turns  blue. 

Jorissen  (NITROUS  ACID).  Dissolve  o.oi  Gm.  fuchsine  in  100 
Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid;  on  adding  to  2  Cc.  of  this  solution  a 
trace  of  a  nitrite,  the  color  changes  from  violet  to  blue,  then 
to  dark  green,  yellowish-green,  and  reddish-yellow,  and  is 
finally  entirely  discharged. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  151 

Jorissen  (SALICYLIC  ACID  IN  PRESENCE  OF  CITRIC  ACID). 
Mix  10  Cc.  liquid  with  4  drops  io-%  solution  potassium-  or 
sodium  nitrite,  4  drops  of  acetic  acid,  and  i  drop  io-%  solu- 
tion copper  sulphate,  and  heat  mixture  to  boiling-point — if 
salicylic  acid  present  a  blood-red  color  develops. 

Joseph  (INJECTION  MASS).  Dilute  filtered  white  of  egg  with 
i-  to  5-%  carmine  solution.  This  mass  remains  liquid  when 
cold,  but  coagulates  when  immersed  in  dilute  nitric,  chromic, 
or  osmic  acid. 

Julius  (BENZIDINE).  A  voluminous  deep-blue  ppt.  forms  on 
adding  potassium  bichromate  to  an  aqueous  solution. 

Jungmann  (ALKALOIDS).  Upon  treating  the  ppts.  obtained 
with  phosphomolybdic  acid  (see  Sonnenschein's  reagent)  with 
ammonia,  several  are  colored  blue  or  green.  See  Hagert 
Pharm.  Praxis,  1886,  I,  p.  203. 

Jungmann  (ARBUTIN).  A  blue  color  develops  on  making  the 
solution  alkaline  and  adding  phosphomolybdic  acid. 

Just  (IRON  IN  FERRUGINOUS  NUCLEINS  AND  NUCLEO-ALBU- 
MINS  [HEMOGLOBIN,  HEMATIN,  etc.]).  Add  NH3  to  a  strong 
solut.  ammonium  persulphate  until  decidedly  alkaline,  then 
add  the  ferruginous  nuclein,  and  boil  for  3  or  4  minutes. 
Make  up  NH3  which  escapes  on  boiling,  and  keep  solut.  alka- 
line. The  solut.  at  first  yellow,  reddish-brown,  or  black,  be- 
comes colorless  on  boiling,  ferric  hydroxide  in  flocculent  form 
separating.  Test  may  be  carried  out  qualitatively  or  quan- 
titatively. 

Kaatzer  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Place  cover-glass  preparation  in 
supersat.  alcoh.  solut.  gentian  violet  for  24  hrs.,  or,  if  solut. 
is  warmed  to  80°  C.,  for  3  minutes.  Decolorize  in  solut.  of 
100  Cc.  90-%  alcohol,  20  Cc.  water,  and  20  drops  cone.  HC1. 
Wash  in  90-%  alcohol.  After-stain  with  cone,  aqueous  solut. 
vesuvine. 

Kadyi  (IMBEDDING  MASS).  Heat  25  Gm.  sodium-stearate  soap 
in  shavings  with  100  Cc.  96-%  alcohol  in  a  retort  on  a  water- 
bath.  When  solution  is  complete,  filter  and  cautiously  add 
water  in  small  quantities  until  a  drop  of  solution,  poured  into 
a  watch-glass,  no  longer  solidifies  into  a  white  mass.  About 
5  to  10  Gm.  water  will  be  required  for  120  Gm.  soap  solution. 


152  TESTS  4ND  REAGENTS. 

The  finished  mass  should  be  almost  transparent,  with  merely 
the  slightest  blue  opalescence. 

Kaiser  (BISMARCK-BROWN  STAIN).  Stain  sections  for  48  hours, 
at  a  temperature  of  60°  C.,  in  a  sat.  solut.  Bismarck  brown  in 
6o-%  alcohol,  and  wash  out  in  60- %  alcohol  containing  2% 
HC1  or  3%  acetic  acid. 

Kaiser  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Soak  i  part,  by  weight,  of  gelatin 
in  6  parts  water  for  about  2  hours,  then  add  7  parts  glycerin, 
and  for  every  100  Gm.  of  the  mixture  i  Gm.  strong  carbolic 
acid.  Warm  10  to  15  minutes,  stirring  until  all  the  flakes 
produced  by  the  carbolic  acid  have  disappeared,  then  filter 
through  wet  glass-wool. 

Kaiser  (NERVE  STAIN).  Modification  of  Weigert's  process. 
Harden  material  in  M  tiller's  solution  for  2  or  3  days,  then  cut 
into  slices  2  to  4  Mm.  thick  and  treat  with  solution  for  5  or  6 
days  more.  Subsequently  immerse  in  Marchi's  solution  for  8 
days,  then  wash,  pass  through  alcohol,  and  imbed  in  celloidin. 
Mordant  sections  for  5  minutes  in  the  following  mixture: 
Solution  ferric  chloride,  i  part;  distilled  water,  i  part  ; 
alcohol,  3  parts.  Next  wash  in  Weigert's  hematoxylin, 
and  warm  in  a  fresh  quantity  of  latter  for  a  few  minutes, 
wash  with  water,  differentiate  in  Pal's  solution,  and  neu- 
tralize oxalic  acid  by  washing  in  water  containing  a  little 
ammonia. 

Kaiser  (STAIN  FOR  SPINAL  CORD).  Stain  sections  for  a  few 
hours  in  a  solution  of  naphtylamine  brown,  i  part;  water, 
200  parts;  and  alcohol,  100  parts.  Afterwards,  wash  with 
alcohol  and  clear  with  origanum  oil. 

Kaiser  (Wooo  CELLULOSE).  The  reagent  is  prepared  by  heat- 
ing on  a  water-bath  at  about  95°  C.  a  mixture  of  equal  vol- 
umes of  furfurol-free  amylic  alcohol  and  cone.  H2SO4,  until  a 
slight  evolution  of  gas  ensues,  and  then  cooling  the  light  red- 
dish-yellow mixture.  The  "amyl-sulphuric  acid"  so  ob- 
tained possesses  the  property  of  coloring  wood  cellulose  red, 
violet,  or  an  intense  indigo,  according  to  the  quantity  present. 
For  instance,  on  moistening  a  piece  of  newspaper,  etc.,  with 
.the  reagent,  a  greenish  color  first  develops,  becoming  later  on 
a  fine  blue.  Pure  Swedish  filtering  paper  acquires  only  a  red 
color;  poor  qualities,  a  violet.  The  reaction  is  facilitated  by 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  153 

blowing  a  current  of  air  upon  the  moistened  spot,  or  by 
lightly  warming.  On  washing  with  water  the  colors  become 
lighter  in  color.  The  color  reactions  are  due  to  the  furol 
readily  resulting  from  the  action  of  amyl-sulphuric  acid  upon 
the  wood-gum  or  xylose,  from  which  the  furol  is  formed  by 
the  simple  splitting  off  of  the  elements  of  water. 

Kaiserling  (PRESERVATION  OF  SPECIMENS).  To  preserve  nat- 
ural color  of  specimens  immerse  latter  for  3  to  5  days  in  a  mix- 
ture of  200  Cc.  formaldehyde,  1,000  Cc.  water;  15  Gm.  potas- 
sium nitrate,  and  30  Gm.  potassium  acetate.  Then  remove 
and,  after  draining,  place  in  80- %  alcohol  for  6  hours,  followed 
by  95-%  alcohol  for  2  hours,  and  permanently  preserve  in  a 
dark  place,  in  a  mixture  of  2,000  Cc.  water,  200  potassium 
acetate,  and  400  glycerin. 

Kalbrunner  (MORPHINE).  A  blue  color  forms  on  adding  5  or  6 
drops  i :  8  aqueous  ferric-chloride  solution  followed  by  3  or  4 
drops  1:120  potassium-ferricyanide  solution. 

Kallins  (NEUROLOGICAL  METHOD).  Hydroquinone,  5  Gm.; 
sodium  sulphite,  40  Gm. ;  potassium  carbonate,  75  Gm.;  dis- 
tilled water,  25  Cm.  At  time  of  using,  dilute  solut.  with  one- 
third  to  one-half  its  bulk  absolute  alcohol,  and  immerse  sec- 
tions of  silvered  material  for  several  minutes  until  reduction 
complete.  Then  place  them  in  70-%  alcohol  for  10  to  15 
minutes,  and  subsequently  leave  in  i :  5  aqueous  solution  so- 
dium thiosulphate  for  24  hours  or  more.  Finally,  dehydrate 
and  mount.  Carmine  may  be  used  as  an  after-stain 

Kammerer  (NITROUS  AND  NITRIC  ACIDS).  A  blue  color  on  add- 
ing potassium  iodide,  starch  paste,  and  acetic  acid  indicates 
nitrous  acid ;  if  blue  color  only  produced  on  replacing  the  acetic 
acid  with  sulphuric  acid  and  zinc  dust,  it  indicates  nitric  acid. 

Karle.     See  Wiederholt. 

Kassner  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  Upon  adding  potassium 
ferricyanide  and  some  caustic-potassa  solution,  oxygen  is 
evolved. 

Kastenbine  (BLOOD  STAINS).  Moisten  spot  with  water,  and 
apply  a  piece  of  white  blotting  paper,  with  pressure;  then 
touch  spot  on  blotting  paper  with  tincture  guaiac  and  hydro- 
gen dioxide — spot  becomes  deep  blue  if  blood  was  present. 

Kauder  (GLOBULIN).     See  PokTs  test. 


154  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Kayser  (SACCHARIN).  Shake  out  substance  to  be  tested  with 
a  mixture  of  ether  and  benzin,  evaporate  ethereal  extract,  and 
test  residue  for  sweetness. 

Keiser  (MICRO  -  PRESERVATIVE  SOLUTION).  Corrosive  sub- 
limate, 50  Gm. ;  water,  300  Gm. ;  acetic  acid,  3  Gm. 

Keiser  (SUBLIMATE  SOLUTION).  Mercuric  chloride,  10  Gm.; 
glacial  acetic  acid,  3  Gm. ;  distilled  water,  300  Gm. 

Keller  (CORNUTINE).  Dissolve  ergotin  0.5  Cc.  in  0.5  Cc.  water, 
and  after  adding  one  drop  ammonia  shake  out  with  i  Cc. 
ether;  dissolve  residue  left  on  evaporating  ethereal  layer  in 
1.5  Gm.  acetic  acid  containing  a  trace  ferric  chloride.  Over- 
lay solution  on  a  little  cone.  H2SO4  in  a  test-tube;  cornutine 
gives  a  bright  bluish- violet  color  reaction  at  zone  of  contact. 

Keller  (DIGITALIS  PRINCIPLES).  Dissolve  substance  in  3  to  4 
Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid,  add  a  drop  diluted  ferric-chloride  solut. 
and  overlay  on  cone.  H2SO4 — digitonin  yields  a  rose-red,  rap- 
idly-fading zone;  digitalin  a  permanent,  carmine-red  zone; 
digitalein  a  rapidly-fading  red  zone;  digitoocin  first  yields  a 
dirty,  brownish-green  zone,  then  the  upper  portion  of  the  sul- 
phuric acid  is  colored  brownish-red,  and  above  this  a  bluish- 
green  band  forms. 

Keller  (ERGOTININE  IN  ERGOT).  Shake  powd.  ergot  with  ether, 
let  stand  15  minutes,  and  filter;  to  filtrate  add  about  10  drops 
hydrochlorated  ether  (5  Cc.  cone.  HC1  and  100  Cc.  ether  shaken 
together  and  decanted) — ergotinine  hydrochlorate  is  pptd.  as 
yellow  flakes.  Collect  ppt.  on  filter,  wash  with  ether,  and  dis- 
solve in  2  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid;  overlay  solut.  on  cone. 
H2SO4  and  add  a  very  little  ferric-chloride  solut. — a  blue  color 
develops. 

Keller-Kiliani  (DIGITALIS).  Overlay  a  preparation  of  digitalis 
made  with  acetic  acid  and  containing  ferrous  sulphate  on 
H2S04,  also  containing  ferrous  sulphate — a  reddish- violet 
develops. 

Kern  (GOLD).  A  reddish-orange  color  and  ppt.  form  on  adding 
i  drop  gold-chloride  solut.  to  a  large  excess  of  potassium- 
sulphocyanate  solut. 

Kern  (URANIUM).  A  brown  ppt.  soluble  in  HC1  forms  on  adding 
potassium-ferrocyanide  solut.;  the  acid  solut.  turns  green  on 
boiling  with  a  few  drops  HNO3. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  155 

Kerner  (CREATIN  AND  CREATININE).  Creatinine  is  pptd.  from 
acid  solutions  by  phosphotungstic  or  phosphomolybdic  acid; 
a  crystalline  ppt.  is  obtained  from  even  very  dilute  solutions. 
The  compound  of  creatin  with  the  acids,  however,  is  soluble, 
and  may  be  obtained  in  crystalline  form. 

Kerner  (QUININE).  Quinine  sulphate  is  much  more  difficultly 
soluble  in  water  than  are  the  sulphates  of  the  allied  alkaloids. 
If  therefore  quinine  sulphate  (or  any  other  quinine  salt  after 
addition  of  sodium  sulphate)  is  shaken  with  a  definite  quan- 
tity of  water,  the  volume  of  ammonia  required  to  produce  a 
permanent  precipitate  in  the  filtrate  will  be  a  measure  of  the 
percentage  of  allied  alkaloids  present.  Digest  2  Gm.  pure 
quinine  sulphate  in  20  Cc.water  at  60°  to  65°  C.  for  £  an  hour, 
and  allow  to  stand  for  2  hours  at  15°  C.,  occasionally  shaking, 
and  then  filter  through  glass-wool;  5  Cc.  of  the  filtrate  require 
4  to  4.3  Cc.  of  io-%  ammonia.  In  the  presence  of  cincho- 
nine,  quinidine,  etc.,  more  ammonia  is  necessary. 

Kerner  (QUININE  IN  URINE).  Test  depends  on  fluorescence 
of  quinine  solutions.  Since  this  is  prevented  by  sodium  chlo- 
ride, a  cone,  mercurous-chloride  solut.  is  added  to  the  urine 
until  a  ppt.  is  no  longer  produced.  On  filtering,  appreciable 
quantities  of  quinine  indicated  by  fluorescence,  and  more 
easily  so  by  the  use  of  a  fluoroscope. 

Kerstal  (TELLURIUM).  A  violet  color  develops  on  shaking 
powdered  ore  containing  tellurium  with  a  little  water  and 
mercury,  and  then  adding  a  little  sodium  amalgam. 

Kersting  (NITRIC  ACID).  A  few  drops  solut.  of  brucine  in  sul- 
phuric acid  causes  a  brilliant  red  to  yellowish-green  color. 

Keutmann  (SALOPHEN).  Moisten  0.2  Gm.  salophen  with  few 
drops  nitrosylsulphuric  acid  (5  Gm.  potassium  nitrite  and  100 
Gm.  sulphuric  acid) — the  mass  immediately  becomes  reddish- 
brown.  On  adding  a  few  Cc.  alcohol,  color  disappears;  excess 
of  alkali  now  added  causes  a  yellow  color,  dissipated  by  excess 
of  acid. 

Kieffer  (FREE  MINERAL  ACIDS).  Cautiously  treat  copper- 
sulphate  solut.  with  ammonia  until  ppt.  is  just  redissolved. 
Solutions  of  neutral  metallic  salts  that  show  an  acid  reaction 
toward  litmus  produce  a  turbidity  with  this  reagent ;  if,  how- 
ever, the  salts  contain  free  acids,  the  mixture  remains  clear. 


156  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Kieffer  (MORPHINE).  On  mixing  5  or  6  drops  of  a  i:  8  ferric- 
chloride  solut.  and  3  drops  of  a  i :  100  potassium-ferricyanide 
solut.,  a  drop  of  morphine  solut.  will  cause  a  blue  color  or  pre- 
cipitate (reduction  of  the  ferricyanide); 

Kintschgen-Gintl.     See  Milton's  reagent. 

Kippenberger  (ALKALOIDS).  Iodine,  12.7  Gm.;  potassium 
iodide,  60  Gm. ;  water,  one  liter.  The  alkaloid  may  be  liber- 
ated from  the  ppt.  by  dissolving  the  iodine  compound  in  a  little 
acetone,  saturating  first  with  alkali,  then  with  acid,  diluting 
with  water  and  driving  off  acetone  with  heat;  addition  of  a 
little  thiosulphate  solut.  removes  any  traces  of  free  iodine; 
the  solut.  is  then  made  alkaline  with  sodium  carbonate,  and 
shaken  out  with  ether  or  chloroform.  Glucosides  give  no 
ppts.  with  this  reagent. 

Kirkby  (ALKALINE  GLYCERIN  MOUNTANT).  A  mixture  of  glyc- 
erin, 4;  distilled  water,  3;  and  solut.  of  potassa,  B.P.,  i, 
makes  a  serviceable  extemporaneous  mountant  for  plant  sec- 
tions. It  combines  the  refringent  property  of  the  glycerin 
with  the  clearing  action  of  the  caustic  potassa,  and  the  swell- 
ing action  of  the  latter  is  considerably  restrained. 

Kirkby  (CLEARING  SECTIONS).  Place  sections  in  a  fresh,  clear 
solut.  chlorinated  lime  until  quite  bleached  (2  to  5  minutes), 
then  gently  warm  in  a  test-tube  for  a  few  seconds,  and  after- 
wards quickly  replace  solut.  with  distilled  water  and  boil  for 
2  or  3  minutes.  Repeat  the  treatment  with  boiling  water 
three  times,  after  which  wash  with  i-%  acetic  acid  and  finally 
with  cold  distilled  water.  Staining  can  then  be  performed. 

Kitasato-Salkowski  (!NDOL  IN  BACTERIAL  CULTURES).  Po- 
tassium-nitrate solut.  (i:  5,000),  i  Cc.  and  a  little  H2SO4  are 
added  to  10  Cc.  of  the  culture  broth.  Indol  is  indicated  by 
the  formation  of  a  red  color.  If  the  color  reaction  is  given  on 
adding  H2SO4  alone,  it  indicates  presence  of  both  indol  and 
nitrites  (red  cholera  reaction). 

Kitton  (ASPHALT  VARNISH).  Dissolve  asphalt  in  benzene  and 
add  a  little  gold  size. 

Kitton  (WHITE-LEAD  CEMENT).  Grind  together  equal  parts 
powdered  white  lead,  red  lead,  and  litharge  with  a  little  tur- 
pentine, and  when  thoroughly  incorporated,  mix  with  gold 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  157 

size.  Keep  a  stock  of  the  materials  ready  ground,  and  mix 
as  required  for  use. 

Kjeldahl  (DETERMINING  NITROGEN).  Weigh  0.5  to  2  Gm.  of 
the  substance  and  boil  with  20  Cc.  H2SO4  and  0.7  Gm.  mer- 
curic oxide  for  10  minutes,  then  add  10  Gm.  potassium  sul- 
phate, and  continue  boiling  until  solut.  is  a  pale  straw  color. 
Cool,  wash  into  a  distilling  flask  with  200  Cc.  water,  and  rinse 
out  acid  flask  with  two  more  successive  lots  of  water.  Add 
75  Cc.  of  50-%  sodium-hydrate  solut.  and  10  Cc.  potassium- 
sulphide  solut.,  distil  into  50  Cc.  decinormal  H2SO4,  using 
cochineal  as  indicator.  When  all  the  ammonia  has  distilled 
over,  titrate  the  uncombined  acid.  Each  Cc.  decinormal 
H2SO4used  =  0.0014  N,  =0.0017  NH3,  =0.00886  albuminoids. 
In  many  cases  the  mercuric  oxide  is  not  necessary,  and  in  that 
case  the  potassium  sulphide  is  omitted. 

Kleb  (GLYCERIN  GELATIN).  Wash  10  parts  best  French  gela- 
tin and  allow  to  stand  in  distilled  water  till  it  swells  up ;  then 
pour  off  excess  of  water,  melt  at  a  gentle  heat,  and  add  10  parts 
glycerin  and  2%  carbolic  acid. 

Kleb  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Mix  a  cone,  solut.  isinglass  with  half 
its  volume  glycerin. 

Klein  (COCHINEAL  FLUID).     See  Csokor's  alum  cochineal. 

Klein  (FIXING  MIXTURE).  Mix  2  parts  1:600  chromic-acid 
solut.  with  i  part  methylated  spirit.  Or,  mix  i  Cc.  io-% 
chromic-acid  solut.  with  60  Cc.  water,  and  add  30  Cc.  90-% 
alcohol. 

Klein  (MINERALS).  For  mechanical  separation  of  constituents 
of  a  powdered  mineral,  an  aqueous  solut.  cadmium  borotung- 
state,  sp.  gr.  3.3,  is  used.  See  Thoulet's  solution. 

Kleinenberg  (COLOPHONY).  A  solut.  of  ordinary  pale  resin  in 
rectified  oil  turpentine. 

Kleinenberg  (HEMATOXYLIN).  Great  differences  exist  in  the 
formulas  for  this  stain.  According  to  Squire,  20  Gm.  of  crys- 
tallized calcium  chloride  should  be  dissolved  in  10  Cc.  dis- 
tilled water,  and  3  Gm.  alum  in  16  Cc.  distilled  water,  by  the 
aid  of  heat.  Mix  solutions  and  immediately  dilute  with  240 
Cc.  rectified  spirit;  filter  after  standing  an  hour,  and  add  2.5 
Gm.  hematoxylin. 


158  TESTS  AND  REAGEHTS. 

Kleinenberg  (PicRO-SuLPHURic  ACID),  i. — Distilled  water, 
100  volumes;  H2SO4  2  volumes;  dissolve  in  the  mixture 
0.25%  picric  acid.  Dilute  finished  solution  with  three  times 
its  volume  water.  2. — 20  Cc.  of  saturated  solut.  picric  acid, 
380  Cc.  distilled  water,  and  2  Cc.  H2SO4.  3. — Picric  acid,  i 
Gm. ;  water,  100  C. ;  sulphuric  acid,  6  Cc. 

Klemperer  (ZYMOGEN  OF  RENNET).  To  2  Cc.  filtered  gastric 
juice  add  10  Cc.  milk,  2  Cc.  3-%  solut.  calcium  chloride,  and 
an  excess  of  i-%  solut.  sodium  carbonate,  then  place  mixture 
in  incubator — milk  is  coagulated. 

Klett  (INDICAN  IN  URINE).  Add  5  Cc.  25-%  HC1  and  a  crystal 
of  ammonium  persulphate  to  10  Cc.  urine,  and  shake  whole 
with  a  little  chloroform — latter  is  colored  blue  if  any  indican 
is  present. 

Kletzinski  (QUININE).  Add  to  a  sat.  solut.  potassium  ferri- 
cyanide  five  times  its  volume  sat.  potassium-chloride  solut., 
make  the  blackish-green  liquid  strongly  alkaline  with  ammo- 
nia, and  filter.  A  blood-red  to  violet  color  is  produced  on  add- 
ing an  excess  chlorine  water  to  a  liquid  containing  quinine, 
and  then  adding  the  above  reagent. 

Klunge  (BERBERINE).  A  red  color  forms  on  adding  chlorine 
water  to  an  aqueous  solut.  acidified  with  HC1  or  H2SO4. 

Klunge  (CUPRALOIN  REACTION).  A  very  dilute  solut.  of  aloes 
is  colored  yellow  on  adding  copper  sulphate.  On  adding 
sodium  chloride  and  gently  warming,  a  red  color  results.  On 
adding  alcohol  in  addition  to  sodium  chloride,  color  is  pro- 
duced at  ordinary  temperature. 

Klunge  (PHENOL).  A  blue  color  develops  on  adding  a  few  drops 
of  oxaniline  solution,  followed  by  a  little  ammonia. 

Knapp  (GLUCOSE).  Solut.  of  10  Gm.  mercuric  cyanide  and  100 
Cc.  soda-lye  (sp.  gr.  1.45)  in  enough  water  to  make  a  liter. 
This  solut.  is  reduced  upon  warming  with  glucose,  metallic 
mercury  precipitating.  Creatin  and  creatinine  act  similarly. 
40  Cc.  solut.  correspond  to  o.i  Gm.  glucose. 

Knauer  (SLIDE-CLEANING  PROCESS).  Boil  for  20  or  30  min- 
utes in  io-%  lysol  solution,  then  rinse  with  water  till  clear. 

Knop  (NITROGEN  ESTIMATION).  Reagent  for  estimation  of 
nitrogen  in  ammonium  salts  and  in  amides  by  means  of  the 
azotometer  is  sodium  hypobromite.  See  Huefner's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  159 

Kobell  (BISMUTH).  A  scarlet-red  color  develops  when  bismuth, 
mixed  with  an  equal  weight  potassium  iodide  and  a  little  sul- 
phur, is  heated  on  charcoal  in  the  blow-pipe  flame. 

Kobell  (MOLYBDIC  ACID).  A  blue  color  forms  on  heating  with 
H2SO4  and  adding  alcohol. 

Kobert  (HEMOGLOBIN).  Solutions  containing  hemoglobin  give 
a  ppt.  of  zinc-hemoglobin  on  being  shaken  with  zinc  dust,  or 
mixed  with  soluble  zinc  salts.  The  ppt.  is  colored  red  by 
alkalies. 

Kobert  (MORPHINE,  DIONIN,  CODEINE,  HEROIN,  AND  PERONIN). 
Treat  substance  with  recently  prepared  formaldehyde-sul- 
phuric acid  (2  or  3  drops  formaldehyde  and  3  Cc.  sulphuric 
acid).  Reactions  are  as  follows:  Morphine — an  immediate 
purple-red  changing  to  violet,  bluish- violet,  then  pure  blue; 
dionin — immediate  deep-blue,  unchanged;  codeine — reddish- 
violet,  then  bluish- violet ;  heroin — reddish- violet  at  first, 
then  rapidly  bluish- violet ;  peronin — reddish- violet  persistent 
for  many  hours. 

Koch  (ANILINE  WATER).     See  Ehrlich-Weigert-Koch's  test. 

Koch  (BACTERIA  STAIN).  Place  for  5  minutes  in  a  solut.  of 
K2CO3  (prepared  by  mixing  a  sat.  solut.  of  the  salt  with  an 
equal  quantity  distilled  water).  Then  dehydrate  in  alcohol, 
place  in  cedar-oil,  and  finally  mount  in  balsam. 

Koch  (CHOLERA  REACTION).  The  addition  of  H2SO4  to  cholera 
cultures  (on  peptone)  causes  a  red  coloration,  due  to  action  of 
the  acid  on  the  two  decomposition  products  of  the  cholera 
bacillus,  indol  and  nitrous  acid. 

Koch  (COPAL  METHOD).  Stain  small  pieces  of  material  in  bulk 
and  dehydrate  with  alcohol,  then  immerse  in  a  thin  solut.  of 
copal  in  chloroform.  Evaporate  with  a  gentle  heat  until  the 
solut.  is  so  far  concentrated  as  to  draw  out  into  threads  that 
are  brittle  on  cooling.  Then  remove  objects  and  leave  on  a 
tile  for  a  few  days  to  dry.  Sections  may  then  be  cut  by  means 
of  a  fine  saw.  If  objects  are  imbedded  unstained,  remove 
copal  from  sections  by  soaking  in  chloroform,  decalcify  if  nec- 
essary, and  then  stain. 

Koch  (METHYL- VIOLET  SOLUTION).  Solut.  for  staining  bac- 
teria is  made  by  adding  a  few  drops  cone,  methyl-violet  solut. 
in  absolute  alcohol,  to  20  Gm.  distilled  water. 


160  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Koch  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Immerse  cover-glass  prepara- 
tions in  a  i-%  aqueous  solut.  hematoxylin,  then  transfer  to  a 
5-%  solut.  chromic  acid  or  to  Muller's  fluid;  dry  and  mount 
in  balsam. 

Koch  (METHOD  FOR  TUBERCLE  BACILLI).  Place  sections  or 
cover-glass  preparations  in  Koch's  met hylene- blue  solut.  for 
20  to  24  hours  (or  0.5  to  i  hour  if  warmed  to  40  C.),  then  treat 
with  aqueous  solut.  vesuvine  for  2  minutes,  and  wash  out 
excess  of  color  with  distilled  water.  Cover-glass  preparations 
should  then  be  dried  and  mounted  in  balsam,  whilst  sections 
require  to  be  dehydrated  in  absolute  alcohol  and  cleared 
in  cedar  oil  before  mounting  in  balsam. 

Koch  (METHYLENE-BLUE  SOLUTION),  i  Cc.  sat.  alcoholic 
solut.  met  hylene  blue;  0.2  Cc.  io-%  caustic  potassa  solut.; 
200  Cc.  distilled  water. 

Koch  (TUBERCLE  BACILLI  STAIN).  2  Cc.  aniline  are  shaken 
with  20  Cc.  water  and  the  mixture  filtered  through  a  wetted 
filter.  To  the  clear  filtrate,  alcoholic  fuchsine-  (or  gentian- 
violet)  solut.  is  added  until  a  film  having  a  metallic  luster 
indicates  saturation. 

Koch-Ehrlich  (STAINING  METHOD).  Place  sections  or  cover-glass 
preparations  for  at  least  1 2  hours  in  gentian- violet  or  fuchsine 
aniline  water  (aniline  water,  100  Cc.;  cone,  alcoholic  solut. 
gentian  violet  or  fuchsine,  n  Cc.;  absolute  alcohol,  10  Cc.), 
then  immerse  in  a  mixture  of  pure  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.42),  10  Cc., 
and  distilled  water;  30  Cc.,  for  some  seconds.  Rinse  in  6o-% 
alcohol  for  a  few  minutes,  and  then  counter-stain  with  vesu- 
vine (vesuvine,  0.5  Gm.;  rectified  spirit,  20  Cc.;  distilled 
water,  80  Cc.)  after  gentian  violet,  or  methylene  blue  (methyl- 
ene  blue,  0.25  Gm.;  rectified  spirit,  20  Cc.;  distilled  water, 
80  Cc.)  after  fuchsine.  Finally  rinse  in  water,  dehydrate, 
clear,  and  mount  in  balsam.  According  to  Squire,  who  points 
out  that  nitric  acid  is  apt  to  injure  delicate  sections,  Watson 
Cheyne  recommends  that  sections  be  transferred  from  fuchsine- 
aniline  water  to  distilled  water,  then  rinsed  in  alcohol,  and 
placed  in  the  following  contrast  stain  for  i  to  2  hours:  Sat. 
jilcoholic  solut.  methylene  blue,  20  Cc.;  distilled  water,  100 
Cc.;  formic  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.2),  i  Cc. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  161 

Koch-Ehrlich  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Dry  and  fix  cover-glass 
preparations  in  air,  stain  for  12  hours  in  Weigert-Koch  aniline- 
water  aniline-stain  solut.,  then  dip  for  i  to  3  seconds  in  weak 
H2SO4  (i :  3  or  4),  and  at  once  agitate  in  60- %  alcohol.  After- 
stain  in  aqueous  solut.  vesuvine  or  methylene  blue  for 
several  minutes. 

Koettstorfer  (IODINE).  On  adding  carbon  disulphide,  acidi- 
fying with  diluted  H2SO4  and  passing  vapors  of  fuming 
nitric  acid  through  the  solut.,  a  rose-red  to  violet  color 
develops. 

Koettstorfer  (NUMBER).  This  indicates  the  caustic  potassa, 
in  milligrammes,  required  to  completely  saponify  one  gramme 
of  a  fat. 

Kohler  (ALKALOIDS).  Distinctive  color  reactions  are  afforded 
on  mixing  alkaloids  with  3  to  5  times  their  weight  of  potassium 
nitrate,  then  adding  i  or  2  drops  H2SO4  and  sodium-hydrate 
solution.  See  Langley's  test. 

Kolisch  (CREATININE).  Precipitant  consists  of  mercuric  chlo- 
ride, 30;  sodium  acetate,  i;  absolute  alcohol,  125  Gm. ;  acetic 
acid,  3  drops. 

Kollmann  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  This  contains  5%  potassium 
bichromate,  2%  chromic  acid,  and  2%  cone.  HNO3. 

Kolossow  (GOLD  METHOD).  Impregnate  objects  for  2  or  3 
hours  with  a  i-%  solut.  gold  chloride  acidulated  with  i% 
HC1;  subsequently  reduce  for  2  or  3  days,  in  the  dark,  in  a 
o.oi-  to  0.02-%  solut.  chromic  acid. 

Kolossow  (OSMIUM  STAINS),  i.— A  0.5-%  solut.  osmium  in  a 
2-  or  3-%  solut.  uranium  nitrate  or  acetate.  2. — Absolute  al- 
cohol, 50  Cc.;  distilled  water,  50  Cc.;  cone,  nitric  acid,  2  Cc.; 
osmium,  i  to  2  Gm.  Keep  in  a  cool  place.  Partly  reduced 
solutions  may  be  regenerated  by  the  addition  of  a  little  pow- 
dered potassa  alum. 

Kolter  (HYPOCHLOROUS  ACID).  On  shaking  the  liquid  to  be 
tested  with  metallic  mercury,  brown  oxy chloride  of  mercury 
forms  in  the  presence  of  this  acid. 

Koninck,  De-  (POTASSIUM).  A  yellow  ppt.  forms  on  adding  a 
io-%  solut.  sodium  nitrite  mixed  with  cobalt  chloride  and 
acetic  acid. 


162  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Kopp  (LEAD  IN  TIN-FOIL).  A  drop  of  H2SO4  is  applied  to  the 
foil;  if  pure  tin,  the  spot  remains  white.  If  lead  present,  a 
black  stain  is  produced. 

Kopp  (NITRIC  ACID).  Add  a  little  cone.  H2SO4  to  a  few  crys- 
tals of  diphenylamine,  and  then  a  little  water;  finally  dilute 
solution  with  more  cone.  H2SO4.  0.5  Gm.  of  reagent  is  put  on 
a  watch-glass,  and  a  drop  of  the  fluid  to  be  examined  is  al- 
lowed to  fall  in  the  middle — the  presence  of  HNO3  is  indicated 
by  the  appearance  of  a  blue  circle;  numerous  other  bodies, 
such  as  sulphurous  acid,  hypochlorites,  and  ferrous  salts, 
give  a  similar  color.  Diphenylamine-sulphate  solution  is  also 
known  as  Pallet's  reagent. 

Kopp  (NITROUS  ACID).  A  blue  color  forms  on  adding  diphenyl- 
amine dissolved  in  H2SO4. 

Kopp  (OLIVE  OIL).  This  is  the  "elaidin"  test,  i  volume  of 
HNO3  and  a  piece  of  copper  wire  being  heated  with  10  vol- 
umes of  the  oil. 

Kopsch  (FORMALDEHYDE  SOLUTION).  Mix  4  parts  3.5-%  bichro- 
mate solution  and  i  part  of  commercial  formaldehyde  solu- 
tion. 

Korotneff  (NARCOTIZATION  METHOD).  When  Siphonophora 
are  extended  in  water,  a  watch-glass  containing  chloroform  is 
floated  on  the  surface,  and  as  soon  as  the  animals  are  rendered 
insensible  they  are  killed  by  means  of  hot  mercuric  choride 
or  chromic-acid  solut. 

Kossel  (HYPOXANTHIN).  Solution  to  be  examined  is  treated 
with  zinc  and  HC1,  then  made  alkaline;  hypoxanthin  is  indi- 
cated by  a  ruby-red  color,  changing  to  brown. 

Kossinski  (DOUBLE  STAINS),  i. — Stain  sections  for  10  to  20 
minutes  in  sat.  aqueous  solut.  indigo  carmine,  wash  with 
water,,  then  with  alcohol;  next  stain  with  0.5-%  solut.  safra- 
nine  in  dilute  alcohol,  dehydrate  and  mount.  2. — Stain  for 
3  to  5  minutes  in  o.i-%  aqueous  solut.  nigrosin,  and  proceed 
as  before. 

Kost  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  io-% 
solut.  tannin  and  solut.  methyl  violet  are  added  to  gastric 
juice — color  changes  from  violet  to  blue  or  green.  Modifica- 
tion of  Maly's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  163 

Kotzebue  (MORPHINE  AND  THALLINE).  A  io-%  solut.  phos- 
phomolybdic  acid  in  ammonia-free  water.  2  drops  reagent 
yield  with  morphine  (i  part  in  1,000,000  even)  a  delicate, 
yellowish- white  ppt.  On  adding  30  min.  strong  ammonia  a 
decided  blue  color  develops,  best  seen  by  looking  down  liquid 
against  white  paper.  Thalline  behaves  similarly,  but  reac- 
tion still  more  delicate  (i :  2,000,000  almost). 

Kowarsky  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Shake  together  5  drops  pure 
phenylhydrazine,  10  drops  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  i  Cc.  satur. 
sodium-chloride  solut.,  then  add  3  Cc.  urine,  and  heat  2  min- 
utes, then  allow  to  cool  slowly — if  more  than  0.5-%  sugar 
present,  ppt.  of  glucosazone  forms  in  about  2  minutes.  Small 
quantity  of  albumin  does  not  interfere  with  reaction. 

Kraemer   (ACETONE).     See  Messinger's  test. 

Krant  (ALKALOIDS).     See  Dragendorff's  test. 

Krasser  (ALBUMIN).  Alcoholic  solut.  alloxan  gives  a  bright-red 
color  with  albumin. 

JCrehbiel  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Mix  urine  to  be  tested  with 
one-fourth  its  volume  HC1  and  add  chlorinated-lime  solut. 
drop  by  drop — in  the  presence  of  biliary  pigments  a  green 
color  forms.  Bromine  water  gives  similar  reactions.  This  is 
also  known  as  Trousseau-Dumontpallier's  reaction. 

Kremers-Schreiner  (CEDAR-WOOD  OIL  IN  SPEARMINT  OIL). 
Treat  oil  with  hydroxylamine,  expel  volatile  matter  with 
steam,  and  dry  and  weigh  the  carvoxime  formed,  from  which 
determine  carvone  percentage  present  in  oil  (should  be  56% 
for  pure  oil). 

Kronecker  (ARTIFICIAL  SERUM).  Dissolve  6  Gm.  of  common  salt 
and  0.06  Gm.  caustic  soda  in  1000  Gm.  distilled  water. 

Kronig  (CEMENT).  Gradually  add  ordinary  resin,  7  to  9  parts, 
to  melted  beeswax,  2  parts,  then  filter  and  cool. 

Kroupa  (AMMONIA).  Filter-paper  dried  after  immersion  in  yel- 
low solut.  of  fuchsine  in  acidulated  water  becomes  red  when 
exposed  to  ammoniacal  vapor. 

Krueger   (GLUCOSE).     See   Boettger's  test. 

Kriiger  (INDICATOR).  Fluorescein.  Gives  with  alkalies  a  green 
fluorescence,  discharged  by  acids. 

Krutwig  (SILVER  IN  LEAD  ORE).  Dissolve  ore  in  HN03,  add 
excess  of  soda,  and  examine  gold-colored  ppt.  for  silver. 


1 64  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Kubel  (COLCHICINE).  Dissolve  substance  in  cone.  HNO3,  and 
add  water  to  brownish- violet  solut. — color  changes  to  yellow; 
on  now  making  alkaline  with  potassa,  an  orange-yellow  or 
orange-red  develops. 

Kubli  (CARBON-DIOXIDE  TEST  FOR  QUININE).  Quinine  is 
pptd.  from  a  sat.  solut.  by  sodium  carbonate.  Ppt.  is  dis- 
solved on  addition  of  sodium  bicarbonate.  Carbonic  acid 
gas  is  then  introduced,  and  quinine  carbonate  precipitated. 
Carefully  conducted,  the  result  indicates  purity  of  the 
quinine  salt  under  examination. 

Kubli  (WATER  TEST  FOR  QUININE).  Test  is  based  on  solubility 
of  hydrated  quinine,  obtained  by  precipitating  alkaloid  with 
soda  and  observing  quantity  of  water  necessary  to  dissolve 
alkaloid  pptd.  The  associated  cinchona  alkaloids  are  less 
soluble  in  water  than  quinine,  consequently  in  their  presence 
more  solvent  is  required  to  produce  a  solution. 

Kuborne  (ATROPINE:  COCAINE).  Treat  substance  in  a  porcelain 
evaporating  dish  with  few  drops  HNO3,  and  evaporate  to  dry- 
ness  on  sand-bath.  The  cooled  residue  when  heated  on  sand- 
bath  with  few  drops  solut.  potassa  in  ethylic  or  preferably 
amylic  alcohol,  develops  a  fine  violet  color  with  cocaine;  with 
atropine  the  color  develops  in  the  cold. 

Kuehne  (ANILINE-  AND  CLOVE-OIL  STAINS).  Rub  up  as  much 
methylene  blue,  safranine,  methyl  green,  auramine,  acid  violet, 
or  fluorescin,  as  will  be  held  on  the  point  of  a  knife-blade,  with 
10  Gm.  clarified  aniline,  or  with  15  Gm.  clove  oil.  If  not  en- 
tirely dissolved,  pour  unfiltered  into  a  flask  and  allow  to  settle. 
Remove  several  drops  of  clear  liquid,  and  add  to  sufficient 
pure  oil  or  aniline  to  yield  the  concentration  desired. 

Kuehne  (ANILINE  SOLUTIONS).  Rub  up  as  much  methylene 
blue,  methyl  green,  or  safranine  as  will  go  upon  the  point  of 
a  knife,  with  10  Cc.  aniline,  and  allow  to  settle. 

Kuehne  (ANISEED-OIL  FREEZING  MASS).  Soak  objects  in  ani- 
seed oil  for  12  to  24  hours,  freeze  and  cut,  then  remove  the  oil 
with  alcohol. 

Kuehne  (BACTERIA  STAIN:  DRY  METHOD).  Stain  in  i-%  aq. 
solut.  ammonium  carbonate  to  which  has  been  added  aq. 
solut.  methylene  blue,  for  10  to  15  min.  Rinse  in  water,  de- 
colorize in  i-  to  2-%  HC1,  wash  in  water,  dry  on  object-glass 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  165 

by  a  current  of  air  produced  by  a  bellows,  treat  with  xylene, 
and  mount  in  balsam. 

Kuehne  (CARBOLIC  FUCHSINE  OR  BLACK-BROWN).  Dissolve 
i  Gm.  fuchsine  or  black-brown  in  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol,  and 
add  100  Cc.  5-%  aqueous  solut.  carbolic  acid. 

Kuehne  (CARBOLIC  METHYLENE  BLUE).  Rub  1.5  Gm.  methyl- 
ene  blue  with  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol,  and  add  100  Cc.  5-% 
aqueous  solut.  carbolic  acid. 

Kuehne  (CARBOL-METHYLENE-BLUE  BACTERIA  STAIN).  Stain 
in  carbol-methylene  blue  £  to  2  hrs.,  rinse  in  water,  extract  in 
acidulated  water  (10  drops  HC1  and  100  drops  water).  Rinse 
in  weak  aq.  solut.  lithium  carbonate  (10  drops  water  and  6  to 
8  drops  sat.  solut.  lithium  carbonate),  then  in  pure  water;  dip 
in  absolute  alcohol  containing  a  small  quantity  methylene 
blue,  then  in  methylene-blue  aniline  a  few  minutes.  Clear  in 
pure  aniline,  then  in  oil  cloves  2  minutes.  Extract  oil  with 
xylene,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Kuehne  (FLUORESCIN-OIL-CLOVE  BACTERIA  STAIN).  Soak  sec- 
tions in  cone.  aq.  solut.  oxalic  acid  5  to  10  minutes,  rinse  in 
water,  and  dehydrate  in  alcohol.  Stain  in  fuchsine-aniline 
water  or  methylene-blue  in  0.5-  to  i-%  aq.  solut.  ammonium 
carbonate.  Dehydrate  in  alcohol  containing  small  quantity 
of  fuchsine  or  methylene  blue,  for  5  to  10  minutes.  Then  treat 
with  ethereal  oil,  then  with  xylene,  and  finally  mount  in  balsam. 

Kuehne  (FUCHSINE  BACTERIA  STAIN).  Stain  in  carbol-fuchsine  3 
to  5  minutes  Rinse  in  water,  and  dip  in  alcohol.  To  differen- 
tiate and  decolorize,  place  in  methylene-green  aniline  from  15 
minutes  to  2  hrs. ,  according  to  thickness  of  section.  Then  treat 
with  an  ethereal  oil,  then  with  xylene,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Kuehne  (IODINE-POTASSIUM  IODIDE).  Iodine,  2  Gm.;  potas- 
sium iodide,  4  Gm.;  distilled  water,  100  Gm. 

Kuehne  (MACERATING  MIXTURE).  Mix  potassium  chlorate 
with  4  times  its  quantity  of  HNO3. 

Kuehne  (METHOD  FOR  BACTERIA).  Sections  are  dehyhrated  in 
alcohol,  stained  for  3  to  5  minutes  with  Kuehne 's  carbolic  fuch- 
sine, rinsed  in  water,  dipped  for  i  minute  into  alcohol,  and 
extracted  in  Kuehne 's  methyl-green  aniline,  then  passed 
through  terebene  and  xylene.  Anthrax  sections  are  stained 
for  5  minutes  in  carbolic  black-brown,  rinsed  in  a  mixture  of 


166  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

aqueous  solution  of  lithium  carbonate  i  Cc.,  and  water  30  Cc.,. 
and  then  in  90-%  alcohol.  Afterwards  place  for  5  minutes  in 
carbolic  fuchsine,  and  decolorize  in  solut.  yellow  fluorescine,. 
iGm.,in  absolute  alcohol,  50  Cc.  Tubercle  sections  are 
treated  for  10  minutes  with  carbolic  fuchsine,  thoroughly 
rinsed  in  water,  decolorized  in  fluorescine  alcohol,  and  then 
transferred  to  terebene,  xylene,  and  balsam.  Or,  before 
mounting,  they  may  be  counter-stained  by  treatment  for  5  or 
10  minutes  with  methyl-green  aniline  diluted  with  half  its- 
bulk  of  aniline;  then  pass  into  terebene  for  2  minutes,  after- 
wards into  xylene,  and  in  balsam. 

Kuehne  (METHYL-VIOLET  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  methyl- 
violet  in  90  Cc.  distilled  water  and  100  Cc.  alcohol. 

Kuehne  (METHYLENE-BLUE  METHOD).  Transfer  sections  from 
alcohol  to  carbolic  methylene  blue,  and  leave  for  half  an  hour, 
then  rinse  in  water,  and  place  in  weakly  acidulated  water  until 
of  a  pale-blue  color.  Next  rinse  in  a  mixture  of  sat.  aqueous 
solut.  lithium  carbonate  i  Cc.  and  water  30  Cc.,  and  transfer- 
to  pure  water.  Afterwards  dip  one  by  one  into  absolute  alco- 
hol in  which  some  methylene  blue  has  been  dissolved,  then 
transfer  to  Kuehne 's  aniline  solution  of  methylene  blue  to 
dehydrate,  rinse  in  aniline,  clear  in  terebene,  then  in  xylene,. 
and  mount  in  balsam.  To  show  satisfactorily  the  structure 
of  the  tissue,  Kuehne  decolorizes  sections  stained  in  carbolic 
methylene  blue  with  a  solut.  acetine-  or  chlorhydrin  blue,  10- 
Gm.,  in  100  Cc.  of  io-%  alcohol.  This  takes  10  to  60  minutes. 
They  are  then  passed  through  alcohol,  aniline,  terebene,  and 
xylene,  after  which  they  are  double-stained  by  treatment  for 
2 'to  10  minutes  with  Kuehne's  safranine  aniline  diluted  to  4 
or  5  times  its  bulk  with  aniline.  Again  pass  through  terebene- 
and  xylene  before  mounting. 

Kuehne  (MODIFIED  GRAM'S  METHOD).  Stain  nuclei  with  carmine, 
then  treat  sections  for  5  minutes  in  methyl- violet  solut.  diluted 
one-sixth  with  a  i-%  aqueous  solut.  ammonium  carbonate,  or 
in  a  solut.  Victoria  blue,  0.25  Gm.,  in  alcohol,  20  Cc.,  and 
distilled  water,  80  Cc.  Next  rinse  thoroughly  in  water  and' 
transfer  to  Gram's  solut.  for  2  to  3  minutes ;  again  rinse  in  water 
and  extract  excess  of  stain  with  solut.  yellow  fluorescine,  i 
Gm.,  in  absolute  alcohol,  50  Cc.  Finally,  pass  through 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  167 

pure  alcohol,  aniline,  terebene,  and  xylene,  and  mount  in 
balsam. 

Kuehne  (STAIN  FOR  TYPHOID  AND  CHOLERA  BACILLUS).  A 
cold  saturated  solution  of  methylene  blue  is  mixed  with  i-% 
solution  of  ammonium  carbonate.  Preparations  are  im- 
mersed in  the  stain  for  5  or  10  minutes,  then  well  washed  and 
placed  in  i-%  HC1. 

Kuehne  (SYNTONIN).  Dissolve  substance  in  lime  water,  and 
boil — partial  coagulation  ensues  (other  acid-albumins  and 
alkali-albumins  remain  in  solution). 

Kuehne  (TUBERCLE  DOUBLE  STAIN),  a. — Stain  in  carbolic- 
fuchsine  10  minutes,  decolorize  in  30-%  HNO3,  extract  in  60- % 
alcohol  until  section  is  pink  in  color,  wash  in  water,  dehydrate 
in  absol.  alcohol  30  min.,  place  for  5  to  10  min.  in  methylene- 
green  aniline  diluted  with  an  equal  vol.  aniline,  then  in  ethe- 
real oil  2  min.,  and  in  xylene,  then  mount  in  Canada  balsam. 
6. — Stain  in  carbol-fuchsine  10  min.,  rinse  in  water,  extract 
in  fluorescin-alcohol  a  few  minutes,  double-stain  in  methylene- 
green  aniline  5  min.,  place  in  ethereal  oil,  then  in  xylene,  and 
then  mount  in  Canada  balsam. 

Kuehne  (TUBERCLE  TRIPLE  STAIN),  a. — Weakly  stain  in  Dela- 
field's  hematoxylin  solut.,  wash  in  water  several  seconds, 
dehydrate  in  alcohol,  stain  in  carbol  fuchsine  10  min.;  rinse 
in  water,  extract  fuchsine  in  fluorescine  alcohol,  rinse  in  pure 
alcohol,  place  in  ethereal  oil  and  in  xylene,  then  in  aura  mine- 
aniline  until  stained  yellowish;  rinse  in  pure  aniline,  then 
treat  with  ethereal  oil  and  xylene,  and  mount  in  Canada  bal- 
sam, b. — Stain  section  in  nucleus  black  diluted  3  or  4  times 
with  water,  for  several  minutes,  till  section  is  dark  grayish. 
Rinse  in  a  weak  aq.  solut.  lithium  carbonate  till  section  is 
light-gray,  rinse  in  water,  dehydrate  in  alcohol  5  min.,  stain  in 
carbol-fuchsine  10  min.,  wash  in  water,  extract  in  fluorescine- 
alcohol,  wash  in  pure  alcohol,  place  in  methylene-green  ani- 
line (not  too  cone.)  for  5  to  10  minutes,  then  in  ethereal  oil 
and  in  xylene,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Bacillus,  red;  nuclei,  vessels,  and  protoplasm,  of  different 
tones   of   bluish-green. 

Kuelz  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  Add  i  drop  very  dilute  solut.  cane 
sugar  to  biliary  acid,  then  i  drop  cone.  H,SO4— a  violet  color 
develops;  color  developed  more  rapidly  by  heat. 


1 68  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Kuelz  (SuLPHOCYANic  ACID  IN  URINE).  Add  water  to  dilute 
solut.  ferric  chloride  containing  a  little  HC1,  until  same  color 
as  urine,  then  add  to  urine — a  red  color  develops. 

Ktihl  (Kousso  FLOWERS).  On  adding  to  the  weak  aqueous 
maceration  of  the  finely  powdered  kousso  flowers,  a  i:  1,000 
alkali  solution,  such  as  ammonia,  or  caustic  soda,  or  potassa, 
an  intense  lemon-  to  orange-colored  filtrate  is  obtained.  This 
reaction  is  distinctly  visible  even  in  a  maceration  of  i :  2,000. 

Ktihl  (POMEGRANATE-ROOT  BARK).  In  a  i25~Cc.  container, 
pour  100  Gm.  distilled  water  over  o.i  Gm.  finely  powdered 
pomegranate-root  bark.  After  shaking,  the  powder  is 
pptd.  within  a  very  short  time,  while  in  the  case  of  kousso 
flowers,  complete  separation  does  not  take  place,  even 
after  standing  12  hours.  After  macerating  for  12  hours, 
at  10  to  15°  C.  and  filtering,  a  slightly-yellow  filtrate  is  ob- 
tained. On  adding  to  this  NH3,  a  very  intense  yellow  is 
developed,  which  grows  deeper,  and  finally  changes  to  a  red- 
dish-brown color. 

Kultschitzky  (DOUBLE  IMBEDDING  METHOD).  After  the  collo- 
dion bath,  soak  objects  in  origanum  oil,  then  pass  into  a  mix- 
ture of  origanum  oil  and  paraffin  heated  to  not  more  than  40° 
C.,  and  finally  soak  in  pure  paraffin. 

Kultschitzky  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  A  sat.  solut.  potassium 
bichromate  and  copper  sulphate  in  50-%  alcohol,  to  each  100 
Cc.  of  which  5  or  6  drops  acetic  acid  are  added  at  the  moment 
of  using.  Fix  objects  for  1 2  to  24  hours  in  the  dark,  then  treat 
with  strong  alcohol  for  12  to  24  hours,  and  afterwards  cut 
sections. 

Kultschitzky  (STAIN  FOR  NERVE  CENTERS).  Harden  for  i  or 
2  months  in  Erlicki's  solution,  imbed  in  celloidin,  and  cut. 
Stain  sections  for  i  to  24  hrs.  in  solut.  made  from  i  Gm.  hem- 
atoxylin  in  a  little  alcohol  with  enough  2-%  acetic  acid  added 
to  make  100  Cc.  Wash  out  in  sat.  solut.  lithium-  or  sodium 
carbonate  containing  10%  of  a  i-%  solut.  potassium  ferri- 
cyanide,  wash  well  with  water,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Kunz-Krause  (GLYCOTANNOIDS).  Those  glucosidal  tannins 
which  are  derivatives  of  oxycinnamic  acids  are  rapidly  decom- 
posed in  the  cold  after  a  few  days,  with  the  formation  of  con- 
siderable prussic  acid,  on  being  treated  with  Liebermann's 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  169 

reagent  (solut.  potassium  nitrite,  6  Gm.,  in  cone.  H2SO4 
100  Gm.). 

Kupferschlaeger  (TARRY  MATTER  IN  AMMONIA).  A  brownish- 
red  color  forms  on  supersaturating  with  not  too  cone.  HNO3. 

Kuskow  (DIGESTION  FLUID).  Recently  prepared  solut.  of  i  part 
pepsin  in  200  parts  3-%  solut.  oxalic  acid. 

Labarraque  (SOLUTION).  Solut.  sodium  hypochlorite  prepared 
like  Javelle  water  (q.  v.),  using  caustic  soda  instead  of  caustic 
potassa. 

Labich  (COTTONSEED  OIL).  25  Cc.  of  melted  fat  are  mixed  with 
25  Cc.  solut.  of  500  Gm.  lead  acetate  in  i  liter  water,  pre- 
viously warmed  to  35°  C.,  and  5  Cc.  of  ammonia  water  (22° 
Be.),  and  stirred  for  several  minutes  until  a  homogeneous 
emulsion  results.  If  cottonseed  oil  present,  the  mixture  is 
colored  orange-red.  Deiss  modified  this  test  for  detecting 
cottonseed  oil  in  olive  oil,  by  dissolving  10  Cc.  oil  in  100  Cc. 
ether,  shaking  the  solut.  with  5  Cc.  cone,  lead-acetate  solut. 
and  again  shaking  after  adding  5  Cc.  ammonia  water. 

Lachaux  (INDICATOR).  Corallin-malachite-green.  Prepared  by 
dissolving  3 .  i  Gm.  commercial  rosolic  acid  in  150  Cc.  90-%  alco- 
hol, neutralizing,  and  mixing  with  a  solut.  of  0.5  malachite- 
green  in  50  Cc.  alcohol.  Gives  with  alkalies  a  purple  color, 
and  with  acids  a  green. 

Lacroix  (TITANIUM).  Dissolve  the  substance  in  HC1  with  a 
gentle  heat;  add  one  drop  of  the  solut.  to  a  solut.  of  morphine 
in  H2SO4.  If  the  substance  contains  titanium  the  liquid  ac- 
quires a  wine-red  color  at  once.  If  the  substance  does  not  dis- 
solve in  HC1,  fuse  with  Na2CO3  and  treat  the  melt  with  H2S04, 
then  add  one  drop  solut.  morphine,  when  the  color  will  de- 
velop. 

Ladendorf  (BLOOD).  Tincture  guaiac  wood  and  oil  eucalyptus 
are  added  to  the  liquid  to  be  tested.  If  blood  present  the  lower 
layer  is  colored  blue;  the  upper  one  of  oil  eucalyptus,  violet. 

Lafon  (DIGITALIN).  Digitalin  yields  a  bluish-green  color  with 
a  solut.  of  i  Gm.  sodium  selenate  in  20  Gm.  cone.  H2SO4 
(Lafon's  reagent).  In  place  of  selenate,  the  tellurate  may  be 
employed. 

Lagerheim  (STARCH  IN  DRUGS  AND  FOOD  PRODUCTS).  Reagent 
is  iodolactic  acid,  obtained  by  dissolving  a  few  crystals  iodine 


170  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

in  hot  syrupy  lactic  acid.  It  strikes  a  blue  color  with  air 
starch  granules,  and  renders  them  visible. 

Lagrange  (GLUCOSE).  Modified  Fehling's  solut.,  containing 
neutral  copper  tartrate,  10  Grn.,  and  sodium  hydrate,  40  Gm., 
dissolved  in  water,  ^oo  Cc.  It  gives  a  red  ppt.  with  glucose. 

Laillier  (OLIVE  OIL).  Characteristic  color  reactions  are  obtained 
on  shaking  i  volume  aqueous  i :  4  chromic-acid  solut.  with  4 
volumes  of  oil.  Or,  the  simple  chromic-acid  solut.  may  be 
replaced  by  a  mixture  of  chromic  acid,  9,  water,  30,  and 
HNO3(sp.  gr.  1.185),  80. 

Lainer  (BENZENE:  BENZIN).  i. — Add  a  small  fragment  of 
iodine — benzene  is  colored  carmine-red;  benzin  is  colored 
violet.  2. — Add  a  trace  of  alcohol  to  liquid  and  shake — with 
benzene  mixture  becomes  cloudy;  with  benzin  it  remains 
clear.  Toluene  and  xylene  also  give  cloudy  liquids  with 
alcohol. 

Lamal  (MORPHINE).  Evaporate  2  to  10  drops  morphine  solut. 
on  water-bath  with  a  like  quantity  uranium-acetate  solut. 
(0.015  Gm.  uranium  acetate  and  o.oi  Gm.  sodium  acetate  in  5 
Cc.  water).  Light-red  or  hyacinth-red  permanent  streaks  re- 
main. Oxymorphine,  salicylic  acid,  tannin,  gallic  acid,  and 
pyrogallol  give  a  similar  reaction ;  toxines  and  most  alkaloids 
do  not. 

Landerer  (STRYCHNINE).  A  violet  color  develops  on  heating 
gently  with  iodic  acid  or  an  iodate  and  H2SO4. 

Landois  (MACERATING  MIXTURE).  Mixture  of  5  parts  each  of 
cone,  soluts.  neutral  ammonium  chromate,  potassium  phos- 
phate, and  sodium  sulphate,  with  100  parts  distilled  water. 
Used  for  macerations  in  the  same  way  as  chromic  acid  solut. 

Landolt  (PHENOL).  Upon  adding  an  excess  of  bromine  water 
to  a  phenol  solut.,  a  white  crystalline  ppt.  of  tri-bromphenol  is 
formed.  Similar  ppts.  result  with  cresol,  oxybenzoic  acid, 
indol,  indican,  kynurin,  and  other  compounds,  a  fact  to  be 
remembered  when  examining  urine  for  phenol. 

Landott  (PARAFFIN  IN  BEESWAX).  Strong  H2SO4  attacks  bees- 
wax at  once,  but  only  very  slowly  affects  paraffin. 

Landsberg-Wislicenus  (MORPHINE  IN  URINE).  Add  acetic  acid 
to  urine,  evaporate  to  syrupy  consistency,  extract  with  cold 
absolute  alcohol  repeatedly,  evaporate  alcohol,  exhaust  resi- 


UNI 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  171 

due  with  water,  add  few  drops  acetic  acid  to  solut.,  and  shake- 
out  with  amylic  alcohol  at  70°  C.  until  washings  no  longer 
.colored.  Evaporate  residual  aqueous  acid  solut.,  make  resi- 
due alkaline  and  treat  latter  with  hot  amylic  alcohol  repeat- 
edly. Then  evaporate  solvent. 

Lang  (FIXING  LIQUIDS),  i.  —  6  to  10  parts  sodium  chloride,  6 
to  8  parts  acetic  acid,  3  to  12  parts  mercuric  chloride,  0.5  part 
alum,  and  100  parts  distilled  water.  The  alum  is  sometimes 
omitted  from  this  solut.,  which  is  used  for  Planaria.  2.  —  Add 
5  per  cent,  acetic  acid  to  a  cone,  solut.  mercuric  chloride  in 
picro-sulphuric  acid.  See  also  Kleinenberg. 

Lang  (TAURINE).  Taurine  gives  a  white  ppt.  when  a  solut.  is 
mixed  with  freshly  pptd.  mercuric  oxide. 

Langbeck  (INDICATOR).  Nitrophenol  gives  colorless  solutions 
with  weak  acids  and  neutral  soluts.;  color  is  changed  to 
yellow  by  alkalies. 

Langbeck  (METHYL  ALCOHOL  IN  ETHER).  Mix  ether  with  a  2-% 
solut.  silver  nitrate  and  let  stand  24  hours  —  if  methyl  alco- 
hol present,  zone  of  contact  is  light  violet-red,  and  a  ppt.  of 
silver  oxide  forms  proportionate  to  quantity  of  alcohol  present. 

Langerhan  (GuM  AND  GLYCERIN  MEDIUM).  Modified  Farrant 
solut.  Dissolve  acacia  in  an  equal  weight  of  water,  and  to  each 
10  Gm.  add  5  Gm.  glycerin  and  10  Gm.  5-%  aqueous  solut.. 
carbolic  acid. 

Langley  (ALKALOIDS).  On  adding  a  mixture  of  HNO3  and 
H2SO4  and  then  supersaturating  with  NaOH  various  alkaloids 
show  characteristic  colorations.  See  Dragendorff  s  "  Ermit- 
telung  der  Gifte,"  p.  283. 

Langley  (PEPSINOGEN  AND  PEPSIN).  Sodium  carbonate  de- 
stroys pepsin,  but  has  no  action  on  pepsinogen. 

Langley  (PICROTOXINE).  Mix  with  3  to  4  parts  potassium  ni- 
trate and  moisten  with  H2SO4  —  no  reaction  ;  on  adding  excess 
of  potassia,  a  reddish-yellow  color  develops. 

Langley-Koehler  (ALKALOIDS).  Mix  alkaloids  with  from  3  to  5 
times  their  weight  of  potassium  nitrate,  then  add  i  to  2  drops- 
H2SO4,  followed  immediately  by  cone,  soda-solution. 

Lanz  (STAIN).  Sat.  solut.  fuchsine  in  2-%  aqueous  solut.  phenol,. 
10  Cc.;  sat.  solut.  thionin  in  2-%  aqueous  solut.  phenol,  30  Cc. 
Stain  specimen  15  to  30  seconds,  and  wash  with  water.  Gono- 


172  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

cocci  are  stained  by  thionin;  nuclei  take  both  stains.  Both 
solutions  should  be  freshly  prepared. 

Laronde  (IODINE).  On  treatment  with  petroleum  and  nitric 
acid,  the  former  is  colored  violet  by  the  iodine. 

Lasaulx  (IRON).  Particles  of  Fe  separated  from  a  substance  by 
a  magnet  and  treated  with  solut.  tungstic  acid  are  seen  under 
the  microscope  to  have  blue  margins.  Organic  matter  must 
be  absent,  as  well  as  zinc  and  copper. 

Lassaigne  (ACACIA).  A  transparent,  gelatinous,  yellow  ppt.  is 
obtained  on  adding  solut.  ferric  sulphate. 

Lassaigne  (FLOUR).  Mineral  substances  in  flour  are  detected  by 
shaking  with  chloroform  and  examining  sediment. 

Lassaigne  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  A  few  drops  KOH  solut.,  fol- 
lowed at  once  by  a  few  drops  of  copper- sulphate  solut.  and 
slight  acidulation  with  HC1  causes  a  white  ppt.  of  cuprous  cy- 
anide if  HCN  present.  A  solut.  of  copper  sulphate  in  sulphur- 
ous acid  will  also  yield  a  ppt.  in  solutions  containing  HCN. 

Lassaigne  (IODINE),  i. — Solut.  palladium  nitrate  or  chloride 
affords  a  brown  or  blackish  color.  2 . — On  treating  with  chlo- 
rine water,  an  iodide  colors  starch-paper  blue. 

Lassaigne  (ORGANIC  NITROGENOUS  COMPOUNDS).  Heat  about 
o.o i  Gm.  of  substance  with  a  small  piece  sodium,  add  2  to  3 
Cc.  water  and  some  ferroso-ferric  salt  solut.  and  acidulate  with 
HC1 — if  any  nitrogenous  body  present,  a  ppt.  of  Prussian  blue 
forms. 

Latschenberger  (AMMONIA  IN  URINE).  Treat  urine  with  equal 
volume  sat.  solut.  copper  sulphate,  neutralize  with  barium 
hydrate,  filter,  and  apply  Nessler's  test  to  filtrate. 

Laubenheimer  (THIOTOLENE).  This  substance  yields  a  bluish- 
green  color  with  a  solut.  anthraquinone  in  glacial  acetic  acid. 
The  coloring  matter  is  pptd.  by  water,  but  is  redissolved  by 
ether  to  form  a  violet  solut. 

Laubenheimer- Go deffroy  (ALKALOIDS).  See  Godefjroy-Lauben- 
keimer. 

Lauth  (PARATOLUIDINE).  Add  HNO3  to  a  solut.  paratoluidine 
in  H2SO4 — color  changes  from  blue  to  violet,  then  to  red,  and 
finally  brown. 

Lauth  (SULPHURETTED  HYDROGEN).  Paraphenylene-diamine 
in  slightly  acid  solutions,  gives,  on  adding  ferric  chloride,  a 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  17$ 

violet  color  if  sulphuretted  hydrogen  present.  If  a  few  grains 
para-amido-dimethylaniline  sulphate  are  substituted  for  the 
paraphenylene-diamine,  a  reaction  due  to  methylene  blue  is, 
obtained  (Caro- Fischer's  reaction). 

Lavdowsky  (BILLBERRY-JUICE  STAIN).  Well  wash  fresh  ber- 
ries of  V actinium  myrtillus,  then  express  juice  and  mix  with 
twice  its  bulk  distilled  water  mixed  with  a  little  90-%  alcohol. 
Heat  for  a  short  time  and  filter  while  warm.  Dilute  stain 
with  2  or  3  volumes  distilled  water  before  use. 

Lavdowsky  (CHLORAL-HYDRATE  MACERATING  MEDIUM).  A  5-% 
aqueous  solut.  of  chloral  hydrate. 

Lavdowsky  (FORMALDEHYDE  SOLUTIONS),  i. — Distilled  water, 
20  parts,  alcohol  (95-%),  10  parts;  formaldehyde  (40-%),  3 
parts;  glacial  acetic  acid,  0.5  part.  2. — Distilled  water,  30. 
parts;  alcohol  (95-%),  15  parts;  formaldehyde  (40-%),  5 
parts;  glacial  acetic  acid,  i  part. 

Lavdowsky  (SANDARAC  MEDIUM).  Dissolve  30  Gm.  sandarac  in 
50  Cc.  absolute  alcohol.  If  diluted  with  an  equal  volume  ab- 
solute alcohol,  this  may  be  used  for  clearing  sections. 

Lawrence  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Soak  Nelson's  gelatin  in  cold 
water  for  2  or  3  hours,  then  pour  off  superfluous  water.  Next 
melt  the  gelatin,  and  after  cooling  somewhat,  add  to  each 
fl.  oz.  a  fluid  dram  egg  albumin.  Boil  until  albumin  coagul- 
lates,  then  filter  through  fine  flannel,  and  to  each  fl.  oz.  of  the- 
clarified  solut.  add  a  mixture  of  0.25  fl.  oz.  glycerin  and  0.5, 
fl.  oz.  camphor  water. 

Lea,  Carey-.     See  Carey-Lea. 

Lebbin  (FORMALDEHYDE).  Heat  solut.  containing  formalde- 
hyde to  boiling  for  30  seconds  with  a  solut.  resorcin  in  sodium 
hydrate.  Formaldehyde  gives  a  reddish  tint,  but  albumi- 
noids, if  present,  interfere  with  the  reaction;  chloroform 
affords  a  similar  color. 

Leber  (PRUSSIAN  BLUE  IMPREGNATION  METHOD).  Treat  tissue 
for  a  few  minutes  with  0.5-%  solut.  ferrous  sulphate,  then  with 
i-%  solut.  potassium  ferricyanide,  and  wash  with  water. 

Lechini  (BLOOD  IN  URINE).  Treat  10  Cc.  urine  with  a  drop 
glacial  acetic  acid  and  shake  with  3  Cc.  chloroform — if  color- 
ing matter  from  blood  present,  the  chloroform  will  form  a  red 
layer  at  the  bottom. 


174  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Leconte  (URIC  ACID).     See  Babo's  test. 

Lee  (CELLOIDIN  IMBEDDING  METHOD).  Objects  are  penetrated 
first  with  a  4- to  6-%  solut.  celloidin  in  a  mixture  of  equal  parts 
ether  and  absolute  alcohol,  and  subsequently  with  a  10-  to  1 2-% 
solut.  (see  Elsching's  solut.).  They  are  then  arranged  in  posi- 
tion in  small  paper  receptacles,  which  are  filled  with  the  thick 
solution  and  placed  in  a  desiccator,  on  the  bottom  of  which  a 
little  chloroform  must  be  poured.  When  celloidin  masses  are 
hardened  sufficiently  on  surface,  remove  them  from  the  paper 
cases  and  turn  them  over  from  time  to  time,  in  order  that  they 
may  be  equally  exposed  on  all  sides  to  the  action  of  chloroform 
vapor.  As  soon  as  masses  are  fairly  hard,  immerse  them  in 
Gilson's  hardening  mixture  (chloroform,  i  part;  cedar  oil,  i  or 
2  parts)  and  replace  ^the  chloroform  as  it  evaporates  with  more 
cedar  oil.  When  the  objects  are  cleared  throughout,  expose 
the  masses  to  the  air,  so  that  the  last  traces  of  chloroform  may 
evaporate,  and  they  will  then  be  ready  for  mounting  on  holder 
of  the  microtome  by  means  of  a  drop  of  thick  celloidin  solution. 

Lee  (FORMALDEHYDE  SOLUTIONS),  i. — i  part  of  40-%  for- 
maldehyde solut.,  2  parts  i-%  chromic-acid  solut.,  and  4-% 
acetic  acid.  2. — i  part  40-%  formaldehyde  solut.,  4  parts  of 
i-%  platinic-chloride  solut.,  and  2-%  acetic  acid. 

Lee  (GLYCERIN  MIXTURE),  i  part  glycerin,  i  part  alcohol,  and 
2  parts  water. 

Lee  ("KERNSCHWARZ"  STAIN).  Stain  material,  if  fresh,  in 
"  Kernschwarz "  diluted  with  10  volumes  of  water  for  a  few 
minutes;  otherwise  leave  in  the  undiluted  liquid  for  24  hours. 
Rinse  in  water,  and  then  stain  for  24  hours  or  more  with  safra- 
nine,  gentian  violet,  Victoria  blue,  or  a  hematein  stain.  Safra- 
nine  is  preferred,  and  should  afterwards  be  extracted  with 
alcohol  (acidulated,  if  necessary),  followed  by  clove  oil 
"  Kernschwarz"  is  said  to  be  a  good  stain  for  preparations  that 
are  to  be  photographed. 

Lee  (MOUNTING  CELLOIDIN  SECTIONS).  Mount  sections  on 
Mayer's  albumin,  taking  care  to  press  them  down  very  thor- 
oughly, and  remove  the  celloidin,  if  desired,  by  immersion 
in  ether-alcohol. 

Lee  (OsMic-Acio  AND  PYROGALLOL  STAIN).  Fix  tissues  in  Her- 
mann's mixture  or  Flemming's  mixture  for  half  an  hour,  then 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  175 

place  in  a  weak  solut.  pyrogallol,  which  may  be  prepared  with 
alcohol  in  some  cases.  Safranine  may  be  used  as  a  second 
stain. 

Lee  (SUBLIMATE  SOLUTION).     See  FrenzeVs  sublimate  solution. 

Xee  (TURPENTINE-COLOPHONY  MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Highly 
recommended  for  general  work,  and  is  prepared  by  adding 
small  pieces  colophony  to  rectified  oil  turpentine,  heating  in  a 
.stove,  and  when  solut.  sufficiently  thick,  filtering  twice  in  the 
.stove.  See  Kleinenberg s  colophony. 

Xeers  (QUININE).  A  green  color  develops  on  shaking  quinine  in 
fine  powder  with  ether,  then  adding  chlorine  water  and  am- 
monia. 

Xeewenthal-Lenssen  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  With  a  proto- 
chloride,  free  HC1  gives  off  chlorine  on  treatment  with  lead 
peroxide. 

Leffmann  (URINE).  Drinking  water  containing  urine  is  colored 
brown  with  silver-nitrate  solut. 

Xeffmann- Beam  (FAT  IN  MILK  ANALYSIS).  Method  consists  in 
decomposition  of  milk  with  H2SO4  in  a  graduated  tube,  and 
separating  the  fat  by  means  of  a  centrifugal  machine,  a  little 
fusel  oil  being  added  to  aid  aggregation  of  oil  globules. 

Xefort  (MORPHINE).  A  yellow  to  yellowish-brown  color  de- 
velops on  adding  iodic-acid  solut.  and  then  ammonia. 

Xefort  (STRYCHNINE).  A  violet  color  develops  with  H2S04  and 
potassium  bichromate. 

Xegal  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  Treat  several  Cc.  of  distillate  from 
urine  with  a  few  drops  freshly  prepared  solut.  sodium  nitro- 
prussiate  and  a  few  drops  of  soda  or  potassa  lye— a  red  color 
develops.  After  this  has  faded,  add  excess  acetic  acid.  If 
acetone  present,  a  purple  color  is  produced.  Creatinine  also 
shows  a  fading  of  the  first-formed  red  color,  but  upon  the  addi- 
tion of  acetic  acid,  first  a  green  and  then  a  blue  color  forms. 
See  Le  Noble's  reaction. 

Xegal  (ALUM-CARMINE  AND  PiCRic-Acio  STAIN).  Mix  10  vol- 
umes Grenacher's  or  other  alum-carmine  with  one  of  sat.  picric- 
acid  solut. 

Xeger  (BISMUTH  REAGENT).  A  solut.  of  cinchonine  nitrate  with 
potassium  iodide,  with  which  bismuth  salts  give  a  dark-red 
ppt. 


176  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Leger  (DIFFERENTIATING  ALPHA-NAPHTOL  FROM  BETA-NAPHTOL). 
Soda-lye  (36°  Be.),  30  Cc.;  water,  100  Cc.;  bromine,  5  Cc. 
Add  2  drops  of  this  hypobromite  solut.  to  10  Cc.  cone,  aqueous, 
solut.  of  substance — if  alpha-naphtol  present,  a  dirty- violet 
color  develops.  With  beta-naphtol  a  yellow  color  first  forms, 
then  turns  greenish,  and  finally  yellow.  With  alpha-naphtol 
reaction  is  obtained  even  on  diluting  cone,  solut.  with  9  parts 
water;  on  diluting  beta-naphtol  solut.  with  2  parts  water,  a 
yellow  color  is  still  obtained,  but  it  disappears  at  once  on  agi- 
tation. Reaction  for  beta-naphtol  much  less  sensitive  than  for 
alpha-naphtol. 

Lehmann  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  substance  in  alcohol,  add 
alcoholic  potassa  solut.,  then  copper  sulphate  solut.,  and 
warm — if  glucose  present,  separation  of  red  cuprous  oxide 
results. 

Lehman- Petri  (INDICATOR).  Phenol  nitrosylsulphonate.  Gives, 
a  blue  color  with  alkalies,  and  a  red  with  acids. 

Leismer  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  5  Cc.  o.i-%  solut.  safranine,  i  Cc. 
urine,  and  2  Cc.  soda  lye  are  heated  to  boiling — if  glucose  pres- 
ent, the  solut.  is  decolorized. 

Le  Noble  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  Upon  adding  sodium  nitro- 
prussiate  and  ammonia  to  urine  containing  acetone  a  violet 
color  gradually  forms.  See  Legal' s  test. 

Lenz  (ALKALOIDS).  Certain  alkaloids  give  characteristic  color 
reactions  when  heated  to  redness  with  caustic  potassa,  con- 
taining so  much  water  that  it  is  solid  at  ordinary  temperature, 
but  melts  when  heated  on  the  water-bath.  Quinine  and 
quinidine  give  a  green  color;  cinchonine  and  cinchonidine  a. 
greenish  blue;  cocaine  a  greenish  yellow. 

Lenz  (PILOCARPINE).  Triturate  the  alkaloid  or  its  hydrochlo- 
rate  with  100  parts  calomel — a  gray  to  black  color  develops, 
due  to  reduction  of  calomel.  In  case  of  pilocarpine  nitrate, 
according  to  Nagelvoort,  the  free  base  must  first  be  liberated 
by  NH3,  and  extracted  with  chloroform.  The  residue  left  on 
evaporation  of  latter  is  then  treated  as  above. 

Lenz  (SHIKIMI  FRUIT  IN  STAR  ANISE).  Boil  i  carpel  for  2  min- 
utes with  5  Cc.  95-%  alcohol,  cool,  filter,  and  add  4  to  5  vol- 
umes of  water  to  filtrate — if  fruit  star  anise,  liquid  becomes 
cloudy  (due  to  anethol);  if  shikimi,  liquid  remains  clear.  If 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  177 

shikimi  extract  shaken  with  petroleum  ether,  ethereal  ex- 
tract scarcely  leaves  any  residue  on  evaporation,  and  the  trace 
left  has  a  disagreeable  odor.  Star-anise  extract  similarly 
treated  leaves  an  oily  residue  of  anise  odor. 

Leonard!  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Fuchsine  dissolves 
in  alcohol,  but  not  in  the  pure  oils. 

Leonard!  (CASTOR  OIL  IN  OLIVE  OIL).  Shake  10  Cc.  suspected 
oil  with  5  to  10  Cc.  95-%  alcohol  and  set  aside  till  two  distinct 
layers  form.  If  olive  oil  pure,  its  volume  will  increase;  if 
castor  oil  present,  alcohol  volume  will  increase. 

Lepage  (ALKALOIDS).  A  white  or  yellowish  ppt.  is  afforded  by  a 
solut.  of  cadmium  iodide,  10,  and  potassium  iodide,  20,  in 
water,  60  to  80.  See  Marmes  test. 

Lepage  (POTASSIUM  IODIDE).  Test  purity  of  potassium  iodide 
by  dissolving  in  30-%  alcohol  and  examining  residue,  if 
'any. 

Lepel  (MAGNESIUM  SALTS).  The  violet  color  of  a  solut.  of 
alkanin  in  a  mixture  of  alcohol,  2,  and  ether,  i,  is  changed 
to  blue. 

Letheby  (ANILINE),  i. — A  blue  to  purple  color  is  given  with 
H2SO4  and  lead  or  manganese  dioxide.  2. — A  blue  to  purple 
color  is  afforded  with  H2SO4  and  potassium  ferricyanide.  3. — 
A  bronze-blue  to  pink  color  develops  on  adding  dil.  H2SO4, 
placing  2  drops  on  platinum  foil  and  passing  a  current 
from  a  Grove  battery.  4. — A  blue  color  forms  upon  heat- 
ing to  50°  C.  with  manganese  dioxide  and  diluted  sulphuric 
acid. 

Letheby  (ARSENIC).  Cause  evolution  of  arseniuretted  hydro- 
gen and  pass  gas  into  silver-nitrate  solut. — the  latter  is  colored 
brown  to  black. 

Leube  (QUININE).  Chlorine  water,  potassium  ferrocyanide,  and 
ammonia  cause  a  red  color. 

Leuchs  (WATER  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Shaking  with  petroleum 
spirit  causes  a  cloudiness. 

Lewin  (ACROLEIN  AND  OTHER  ALDEHYDES).  Add  a  trace  to 
mixture  of  piperidin  and  sodium  nitroprussiate — a  gentian- 
blue  color  develops,  changed  to  violet  by  NH3;  to  reddish- 
violet,  then  rust-color  by  NaOH;  to  bluish-green  by  glacial 
acetic  acid;  and  to  rusty-brown  by  mineral  acids.  On  adding 


178  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

water,  however,  the  blue  color  is  restored.  Hydrogen  diox- 
ide gives  a  dirty-brown.  Instead  of  piperidin,  dimethyl- 
amine  may  be  used.  Reaction  is  afforded  with  acetaldehyde, 
paraldehyde,  propionic  aldehyde,  formaldehyde,  trichloral- 
dehyde,  isobutyraldehyde,  benzaldehyde,  salicylaldehyde, 
phenylacetylaldehyde,  cenanthol,  and  furfural. 

Lewin  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  The  urates  separated  by  strongly 
cooling  urine  are  filtered  out,  washed,  dissolved  in  hot  water, 
and  the  solut.  tested  for  biliary  pigments.  See  Gmelin's  test. 

Lewin  (SESAME  OIL).      See  Baudouin's  test. 

Lewis,  Bevan-  (BLUE-BLACK  NERVE-CENTER  STAIN).  Sections 
are  stained  for  one  hour  in  0.25-%  aqueous  solut.  aniline  blue- 
black,  and  in  the  case  of  the  cortex  of  the  cerebellum,  washed 
out  for  20  to  30  minutes  in  a  2-%  chloral  solut.,  prior  to  clean- 
ing and  mounting. 

Lewis,  Bevan-  (HARDENING  PROCESS  FOR  BRAIN).  Keep  in 
methylated  spirit  for  24  hours  in  a  cool  place,  then  transfer  to 
Mueller's  solut.  for  3  days,  after  which  change  the  liquid  and, 
at  end  of  another  3  days,  substitute  a  2-%  solut.  potassium 
bichromate.  At  end  of  2  weeks  use  a  4-%  solut.  bichromate, 
and  if  material  is  unfit  for  section  cutting  in  another  week, 
treat  with  chromic-acid  solut. 

Lewy  (COCAINE  HYDROCHLORATE).  On  adding  borax  to  an 
aqueous  solut.  a  ppt.  forms,  soluble  in  glycerin.  On  warming 
this  solut.  latter  becomes  cloudy,  but  clears  up  again  on  cool- 
ing. 

Lewy  (SYPHILIS-TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Stain  with  carbol-fuch- 
sine  and  decolorize  with  water. 

Lex  (AMMONIA).  Phenol  and  chlorinated-lime  solut.  develop 
a  green  color  which  changes  to  blue  on  warming. 

Lex  (PHENOL  REACTION).  Add  a  solut.  of  a  hypochlorite  (chlo- 
rinated-lime solut.  i  :  20),  or  bromine  water  (Cotton's  modifi- 
cation), to  an  ammoniacal  phenol  solut. — a  green  color  devel- 
ops', changing  to  blue  upon  warming. 

Leys  (SACCHARIN).  To  5  Cc.  of  a  i :  2,500  solut.  saccharin  add  2 
drops  dil.  solut.  Fe2Cl6  and  2  Cc.  H2O2— in  from  30  to  45  min- 
utes a  permanent  violet  color  develops. 

Lidof  (ALBUMINOIDS).  On  gently  heating  a  solut.  of  any  albu- 
minoid substance  with  AgNO3  and  a  slight  excess  KOH  a 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  179 

Thrown  color  develops,  growing  darker  until  liquid  has  a  very 
deep  tint. 

Lidoff  (TEXTILE  FABRICS).  Silk  is  readily  soluble  in  powdered 
oxalic  acid  (on  fusing).  Cellulose  is  less  soluble,  and  wool 
fiber  insoluble. 

Lidow  (ALBUMINOIDS).  Warm  a  solut.  of  a  proteid  with  silver 
nitrate  and  slight  excess  of  caustic  potassa — color  gradually 
darkens  until  cinnamon-brown. 

Lieben  (ACETONE).  To  solut.  (e.  g.,  urine  distillate)  add  a  solut. 
iodine  in  potassium  iodide  and  a  few  drops  of  caustic-potassa 
solut. — iodoform  forms  if  acetone  present.  Alcohol  gives 
the  same  reaction.  See  Gunning's  test. 

Lieben  (ALCOHOL).  Iodoform  forms  on  adding  a  fragment  of 
iodine  and  sufficient  potassa  to  make  a  clear  solution. 

Lieben  (FORMIC  ACID).  Reducing  action  of  formic  acid  on  po- 
tassium permanganate  is  utilized  for  determining  acid  present 
in  a  liquid.  For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  iv,  p.  47. 

Liebermann  (ALBUMINOIDS).  Fuming  HC1  affords  a  bluish- 
violet  color  with  albuminoids  on  boiling. 

Liebermann  (CHOLESTERIN).  A  solut.  of  cholesterin  compounds 
in  acetic  acid  anhydride,  and,  according  to  Burchard,  with 
addition  of  chloroform,  is  colored  rose-red  by  cone.  H2SO4. 
The  color  rapidly  changes  to  blue  and  green. 

Liebermann  (DiAzo-  AND  NITROSO  COMPOUNDS).  These  yield 
intense  colors  with  a  mixture  of  phenol  and  H2SO4. 

Liebermann  (GLYCOTANNOIDS).  Potassium  nitrate,  6  Gm.; 
cone.  H2SO4,  100  Gm.  Glycotannoids  are  decomposed  by 
reagent  with  formation  of  HCN. 

Liebermann  (LANOLIN).  Dissolve  o.i  to  0.2  Gm.  lanolin  in  4  Cc. 
acetic-acid  anhydride  and  add  H2SO4 — a  rose-red  color,  chang- 
ing to  green  or  blue,  develops.  Glycerin  fats  do  not  give  the 
reaction. 

Liebermann  (PHENOL).  Warm  phenol  with  H2SO4,  in  which  5% 
sodium  nitrate  has  been  dissolved — blue  color  forms.  Addi- 
tion of  water  causes  a  brown  ppt. 

Liebermann  (SULPHUROUS  ACID  IN  WINE),  i. — Reduce  to  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  with  sodium  amalgam  and  HC1.  2. — 
Distil,  and  shake  distillate  with  few  drops  solut.  iodic  acid 
and  some  chloroform — latter  is  colored  violet. 


i8o  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Liebermann  (TEXTILE  FABRICS).  Dye  fabric  for  half  an  hour  im 
a  fuchsine  solut.  rendered  light-yellow  by  caustic-soda  solut. 
and  then  wash  with  water — silk  is  colored  dark-red;  wool, 
light-red;  flax,  pink;  cotton  remains  colorless. 

Lie  big  (ALDEHYDE).  Ammoniacal  solut.  silver  nitrate  causes 
formation  of  a  mirror. 

Liebig  (CONIINE).  On  passing  dry  chlorine  gas  over  coniine,  the 
latter  acquires  a  purplish-red  to  blue  color. 

Liebig  (CYANIDES).  Titrate  in  slightly  alkaline  solut.  with  deci- 
normal  silver-nitrate  solut.  till  permanent  opalescent  ppt. 
forms,  i  Cc.  AgNO3  solut.  =  0.0054  HCN. 

Liebig  (CYSTINE).  The  cystine  obtained  from  urine  sediment 
yields  a  black  ppt.  of  lead  sulphide  on  boiling  with  solut.  lead, 
oxide  in  soda  lye. 

Liebig  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  On  evaporating  HCN  with  am- 
monium sulphide  after  adding  a  few  drops  caustic-potassa 
solut.,  dissolving  residue  in  water,  and  acidulating  slightly 
with  HC1,  a  blood-red  color  forms  upon  adding  ferric-chloride 
solut. 

Liebig  (QUININE).  Shake  0.5  Gm.  quinine  sulphate  in  a  stop- 
pered test-tube  with  5  Cc.  of  ether  (sp.  gr.  0.728)  and  i  Cc.  of 
ammonia — two  clear  layers  should  form  on  standing.  A  tur- 
bidity indicates  presence  of  cinchonine  or  allied  alkaloids. 
Compare  with  the  more  delicate  tests  of  Kerner,  Schaefer,  and 
De  Vry. 

Liebig-Woehler  (UREA).  On  evaporating  a  urea  solut.  with 
silver  nitrate,  silver  cyanate  and  ammonium  nitrate  are 
formed. 

Liebman  (ALPHA-NAPHTOL  IN  BETA-NAPHTOL).  Dissolve  0.144 
Gm.  naphtol  in  5  Cc.  alcohol  and  15  Cc.  toluene  in  a  graduated 
tube.  In  a  separate  tube  dissolve  0.14  Gm.  paranitraniline  in 
9  Cc.  dil.  HC1,  cool,  and  diazotize  with  i  Cc.  normal  sodium- 
nitrite  solut.  Add  i  Cc.  of  latter  solut.  to  naphtol  solut., 
shake,  and  add  water.  After  two  layers  formed,  remove  tolu- 
ene layer  and  shake  it  with  5  Cc.  normal  caustic-soda  solut., 
and  compare  color  with  that  similarly  obtained  with  a  solut. 
beta-naphtol  containing  known  quantities  of  alpha-naphtol. 

Liebreich  (CHOLESTERIN  AND  CHOLESTERIN  FATS).  See  Bur- 
chard's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  i8l 

Lifschuetz  (CELLULOSE).  Mixture  for  dissolving  cellulose  con- 
sists of  a  mixture  of  H2SO4  and  HNO3. 

Lightfoot  (PYROLIGNEOUS  MATTER  IN  ACETIC  ACID).  Neutral- 
ize with  sodium-  or  potassium  carbonate  and  add  a  few  drops 
solut.  potassium  permanganate — the  pink  color  of  the  latter 
is  discharged  in  a  few  minutes. 

Linde  (GLYCERIN  IN  FLUID  EXTRACTS).  i. — Render  solution 
slightly  alkaline  with  dilute  sodium-carbonate  solut.,  then  mix 
with  powdered  borax  on  a  watch  crystal — if  glycerin  present, 
a  small  quantity  of  the  mixture  introduced  into  an  alcohol  or 
gas  flame  upon  a  platinum  wire  will  color  the  flame  green.  2. 
— Red  litmus-paper  is  made  blue  by  saturating  with  a  cone, 
borax  solut.  Upon  moistening  this  paper  with  the  glycerin 
solut.  previously  rendered  slightly  alkaline,  the  red  color  re- 
appears more  or  less  rapidly,  depending  on  the  concentration 
of  glycerin  solut.  See  also  Hager's  glycerin  reaction. 

Lindemann-Motten  (ALKALOIDS,  SACCHARIN,  AND  SALICYLIC 
ACID).  Detection  depends  upon  fact  that  a  substance  in  pres- 
ence of  two  non-miscible  solvents  (separated  by  a  membrane) 
passes  into  both,  and  in  definite  proportions.  For  details  see 
MERCK'S  REPORT,  ii,  p.  212. 

Lindo  (ALKALOIDS).  Dissolve  alkaloid  in  diluted  H2SO4,  and 
add  ferric  chloride.  For  resulting  color  reactions,  see  Hager's 
"Pharm.  Praxis,"  1886,  III,  p.  64. 

Lindo  (ELATERIN).  Treat  with  i  or  2  drops  phenol  and  2  or  3 
drops  H2SO4 —  a  crimson  to  scarlet  color  develops. 

Lindo  (GLUCOSE).  Add  a  solut.  of  brucine  in  HNO3  to  a  solut. 
of  glucose  in  soda-  or  potassa  lye — a  yellow  color,  changing  to 
an  intense  blue,  develops. 

Lindo  (MORPHINE).  Copper  sulphate,  i;  water,  10;  ammonia, 
sufficient  to  make  a  clear  solut.  Reagent  gives  with  mor- 
phine an  emerald-green  color. 

Lindo  (NITRATES  AND, NITRITES).  One  drop  15-%  HC1,  one 
drop  of  io-%  resorcin  solut.,  and  2  Cc.  pure  cone.  H2SO4  to 
0.5  Cc.  of  a  solut.  of  a  nitrate  or  nitrite,  yields  a  purple-red 
color. 

Lindo  (NITRIC  ACID).  A  deep-brown  to  red  color  develops  on 
adding  to  nitric  acid  8  or  10  drops  phenol  mixed  with  30  drops 
of  a  cooled  mixture  of  H2SO4,  2,  and  water,  i. 


1 82  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Lindo  (PHENOL).     Inverted  nitric-acid  test  (q.  v.). 

Lindo  (SACCHARIN).  Evaporate  saccharin  to  dryness  with  cone. 
HNO3,  treat  residue  with  a  few  drops  solut.  potassa  in  50-% 
alcohol,  and  warm — blue,  violet,  purple,  and  red  colors  appear 
in  succession. 

Lindo  (SANTONIN).  Dissolve  in  H2SO4  without  heat,  and  add 
very  dilut.  solut.  ferric  chloride  in  small  successive  quantities 
— a  red  to  purple  or  violet  color  develops  on  agitating. 

Lipowitz  (OLIVE  OIL).  Purity  of  oil  is  estimated  by  noting 
color,  degree  of  emulsification,  etc.,  on  rubbing  it  with  one- 
eighth  its  weight  chlorinated  lime. 

Lipowitz  (PHOSPHORUS  IN  ORGANIC  MATTER).  Add  H2SO4,  boil 
half  an  hour  with  some  lumps  of  sulphur,  and  distil.  Wash 
sulphur  and  examine  for  luminosity  and  odor.  Add  some 
HN03  to  distillate,  and  test  for  phosphoric  acid. 

Lipp  (DEXTRIN).  A  cold  sat.  solut.  lead  acetate  is  heated  to 
60°  C.  with  sufficient  lead  oxide  to  solidify  the  mass,  which  is 
later  extracted  with  water,  and  the  solut.  filtered.  This  solut. 
gives  a  white  ppt.  when  boiled  with  a  dextrin  solut. 

List  (HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE  STAIN).  Stain  sections  for  24 
hours  in  a  solut.  of  3  or  4  drops  Renaut's  hematoxylin-glycerin 
in  250  Cc.  water,  and  then  for  a  few  minutes  in  a  mixture  of  i 
part  0.5-%  aqueous  solut.  eosine  with  3  parts  absolute  alcohol. 

List  (METHYL-GREEN-EOSINE  STAIN).  Stain  sections  for  a  few 
minutes  in  a  mixture  of  3  parts  absolute  alcohol  with  i  part  of 
°-5-%  aqueous  solut.  eosine,  then  wash,  and  stain  for  5  min- 
utes in  a  0.5-%  aqueous  solut.  methyl  green.  Wash,  dehy- 
drate, clear,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Livache  (FATTY  OILS).  Note  increase  in  weight  of  oils  when 
mixed  with  finely  divided  lead. 

Lloyd  (ALKALOIDS).  Hydrastine  mixed  with  various  alkaloids, 
and  treated  with  cone.  H2SO4for  5  minutes  gives  various  reac- 
tions. For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  x,  p.  258. 

Lloyd  (WATER  IN  SPIRIT  NITROUS  ETHER).  Milkiness  is  pro- 
duced on  shaking  with  chloroform  or  ( ?  and)  castor  oil. 

Lochini  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  potassium  bichromate  in  hot  cone. 
H2SO4  gives  with  veratrine  a  yellow  color. 

Loeffler  (BACTERIA  STAIN).  Place  section  in  Loeffler's  methyl- 
ene-blue  solut.  (or  cone.  aq.  solut.  of  any  stain  will  do),  then 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  183 

place  in  0.5-%  acetic  acid  solut.  for  a  few  seconds,  then  in 
absolute  alcohol  and  in  cedar  oil,  and  mount  in  Canada 
balsam. 

Loeffler  (FLAGELLA  STAIN),  i. — Prepare  mordant  by  adding  5 
Cc.  cold  sat.  solut.  ferrous  sulphate  and  i  Cc.  aqueous  or  alco- 
holic solut.  fuchsine,  methyl  violet  or  "  Wollschwarz,"  to 
10  Cc.  of  20-%  aqueous  solut.  tannin.  Typhoid  bacilli  re- 
quire addition  of  i  Cc.  of  i-%  solut.  sodium  hydrate;  Bacil- 
lus subtilis  require  28  to  30  drops,  and  the  bacilli  of  malignant 
cedema  require  36  to  37  drops.  In  case  of  cholera  bacteria 
add  0.5  to  i  drop  H2SO4  to  the  soda  solution,  and  for  Spirillum 
rubrum  add  9  drops.  Cover-glass  preparations  are  made  and 
fixed  in  the  flame,  then  treated  with  above  mordant  and  heated 
for  half  a  minute,  after  which  they  are  washed  in 
distilled  water  and  then  in  alcohol.  Stain  by  treating  in  a 
similar  manner  with  a  sat.  solut.  fuchsine  in  aniline  water,  the 
solut.  being  preferably  neutralized  to  point  of  precipitation 
by  cautiously  adding  o.i-%  NaOH  solut.  2. — Gallic-acid 
solut.  i  in  4,  10  Cc.;  cold  sat.  ferrous  sulphate,  5  Cc.;  and 
alcoholic  fuchsine  solut.,  i  Cc.  Fischer's  modification  of  this 
consists  of  tannin  solut.  i  in  10,  20  Cc. ;  ferrous- sulphate  solut. 
i  in  2,  4  Cc.;  and  alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine,  i  Cc.  The  sec- 
tions are  macerated  in  this  with  heat,  washed  in  water, 
then  stained  with  cone,  aqueous  solut.  fuchsine.  For  further 
details  see  Journal  of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society,  1890, 
p.  678. 

Loeffler  (MACERATING  FLUID),  a. — To  10  Cc.  of  a  20-%  aq. 
solut.  tannin  add,  drop  by  drop,  aq.  solut.  ferrous  sulphate 
until  solut.  is  deep  violet.  Then  add  3  to  4  Cc.  logwood  in- 
fusion (i  :  8).  If  more  logwood  is  added,  a  granular  condi- 
dition  occurs,  which  renders  the  staining  functions  of  the  solut. 
useless.  The  fluid  is  dark- violet  for  several  days,  then  grad- 
ually changes  to  deep-black.  The  scum  which  develops  on 
the  surface  does  not  interfere  with  the  solut.  The  addition 
of  4  or  $  Cc.  of  5-%  carbolic  acid  renders  the  solut.  perma- 
nent, and  does  not  affect  the  macerating  strength  materially. 
Keep  solut.  in  well-stoppered  bottles,  b. — Tannin  solut. 
(20-%)  10  Cc.;  sat.  solut.  ferrous  sulphate,  5  Cc.;  aqueous  or 
alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine,  mefhy!  violet,  or  wool  black,  i  Cc. 


1 84  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Loeffler  (WEAK  ALKALINE  ANILINE  WATER).  Add  i  Cc.  of  a 
i-%  solut.  NaOH  to  100  Cc.  saturated  aniline  water. 

Loeffler  (SOLUTION).  Cone,  alcoholic  solut.  methylene  blue, 
30  Cc.;  solut.  potassium  hydrate  (i:  10,000),  100  Cc.  Mix 
and  filter  shortly  before  use.  Stain  sections  for  a  few  minutes 
(tubercle  sections  for  some  hours),  and  remove  excess  of  stain 
by  immersion  for  a  few  seconds  in  5-%  acetic  acid.  Dehy- 
drate in  absolute  alcohol,  clear  in  cedar  oil,  and  mount  in 
balsam. 

Loew  (CREATIN).  On  treatment  with  ammoniacal  copper  crea- 
tin  is  oxidized  to  oxalic  acid  and  methylguanidin. 

Loewe  (GLUCOSE).  Solut.  of  16  Gm.  copper  sulphate  in  64  Gm. 
water  with  80  Cc.  soda  lye  (sp.  gr.  1.34)  and  6  to  8  Gm.  of  glyc- 
erin (gradually  added  to  avoid  heating),  gives  with  glucose  or 
diabetic  urine  a  red  ppt.  upon  warming.  For  quantitative 
estimation  the  reagent  is  prepared  as  follows:  15.621  Gm.  of 
cupric  hydroxide  (from  40  Gm.  of  crystallized  copper  sulphate) 
are  warmed  while  still  moist,  with  30  Gm.  of  glycerin,  80  Cc. 
soda  lye  (sp.  gr.  1.34),  and  160  Cc.  water  until  dissolved,  and 
sufficient  water  added  to  make  whole  measure  1155  Cc.  10 
Cc.  of  this  solut.  correspond  to  0.05  Gm.  glucose.  See  Fehl- 
ing's  solution. 

Loewenthal  (GLUCOSE).  Solut.  of  60  Gm.  tartaric  acid,  240  Gm. 
of  sodium  carbonate,  and  5  Gm.  crystallized  ferric  chloride  in 
500  Cc.  hot  water  gives  with  glucose  solut.  or  diabetic  urine  a 
brown  ppt.  when  boiled  with  it. 

Loewenthal  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  Lead  peroxide  liberates 
chlorine  in  solutions  containing  free  hydrochloric  acid  and 
chlorides  (other  than  those  of  iron  and  tin). 

Longi  (NITRIC  ACID).  An  aqueous  solut.  paratoluidine  sul- 
phate gives  with  a  solut.  containing  HNO3  on  the  addition  of  an 
equal  volume  of  cone.  H2SO4  a  red  zone,  which  later  changes 
to  yellow.  In  the  presence  of  chlorates,  bromates,  iodates, 
chromates,  and  permanganates,  a  blue  color  develops.  Ni- 
trous acid  gives  a  yellow  color  afterwards  changing  into  red. 

Loof  (MORPHINE).  Froehde's  reagent  in  different  strengths  yields 
different  reactions  with  morphine.  A  solut.  0.05  to  o.i  Gm. 
ammonium  molybdate  in  i  Cc.  H2SO4  yields  a  dark-lilac  color 
changing  to  a  permanent  blue.  A  solut.  of  o.ooi  Gm.  salt  in 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  185 

i  Gm.  H2SO4  gives  first  a  lilac,  then  a  dirty  greenish-blue  be- 
coming yellowish  by  degrees.  A  solut.  of  o.oi  Gm.  molyb- 
date  in  i  Cc.  acid  causes  a  dark-lilac,  then  dirty-brown  grad- 
ually becoming  green. 

Loubian  (.INDICAN).  Modification  of  Hammarsten's  reaction, 
in  which  hydrogen  dioxide  is  substituted  for  calcium  hypo- 
chlorite  to  convert  indican  into  indigo.  Two  Cc.  urine  are 
mixed  with  an  equal  volume  chloroform  and  i  Cc.  of  5-  to  io-% 
solut.  hydrogen  dioxide.  Cone.  HC1,  2  Cc.,  is  then  added, 
and  the  mixture  warmed  and  well  shaken;  the  presence  of 
indican  is  shown  by  the  deep-blue  color  of  chloroform  layer. 

Lovett  (CEMENT).  Grind  very  fine  and  mix  dry  2  parts  white 
lead,  2  parts  red  lead,  and  3  parts  litharge.  Keep  powder  in  a 
bottle,  and  when  required  for  use  mix  a  little  with  japanner's 
gold  size  to  consistency  of  paint. 

Xowe  (CRYSTALLIZABLE  PHENOLS  IN  "CARBOLIC"  DISINFEC- 
TANTS). Distil  100  Cc.  in  two  fractions,  the  first  containing 
all  the  water  and  10  per  cent,  of  the  oils,  the  second  62.5  per 
cent.  This  fraction  is  cooled,  a  crystal  of  phenol  added,  and 
the  rise  in  temperature  on  crystallization  taken  with  a  delicate 
thermometer.  From  this  the  quantity  of  phenol  present  is 
deduced. 

Lowit  (GOLD  METHOD).  Place  small  pieces  of  fresh  skin  in 
formic  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.12)  diluted  with  an  equal  bulk  water,  and 
when  epidermis  peels  off  transfer  to  1.5-  or  i-%  gold-chloride 
solut.  for  15  minutes;  next  treat,  in  the  dark,  with  dilute 
formic  acid  (i  part  with  i  to  3  of  water)  for  24  hours,  and  sub- 
sequently for  a  smiliar  length  of  time  with  undiluted  formic 
acid.  Thin  sections  are  then  cut  and  mounted  in  dammar  or 
glycerin. 

Luchini  (VERATRINE).  Solut.  potassium  bichromate  in  hot  cone. 
H2SO4  gives  with  veratrine  a  yellow  color. 

Luchsinger  (GLYCERIN  IN  URINE).  The  alcoholic  extract  has  a 
sweet  taste,  dissolves  copper  hydrate  in  presence  of  soda-lye, 
and  on  distillation  with  potassium  bisulphate  yields  acrolein. 

Luck  (CARBON  DISULPHIDE  IN  MUSTARD  OIL).  Distil  oil  in  a 
water-bath  and  add  to  distillate  alcoholic  potassa  solut.,  a 
slight  excess  acetic  acid,  and  copper-sulphate  solut.  A  lemon- 
yellow  ppt.  indicates  presence  of  carbon  disulphide. 


i86  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Luck  (INDICATOR).  Phenolphtalein.  Colorless  with  acids;  pur- 
plish-red with  alkalies. 

Ludwig  (ALCOHOL).     See  Otto's  test. 

Ludwig  (ANILINE).  Add  phenol  and  solut.  sodium  hypochlorite- 
to  aqueous  solut. — a  dark-blue  develops,  changed  to  red  by 
HC1. 

Ludwig  (MERCURY  IN  URINE).  The  mercury  is  pptd.  on  metal- 
lic zinc  or  copper,  and  the  amalgam  heated  in  a  capillary  tube,, 
the  sublimed  and  evolved  mercury  being  then  identified  by 
conversion  into  red  iodide. 

Ludwig  (POTASSIUM  CHLORATE  IN  VOMIT).  Add  acetic  acid, 
boil  for  i  minute,  filter,  evaporate  to  small  bulk,  and  set  aside. 
Collect  crystals  and  dry  with  blotting  paper.  Treat  crystals 
with  warm  dil.  HC1 — chlorine  gas  is  evolved. 

Luebimoff  (BOROFUCHSINE).  To  20  Cc.  dist.  water  add  0.5  Gm. 
boric  acid,  then  add  15  Gm.  absolute  alcohol;  when  dissolved 
add  0.5  Gm.  fuchsine,  and  agitate. 

Luebimoff  (LEPRA  BACILLUS  STAIN).  Stain  section  £  to  24 
hours  in  borax-fuchsine,  then  place  in  H2SO4  (1:5)  for  a  few 
seconds  till  dark-brown  color  changes  to  yellow-brown,  then 
wash  in  alcohol,  place  in  oil,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Luebimoff  (TUBERCLE  DOUBLE  STAIN).  Stain  24  hours  in  cold 
borax-fuchsine  solut.,  decolorize  in  H2SO4  (1:5).  Decolor- 
ization  is  not  as  rapid  as  with  lepra  bacilli  (differentia- 
tion). 

Luecke  (HIPPURIC  ACID).  Heat  residue  obtained  by  boiling  to 
dryness  a  mixture  of  hippuric  acid  and  cone.  HN03 — a  strong 
odor  of  nitrobenzene  develops. 

Luedy  (UREA).  Add  excess  of  orthonitro-benzaldehyde  to 
alcoholic  solut.,  evaporate  to  dryness;  wash  residue  twice  or 
thrice  with  warm  alcohol,  and  boil  it  with  a  solut.  of  phenyl- 
hydrazine  hydrochlorate  and  5  to  10  drops  io-%  H2SO4 — 
urea  causes  a  redness. 

Luff  (URic  ACID  IN  BLOOD).  Fresh  blood  is  allowed  to  flow 
direct  into  its  own  volume  rectified  spirit,  with  which  it  is 
thoroughly  agitated;  the  mixture  is  then  evaporated  on  water- 
bath  until  the  mass  can  be  reduced  to  a  coarse  powder,  which 
is  dried  in  the  water-oven  and  afterwards  finely  powdered. 
The  admixture  of  the  blood  with  the  spirit  precipitates  the- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  187- 

albuminous  matters  in  a  granular  form,  so  that  when  dried' 
the  blood  can  be  reduced  with  ease  to  a  fine  powder.  One- 
part  of  the  dried  blood  is  taken  as  being  equal  to  five  parts  of 
liquid  blood.  For  the  extraction  and  estimation  of  uric  acid, 
in  blood,  from  50  to  100  Gm.  of  the  powdered  blood  should,  if 
possible,  be  taken.  The  extraction  is  effected  by  adding  100, 
Gm.  powdered  blood  to  a  liter  boiling  distilled  water,  and 
allowing  the  mixture  to  boil  for  half  an  hour,  during  which 
time  it  is  frequently  agitated.  It  is  then  filtered,  first  through 
glass-wool,  and  afterwards  through  filter-paper,  and  evapo- 
rated down  to  50  Cc.;  this  liquid  is  filtered,  allowed  to  cool^ 
and  then  submitted  to  the  Gowland-Hopkins  process  for  the 
determination  of  uric  acid.  See  the  Journal  of  Pathology  and. 
Bacteriology,  1893,  i,  p.  451. 

Lugol  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Iodine,  2  Gm. ;  potassium  iodide t 
3  Gm. ;  water,  250  Gm.;  glacial  acetic  acid,  250  Gm. 

Lugol  (INJECTION).  Iodine,  1.2  Gm.;  potassium  iodide,  1.8  Gm, 
water,  to  make  30  Gm. 

Lugol  (STAINING  BACTERIA).  Iodine,  i;  potassium  iodide,  2; 
water,  300  (or  Gram's  iodine  solut.).  Bacteria  are  stained  in 
a  solut.  made  by  shaking  15  drops  aniline  with  15  Cc.  water  ^ 
filtering,  and  adding  4  or  5  drops  gentian- violet  solut.  After 
staining,  they  are  immersed  in  the  iodine  solut.,  then  in  ab-. 
solute  alcohol  until  decolorization.  Certain  bacilli  (e.  g.,  an-, 
thrax)  retain  the  color;  others  (cholera,  typhoid,  bacterium 
coli)  are  decolorized. 

Lunge  (BicARBONATES  IN  CARBONATES).  To  a  weighed  quan- 
tity of  solid  bicarbonate  add  excess  semi-normal  NH3  followed 
by  excess  of  barium  chloride.  The  whole  is  made  up  to  a 
known  volume  and  a  definite  portion  filtered  through  a  dry 
filter.  This  is  then  titrated  with  normal  acid.  Alkalinity 
indicated  represents  the  carbon  dioxide  existing  as  bicarbon- 
ate in  the  quantity  of  liquid  taken. 

Lunge  (INDICATORS),  i . — Tropaeolin  or  methyl-orange — changed 
from  yellow  to  crimson  by  mineral  acids,  but  indifferent  to 
carbon  dioxide  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  2. — Phenacetolin 
— obtained  by  heating  for  several  hours  i  equivalent  each  of 
carbolic,  sulphuric,  and  glacial  acetic  acids — color  changed 
from  brown  to  red  by  alkalies. 


1 88  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Lunge  (NITROUS  ACID).  Depends  upon  Griess  reaction  (q.  v.) 
with  sulphanilic  acid  and  alpha-naphtylamine,  which,  ac- 
cording to  Lunge,  are  kept  on  hand  dissolved  in  dilute  acetic 
acfd.  Solut.  containing  nitrous  acid  is  colored  red  by  this 
reagent.  For  quantitative  determinations  employ: 

Lunge- Lwoff  (NITROUS  ACID).  Colorimetric  test  carried  out 
by  means  of  solut.  o.i  Gm.  alpha-naphtylamine  in  100  Cc. 
water,  5  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  i  Gm.  sulphanilic  acid,  in 
100  Cc.  water.  Normal  solut.  contains  o.'oi  Mg.  nitrogen  from 
nitrites  per  Cc.  (0.0493  Gm.  sodium  nitrite  dissolved  in  100  Cc. 
water,  and  10  Cc.  of  this  solut.  diluted  to  100  Cc.  with  cone. 
H2SO4).  Place  in  each  of  two  cylinders  i  Cc.  reagent  and  40 
Cc.  water,  then  add  to  the  one  5  Gm.  sodium  acetate,  and 
i  Cc.  normal  solut.  of  substance;  to  the  other,  6  Cc.  solut.  to 
be  tested — compare  the  colors. 

Lunge-Lwoff  (NITRIC  ACID  IN  PRESENCE  OF  NITROUS  ACID). 
Colorimetric  determination  by  means  of  a  solut.  of  0.2  Gm. 
brucine  in  100  Cc.  pure  cone.  H2SO4.  Mix  i  Cc.  normal  solution 
(10  Cc.  solut.  of  0.0721  Gm.  KNO3  in  100  Cc.  water  are  diluted 
to  100  Cc.  with  cone.  H2SO4)  and  i  Cc.  solution  to  be  tested 
each  with  i  Cc.  brucine  solut.  Make  both  up  to  50  Cc.,  with 
cone.  H2SO4,  heat  to  70°  or  80°  C.,  cool,  and  after  solutions  have 
acquired  a  sulphur-yellow  color,  compare  intensities  of  colors 
in  suitable  test-tubes.  The  above  normal  solut.  contains  o.oi 
Mg.  nitrogen  from  nitrates  in  i  Cc. 

Lustgarten  (CHLOROFORM).  Add  a  solut.  alpha-  or  beta-naphtol 
in  potassa  solut.  to  liquid  and  warm — a  blue  color  develops. 
Reaction  also  afforded  by  chloral. 

Lustgarten  (!ODOFORM).  i. — Upon  warming  i  or  2  drops  of  an 
iodoform  solut.  with  a  little  phenol  and  KOH,  a  red  ppt.  forms, 
and  which  yields  a  red  solut.  with  alcohol.  2. — Dissolve  o.i 
Gm.  resorcin  and  a  piece  of  sodium  in  5  Cc.  alcohol.  Five  drops 
of  the  resulting  green  solut.  are  mixed  with  an  ethereal  iodo- 
form solut.,  and  the  ether  cautiously  evaporated — a  cherry- 
red  color  results,  destroyed  by  acids,  but  restorable  by  alkalies. 

Lustgarten  (LEPRA-BACILLUS  STAIN).  Stain  with  aniline-water 
fuchsine  or  gentian- violet,  and  decolorize  in  i-%  solut.  chlo- 
rinated soda  for  some  time,  then  rinse  thoroughly  in  water. 
Tubercle  bacilli  are  decolorized  earlier  than  lepra  bacilli. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  189, 

Lustgarten  (NAPHTOLS).  Alpha-  and  beta-naphtol  dissolved 
in  alcoholic  potassa  solut.  and  warmed  with  chloroform  to  50^ 
C.  yield  clear,  blue  soluts.  reddened  by  acids.  See  Wolffs 
test. 

Lustgarten  (STAINING  SYPHILIS  BACILLI).  Place  sections  in 
gentian-violet  aniline  water  (see  Koch-Ehrlich  method)  at  the 
ordinary  temperature  for  12  to  24  hours,  then  for  2  hours  at 
40°  C.  Next  transfer  to  absolute  alcohol  for  a  few  minutes, 
then  place  for  10  seconds  in  a  1.5-%  potassium-permanganate 
solut.  and  afterwards  wash  in  sulphurous  acid.  If  ground  sub- 
stance of  sections  not  completely  decolorized,  repeat  second 
part  of  process,  then  dehydrate,  clear,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Lutesch  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Mordant  with  freshly  pre- 
pared solut.  ferric  acetate,  to  each  16  Cc.  of  which  5  to  10  drops 
acetic  acid  have  been  added,  then  wash  in  water,  treat  with 
20-%  acetic  acid,  again  thoroughly  wash,  and  finally  stain 
with  a  hot  solut.  fuchsine  or  gentian- violet  in  aniline  water. 

Luttke  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Yellow 
color  of  tropseolin  OO  is  changed  to  red  by  free  acid.  See 
Rie gel's  test  and  Boas'  test. 

Lutz  (MiCROCHEMiCAL  REAGENT).  Add  NH3  to  a  sat.  solut. 
methyl  green  in  90-%  alcohol  until  decolorization ,  then  add 
acetic  acid  by  drops  till  ppt.  just  redissolved.  Macerate  sec- 
tions in  the  solut.,  then  transfer  after  a  few  minutes  to  water 
acidulated  with  acetic  acid.  Green  color  rapidly  develops  and 
becomes  localized  on  elements  just  like  fuchsine,  but  weaker; 
it  is  intensified  on  lightly  warming  sections.  Reagent  is 
adapted  for  use  by  artificial  light. 

Lutz  (TANNINS  IN  DRUGS).  Copper  sulphate,  2  Gm.;  ammonia 
water,  sufficient  to  just  dissolve  ppt. ;  water,  to  make  100  Gm. 
Immerse  drug  in  solut.  for  several  hours,  make  sections,  which 
wash  well  with  water  and  imbed  in  glycerin-gelatin  or  Canada 
balsam.  Tannins  then  appear  dark-brown  to  black,  and  may 
be  readily  distinguished. 

Lutz-Unna  (L/EPRA-BACILLUS  DOUBLE  STAIN).  lodide-para- 
rosaniline  method.  Stair  in  heated  dil.  aniline-water  gentian- 
violet  solut.  till  section  dark-blue  violet,  then  carry  from  one 
to  other  of  following,  allowing  a  few  minutes  to  each:  Solut. 
KI,  absolute  alcohol  containing  10- to  50-%  HNO3,  then  pure 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

absolute  alcohol.  Repeat  process  several  times  (omitting  KI 
at  last)  till  section  is  only  bluish-green  or  slate  color,  then  clear 
in  thymol  or  olive  oil,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Lux  (FATTY  OILS  IN  MINERAL  OILS).  In  a  paraffin  bath  kept  at 
from  200°  to  210°  C.,  heat  for  15  minutes  two  samples  of  oil 
contained  in  test-tubes,  to  one  of  which  some  of  NaOH  has  been 
added,  to  the  other  a  few  fragments  of  metallic  sodium.  Even 
if  specimen  contains  only  2%  fatty  oil,  one  or  the  other  sam- 
ple, but  generally  both,  will  solidify  and  form  a  stiff  mass. 

Lux  (INDICATOR).  The  colorless  alcoholic  solut.  of  flavescin,  an 
extract  from  oakwood,  is  turned  yellow  by  alkalies,  and  decol- 
orized by  acids. 

Lyon  (MIXTURE  FOR  EXTRACTING  STRYCHNINE  AND  BRUCINE). 
Three  volumes  ether,  and  i  volume  of  a  mixture  of  88  Cc. 
chloroform,  12  Cc.  alcohol,  and  2  Cc.  ammonia. 

Lythgoe  (ANILINE  ORANGE  IN  MILK).  Mix  15  Cc.  milk  and  15 
Cc.  HC1  (sp.  gr.  i. 20)  in  a  casserole,  and  gently  shake  to  cause 
thorough  mixing  and  breaking  up  of  curd  into  coarse  lumps — 
if  aniline  orange  present  in  milk,  curd  will  be  pink;  if  no  color- 
ing matter  present,  curd  will  be  white  or  yellowish. 

Mack  (STRYCHNINE).  With  H2SO4  and  MnO2,  strychnine  gives  a 
dark  blue  color,  changing  to  violet,  pink  and  yellow. 

MacLagan  (COCAINE).  Treat  50  Cc.  of  an  approximately  o.i-% 
solut.  of  a  cocaine  salt  with  2  to  3  drops  of  NH3,  and  rub 
vigorously  walls  of  the  glass  vessel  with  a  glass  rod — pure 
cocaine  separates  out  in  crystals;  a  milky  turbidity  indicates 
presence  of  amorphous  alkaloids  (isatropyl-cocaine). 

MacMunn  (!NDICAN).  Modification  of  Hammarsten's  reaction. 
Boil  equal  volumes  urine  and  HC1  with  a  few  drops  HNO3,  cool, 
and  shake  with  chloroform — last  becomes  violet,  and  shows 
indigo  absorption  bands. 

Mac  William  (ALBUMIN).  A  cone,  aqueous  solut.  of  salicyl-sul- 
phonic  acid  gives  a  white  ppt.  with  albumin,  globulin,  myosin, 
and  derived  albumins.  With  albumoses,  the  ppt.  dissolves 
on  heating;  peptones  give  no  ppt.  except  in  solut.  saturated 
with  ammonium  sulphate.  See  Rock's  test. 

Magini  (STAIN  FOR  NERVOUS  CENTRES).  Improved  Golgi's 
method.  Harden  cubes  measuring  2  or  3  Cm.  for  2  or  3 
months  in  Muller's  solut.,  then  wash  well  with  distilled  water, 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  191 

and  place  in  o.i-  to  i-%  solut.  ZnCl2.  Change  solut.  for 
fresh  every  day  for  7  to  10  days  until  it  ceases  to  become 
more  yellow  than  bichromate  solut.,  then  cut  sections,  wash 
.  quickly  with  alcohol,  imperfectly  clear  with  creosote,  and 
mount  in  dammar. 

Magnanini-Ciamician  (SKATOL).     See  Ciamician-Magnanini. 

Magnier  de  la  Source  (URIC  ACID).  Triturate  sediment  from 
urine  with  water,  add  a  few  drops  of  bromine  water,  and  evap- 
orate— if  uric  acid  is  present  residue  is  brick-red;  on  dissolv- 
ing it  in  KOH  solut.  a  blue  color  results;  with  NH3  solut.  is 
purple. 

Mahomed  (HEMOGLOBIN  IN  URINE).  Dip  blotting-paper  in  urine, 
dry  over  alcohol-lamp,  drop  on  2  drops  tinct.  guaiac,  evap- 
orate off  alcohol,  and  let  i  drop  of  ozonized  ether  fall  on  spot — 
a  blue  color  develops. 

Mahrenthal,  Von-  (STAIN).  See  Lee's  osmic-acid  and  pyrogallol' 
stain. 

Maier  (IODINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  adding  a  very  dilute 
solut.  KI  to  a  solut.  of  an  iodide  mixed  with  starch  paste  and 
H2SO4. 

Maier  (TURPENTINE  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Note  optical  behavior 
of  oils  in  a  polarizing  apparatus.  See  Am.  Journ.  Pharm., 
xxxvii,  p.  338. 

Mai-Hilger  (COLORING  IN  URINE).     See  Hilger-Mai. 

Maisch  (CROTON  OIL)  Treat  oils  suspected  to  contain  croton 
oil  with  alcoholic  potassa  solut.,  add  water  and  HC1  to  sepa- 
rated alkaline  layer,  and  apply  oil  which  separates  to  the 
skin — a  peculiar  eruption  results  if  croton  oil  present. 

Maisch  (CURCUMA).  See  Maisch' 's  test  for  turmeric.  Also  see 
Howie's  test. 

Maisch  (ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Note  the  appearance:  (i)  on  letting 
i  drop  bromine  fall  upon  5  drops  oil  in  a  watch-glass;  (2)  on 
adding  5  drops  ethereal  solut.  of  bromine  (ether  5,  bromine  i) 
to  5  drops  oil.  See  Proc.  Am.  Pharm.  Assoc.,  1859,  p.  338. 

Maisch  (NITROBENZENE  IN  ALMOND  OIL),  i. — Shake  2  or  3  Cc.  of 
the  oil  with  half  its  weight  fused  KOH — a  reddish-yellow  color 
develops,  which  quickly  changes  to  green;  on  adding  water  a 
;green  layer  separates  and  turns  red  within  twenty-four  hours. 
2. — Dissolve  i  part  oil  in  12  of  alcohol,  add  9  KOH  (?  solut.) 


I92  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

and  evaporate  to  about  14  parts — if  oil  pure,  the  residue  is 
brownish-red,  contains  no  crystals,  and  dissolves  in  water;, 
with  nitro-benzene  it  is  crystalline  and  insoluble  in  water. 

Maisch  (QUININE).  A  voluminous  crystalline  but  jelly-like  ppt. 
is  thrown  down  on  adding  a  cone,  solut.  of  an  alkaline  acetate 
to  a  solut.  of  quinine  sulphate. 

Maisch  (TURMERIC  IN  RHUBARB).  Shake  rhubarb  powder  for  one 
or  two  minutes  with  absolute  alcohol,  and  filter  off  liquid;, 
yellow  filtrate  is  turned  brown  with  cone,  solut.  of  borax,  and 
the  color  becomes  only  a  little  lighter  on  adding  HC1,  if  tur- 
meric present.  With  pure  rhubarb,  the  acid  at  once  changes 
the  color  to  light  yellow.  See  Howie's  test. 

Malassez  (AMMONIA-CARMINE).    See  Ranvier's  ammonia-carmine. 

Malerba  (ACETONE).  Fluids  (such  as  urine)  containing  acetone 
are  colored  red  by  dimethyl-paraphenylene-diamine  solut. 
The  spectrum  of  the  red  solut.  is  similar  to  that  of  oxyhemo- 
globin. 

Mallet  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  Add  solut.  sodium  sali- 
cylate  to  vinegar — if  considerable  mineral  acid  present,  sali- 
cylic acid  will  ppt.  out.  With  very  small  quantities  of  acids, 
however,  no  ppt.  forms. 

Maly  (BILIRUBIN).  Bromine  gives  colors  similar^to  those  af- 
forded by  HNO3  in  Gmelin's  test  (q.  v.). 

Maly  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Violet 
color  of  methylene  blue  is  changed  to  green. 

Maly  (URIC  ACID).  Dilute,  faintly  alkaline  solut.  of  a  urate 
remains  clear  on  adding  ammoniacal  AgNO3.  On  adding  an 
ammoniacal  magnesia  solut.,  however,  a  flocctilent  or  gelatin- 
ous ppt.  forms. 

Mandel  (PRECIPITANT  FOR  PROTEIDS).  A  5-%  solut.  chromic 
acid  forms  a  delicate  reagent  for  albuminoids;  a  turbidity 
results  with  a  dilution  of  i  part  albumin  in  50,000  parts 
water.  If  solut.  first  acidulated  with  acetic  or  citric  acid,  the 
ppt.  subsides  very  rapidly.  A  io-%  solut.  chromic  acid  may 
be  used  instead  of  nitric  acid  for  Heller's  zone  reaction  for  albu- 
min. See  also  Zuelzer's  test. 

Mandelin  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  of  i  Gm.  ammonium  vanadate  in 
200  Cc.  cone.  H,SO4.  Reagent  yields  brown,  red,  or  green 
colors  with  alkaloids. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  193 

Mandelin  (STRYCHNINE).  Mix  little  strychnine  in  a  watch-glass 
with  a  few  drops  i-%  solut.  sodium  vanadate  in  cone.  H2SO4. 
On  appearance  of  a  dark  color,  tilt  glass  to  allow  fluid  to  run 
off — residue  develops  a  beautiful  blue  color,  changing  to  ver- 
milion and  reddish-yellow.  On  addition  of  a  little  alkali  a 
permanent  pink  to  purple  color  develops. 

Manfred!  (GOLD  METHOD).  Treat  fresh  tissues  with  i-%  solut. 
gold  chloride  for  30  minutes,  then  with  0.5-%  oxalic-acid 
solut.;  warm  in  water  to  36°  C.,  cool,  and  mount  in  glycerin. 

Mangin  (CELLULOSE),  i. — Microscopical  section  is  first  mac- 
erated in  a  solut.  of  iodine,  0.5;  potassium  iodide,  1.5;  water, 
100 ;  and  H2SO4  (2  volumes  of  cone,  acid  to  i  of  water)  is  then 
added.  Cellulose  is  indicated  by  a  blue  color.  Section  may 
be  treated  directly  with  one  of  the  following  solutions:  (i) 
Zinc  chloride,  20;  iodine,  1.3;  potassium  iodide,  6.5;  water, 
10.5;  or  (2)  with  sat.  calcium-chloride  solut.,  10;  potassium 
iodide,  0.5;  iodine,  o.i;  or  (3)  with  cone,  phosphoric  acid,  25; 
potassium  iodide,  0.5,  and  a  few  crystals  of  iodine.  2. — Solut. 
of  free  iodine  in  iodic  acid;  section  is  dipped  in  water  or  alco- 
hol, then  dried,  a  few  drops  reagent  added,  and  the  preparation 
washed  in  water.  Cellulose  is  colored  black. 

Mangini  (ALKALOIDS).  Potassium  iodide,  3  parts;  bismuth 
iodide,  16  parts;  HC1,  3  parts.  Reagent  yields  brown  ppts. 
with  solution  of  alkaloids.  See  Dragendorff's  test.  Above 
reagent  has  the  advantage  over  the  latter  of  not  becoming  tur- 
bid when  mixed  with  water. 

Mann  (ALBUMIN  FIXATIVE).  Shake  i  volume  egg  albumin  with 
10  volumes  distilled  water,  and  filter  twice  through  same  paper. 
Spread  filtered  liquid  on  clear  slides,  which  then  leave  to  drain 
and  dry.  Float  sections  to  be  mounted  in  warm  water  (40° 
C.),  arrange  on  slides  passed  beneath  them,  place  slides  for  5 
minutes  on  a  stove  heated  to  35°  C.,  and  then  treat  with 
xylene  and  alcohol. 

Mann  (OSMIC-ACID  MIXTURE  FOR  NERVE  CENTERS).  Mix  equal 
volumes  i-%  solut.  osmic  acid  and  sat.  solut.  mercuric  chlo- 
ride in  normal  salt  solut.  (0.75-%). 

Mann  (PICRO-TANNIN  MIXTURES),  i. — Dissolve  i  part  picric 
acid  with  (or  without)  i  part  tannin  in  200  parts  sat.  solut. 
mercuric  chloride  in  normal  salt  solut.  (0.75-%).  2. — Abso- 


194  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

lute  alcohol,  100  Cc.;  picric  acid,  4  Gm. ;  mercuric  chloride,  15 
Gm. ;  tannin,  6  to  8  Gm.  3. — Mercuric  chloride,  12  Gm. ;  so- 
dium chloride,  0.75  Gm.;  picric  acid,  i  Gm.;  tannin,  i  Gm.; 
water,  1,000  Gm. 

Mann  (WATER  IN  ALCOHOL,  AIR,  ETC.)  Triturate  i  part  molyb- 
dic  acid  with  2  parts  citric  acid,  fuse,  and  when  cool  dis- 
solve in  water.  Saturate  filter-paper  with  solut.  and  dry  at 
100°  C.  This  blue  paper  becomes  white  on  absorption  of 
water  when  exposed  to  moist  air,  or  when  dipped  into  alcohol 
or  ether  containing  water. 

Mann-Hefelmann  (FLUORINE  IN  BEER).  See  Hefelmann- 
Mann. 

Manseau  (CARBOLIC  ACID).  On  addition  of  a  few  drops  NH3 
to  an  alcoholic  solut.  of  carbolic  acid  followed  by  adding  tinc- 

.  ture  of  iodine,  the  iodine  disappears  at  first  rapidly,  then  more 
slowly,  and  finally  a  greenish  color  is  produced  which  remains 
even  on  heating  or  after  the  addition  of  HC1.  Under  similar 
conditions  beechwood  creoso  e  and  guaiacol  give  a  brownish- 
green  color  (the  more  phenol  the  creosote  contains  the  more 
distinctly  green  is  the  color) ;  thymol  gives  a  brick-red ;  resor- 
cin,  a  color  like  that  of  old  cognac;  naphtol,  a  citron-yellow; 
pyrocatechin,.  a  "catechu";  pyrogallol,  a  black;  hydroqui- 
none,  a  reddish-brown;  orcin,  a  violet;  salicylic  acid,  a  yel- 
lowish-green, passing  to  brown,  with  the  formation  of  appt. 
In  presence  of  NaOH  or  KOH  a  yellowish,  not  green,  color  is 
produced,  with  formation  of  a  ppt. 

Mansier  (CAMPHOR  IN  SPIRIT  CAMPHOR).  Add  water  to  en- 
tirely ppt.  camphor,  then  add  cone,  solut.  chloral  hydrate  until 
camphor  all  redissolved.  Quantity  of  solut.  used  is  an  index 
of  the  quantity  of  camphor  present. 

Marchand  (CINCHONA  ALKALOIDS).  Note  effects  of  nascent 
oxygen  from  lead  peroxide  and  H2SO4.  See  Am.  Journ. 
Pharm.,  xvi,  p.  198;  xxx,  p.  244. 

Marchand  (IODINE).  A  rose  to  violet  color  with  dry  starch,  ex- 
cess of  HC1,  and  potassium  bichromate  results. 

Marchand  (OLIVE  OIL).     Note  color  reactions  with  H2SO4. 

Marchand  (ORGANIC  MATTER  IN  WATER).  Presence  of  sus- 
pended organic  matter  is  revealed  on  placing  the  water  in  a 
flask  surrounded  by  black  paper  in  which  two  rectangular 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  195 

apertures  are  cut  so  as  to  be  opposite,  and  passing  a  beam  of 
light  through  the  water. 

Marchand  (STRYCHNINE).  Triturate  strychnine  with  H2SO4 
containing  i%  HNO3,  and  add  lead  peroxide — a  blue  color 
develops  which  changes  to  violet,  green,  and  yellow. 

Marechal  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Add  2  or  3  drops  tincture  of 
iodine  to  an  acid  or  neutral  urine — if  biliary  pigments  present 
an  emerald-green  color  appears.  See  Smith's  test. 

Mark  (CHROMO-ACETO-OSMIC  ACID).  7.5  parts  2-%  chromic 
acid;  3.5  parts  water;  and  i  part  glacial  acetic  acid.  To  12 
parts  of  this  mixture  add  8  parts  i-%  osmic-acid  solution. 

Marm6  (ALKALOIDS).  Add  to  a  boiling,  cone,  solut.  of  potas- 
sium iodide  (4  parts  KI  in  12  parts  of  water),  cadmium  iodide 
to  saturation  (2  parts),  and  mix  this  with  an  equal  volume  of 
a  cold,  sat.  solut.  of  KI.  The  cone,  solut.  is  permanent;  a 
weak  one  decomposes  upon  standing.  With  solutions  of  alka- 
loids, this  reagent  yields  white  to  yellowish  ppts.  See  Dra- 
gendorff:  "  Ermittelung  der  Gifte  " ;  Hager:  "Pharm.  Praxis." 
Known  also  as  Lepage's  reagent.  V erven  modifies  this  by  dis- 
solving potassium  iodide,  10;  cadmium  iodide,  5;  in  distilled 
water,  100;  five  parts  of  the  alkaloidal  solut.  slightly  acidu- 
lated are  shaken  with  i  Cc.  reagent. 

Marm€  (CADMIUM  OR  THALLIUM  IN  URINE).  Potassium  chlo- 
rate and  HC1  are  added  to  the  solut.,  which  is  then  concen- 
trated and  electrolyzed.  The  metal  deposited  on  the  plati- 
num terminal  is  washed  and  spectroscopically  examined.  It 
is  usually  well  to  examine  both  cathode  and  anode. 

Marque  (SPARTEINE).  Sparteine  sulphate  warmed  with  one- 
third  its  weight  of  chromic  acid  yields  a  green  color  through 
reduction  of  the  acid.  The  penetrating  odor  of  cicutin  is 
developed  at  the  same  time. 

Marquis  (MORPHINE).  Reagent  is  a  mixture  of  10  Cc.  H2S04  and 
10  drops  of  cone,  oxymethylsulphonic-acid  solution. 

Marsh  (ARSENIC).  Arseniuretted  hydrogen  (arsine)  is  produced 
from  solutions  of  arsenates  or  arsenites  (which  must,  however, 
be  free  from  oxidizing  agents)  by  pure  zinc  and  dil.  H2SO4.  If 
gas  is  passed  through  a  red-hot  glass  tube,  metallic  arsenic  is 
deposited  on  the  cold  portion  of  the  tube  beyond  the  heated 
part.  Upon  igniting  the  arsine  and  holding  a  cold  porcelain 


196  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

plate  in  the  flame,  metallic  arsenic  is  deposited  upon  the  plate, 
(Concerning  further  tests,  distinction  from  antimony,  and 
precautions  to  be  observed  in  manipulation,  see  Frese- 
nius'  "Qualitative  Analysis,"  and  Hager's  "Pharm.  Praxis." 
Davy's  modification  consists  in  the  use  of  sodium  amalgam 
instead  of  zinc  and  H2SO4.  In  Himmelmann's  modification, 
zinc,  iron,  and  cone,  ammonium-chloride  solut.  are  used.  In 
Fleitmann's  modification,  zinc  and  caustic  soda  or  potassa 
liberate  the  gas. 

Marsh  (CHLORINE  METHOD  FOR  BLEACHING  SECTIONS).  Gen- 
erate chlorine  from  potassium  chlorate  and  HC1,  and  pass  gas 
to  bottom  of  vessel  containing  sections  immersed  in  water. 

Marsh  (DECALCIFICATION  MIXTURE).  Dissolve  15  Gm.  pure 
chromic  acid  in  7  fl.  oz.  distilled  water,  and  add  30  minims 
HNO3.  Macerate  objects  in  this  for  3  or  4  weeks,  changing 
fluid  frequently. 

Marsh  (GELATIN  CEMENT  FOR  GLYCERIN  MOUNTS).  Soak  £ 
oz.  Nelson's  gelatin  in  water  until  swollen,  then  pour  off  ex- 
cess of  water,  melt  gelatin,  and  stir  in  3  drops  creosote.  Use 
cement  warm;  when  rings  set  quite  hard  and  dry,  paint  over 
with  solut.  of  10  grains  potassium  bichromate  in  i  fl.  oz.  water. 
Subsequent  exposure  to  light  renders  the  gelatin  insoluble 
in  water. 

Marsh  (INDICATOR).  An  infusion  of  dahlia  petals,  containing 
4  fl.  dr.  H2SO4  and  2  grs.  mercuric  chloride  to  the  pint,  is  neu- 
tralized with  NH3.  Alkalies  turn  the  infusion  green,  and 
acids  change  the  color  to  red. 

Martin  (BENZOAZURIN  STAIN).  Immerse  in  a  dil.  aqueous  solut. 
of  benzoazurin  for  an  hour  or  so,  and  wash  out  with  70-%  alco- 
hol acidulated  with  0.5  to  i%  HC1  (sp.gr.  1.16). 

Martin  (NITRIC  ACID).  A  solution  of  diphenylamine  in  H2SO4 
and  water  gives  a  blue  to  black  color  when  a  liquid  containing 
nitric  acid  is  added  drop  by  drop. 

Martin  (PEPTONES  IN  URINE).  Ppt.  proteids  with  ammonium 
sulphate,  filter,  and  add  to  filtrate  solut.  copper  sulphate  and 
NaOH — rose-red  color  develops. 

Martinet ti  (PICRO-NIGROSINE  STAIN).  Pathological  objects  are 
stained  for  2  or  3  hours  or  days  in  a  sat.  solut.  of  nigrosine  in 
sat.  alcoholic  picric- acid  solut.  Then  wash  out  in  a  mixture 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  197 

of  i  part  formic  acid  with  2  parts  alcohol  until  gray  matter 
appears  clearly  differentiated  from  the  white  to  the  naked 
eye. 

Martinotti-Resegotti  (SAFRANINE  METHOD).  Sections  of  alco- 
hol-fixed material,  lightly  stained  with  safranine  are  differen- 
tiated with  a  freshly  prepared  mixture  of  i  part  o.i-%  aqueous 
solut.  chromic  acid  with  9  parts  absolute  alcohol,  followed  by 
pure  alcohol  and  bergamot  oil.  Elastic  tissue  is  fixed  by  Mar- 
tinotti  in  a  chromic  liquid,  washed,  stained  for  48  hours  in 
Pfitzner's  (5-%)  safranine  solut.,  again  washed,  dehydrated, 
cleared,  and  mounted  in  balsam.  The  elastic  fibers  are  stained 
an  intense  black. 

Maschke  (CREATININE).  Neutralize  a  creatinine  solut.  with 
Na2CO3,  or  dissolve  creatinine  in  a  cold,  sat.  solut.  Na2CO3, 
and  add  a  few  drops  Fehling's  solut. — a  white,  amorphous, 
flocculent  ppt.  forms  (more  rapidly  on  heating). 

Maschke  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).  Dissolve  crystallized  sodium 
tungstate  30,  in  30-%  acetic  acid,  75,  and  water,  120.  A  black 
deposit  forms  on  adding  to  urine  containing  glucose  one-third 
its  volume  of  the  above  solut.,  filtering  if  necessary,  adding 
half  the  volume  of  cone,  soda  solut.  and  a  small  fragment  of 
basic  bismuth  nitrate,  then  boiling. 

Maschke  (INDICATOR).  An  alcoholic  solution  of  hematoxylin  is 
changed  from  brownish-yellow  to  purplish- red  by  alkalies. 

Maschke  (MOLYBDENUM).  A  blue  color  develops  on  placing  2 
drops  of  H2SO4  upon  platinum  foil,  dusting  upon  the  liquid  a 
little  of  the  powdered  substance  containing  molybdenum, 
heating  till  vapors  begin  to  escape,  then  cooling  and  breathing 
upon  the  foil. 

Maschke  (NITROUS  ACID  IN  WATER).  Bluish  color  developed 
on  adding  6  to  10  drops  dil.  acetic  acid,  followed  by  i  or  2  drops 
of  blue  molybdic-acid  solut.,  disappears  within  an  hour  if 
nitrous  acid  present. 

Maseau  (PHENOL).  On  dissolving  a  few  crystals  phenol  in  i  Cc. 
alcohol  and  adding  a  few  crops  NHS  followed  by  an  alcoholic 
solut.  iodine,  the  latter  is  at  first  immediately  decolorized,  but 
later  the  solut.  acquires  a  sea-green  color,  not  destroyed  by 
HC1  or  heat,  but  destroyed  by  HNO3  and  H2SO4.  For  details 
see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  x,  p.  365. 


198  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Masin  (POTASSIO-MERCURIC  IODIDE  SOLUTION).  Almost  the 
same  as  Mayer's  reagent  (q.  v.). 

Massart  (HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE).  See  Everard-Demoor-M  as- 
sart. 

Masset  (BILIARY  MATTER).  A  grass-green  color  develops  on 
adding  2  or  3  drops  H2SO4  and  a  crystal  of  potassium  nitrite 
to  2  Cc.  of  urine  containing  biliary  matter.  See  Gmelin's  test. 

Massie  (FIXED  OILS).  Note  the  color  change  on  adding  5  Gm. 
HNO3  to  10  Cc.  of  oil,  and  stirring  with  a  glass  rod  for  two  min- 
utes. Then  add  i  Gm.  mercury,  stir  a  few  times  during  three 
or  four  minutes,  and  note  the  color  reactions. 

Matthieu-Plessy  (GLUCOSE;  SUGAR;  PYROGALLOL).  Fuse  to- 
gether 54  parts  ammonium  nitrate,  34  parts  lead  nitrate,  and 
21  parts  lead  hydroxide.  This  mixture  melts  at  105°  C., 
and  affords  with  glucose  a  cherry-red  color ;  with  cane  suga 
a  yellowish-brown  color;  with  pyrogallol  a  chrome-green 
color. 

Maugin  (TEXTILE  FABRICS).  Reagent  for  the  microscopical 
examination  of  textile  fabrics  is  an  ammoniacal  ruthenium 
oxy chloride  (ruthenium-red). 

Maule  (LIGNIN).  The  section  is  soaked  for  about  five  minutes 
in  a  i-%  solut.  of  KMnO4  in  dist.  water,  and  then 
washed  with  water.  The  section  is  then  soaked  for  2  to  3 
minutes  in  dilute  HC1;  after  again  washing  in  water,  a  drop  of 
dilute  ammonia  solut.  is  added  to  the  section,  when  the  ligni- 
fied  tissue  becomes  colored  a  deep  red,  the  non-lignified  re- 
maining clear  and  colorless. 

Maumene  (DIFFERENTIATING  OILS).  The  rise  in  temperature 
resulting  when  the  oil  and  cone.  H2SO4  are  mixed,  is  observed. 
Drying  oils  evolve  much  more  heat  than  non-drying  ones. 

Maumeng  (GLUCOSE),  i. — Saturate  white  woolen  threads  with 
a  33-%  zinc-chloride  solut.  and  dry.  When  moistened  with 
a  solut.  glucose  and  heated  to  130°  C.,  the  threads  are  colored 
brown  or  black.  2. — Heat  glucose  solut.  with  stannous  chlo- 
ride— a  black-brown  caramel-like  ppt.  forms. 

Maupy  (CASTOR  OIL  IN  BALSAM  COPAIVA  OR  CROTON  OIL). 
Heat  10  Gm.  suspected  balsam  or  oil  in  a  silver  dish  with  excess 
dry  KOH,  and  stir  until  volatile  oils  dissipated.  If  castor  oil 
was  present,  odors  of  sebacic  acid  and  caprylic  alcohol  are 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  199 

noted,  and  two  layers  form,  an  upper  resinous  and  a  lower 
white  fluid.  The  latter  is  boiled  with  50  Gm.  dist.  water,  and 
the  solut.  filtered.  If  any  castor  oil  was  present,  sebacic  acid 
separates  on  cooling. 

Mayencon-Bergeret  (ARSENIC).  On  exposing  mercuric-chloride 
paper  to  arseniuretted  hydrogen,  it  is  colored  lemon-yellow  to 
light  brown. 

Mayer  (AciD  HEMALUM).  See  Mayer's  Hemalum  and  Glyche- 
malum. 

Mayer  (ACIDULATED  ALCOHOL).  Add  3  volumes  of  pure  HC1  to 
97  volumes  of  90-%  alcohol  in  which  is  dissolved  a  small  quan- 
tity of  picric  acid. 

Mayer  (ALBUMIN  FIXATIVE  FOR  SLIDES).  Shake  well  together 
50  Cc.  egg  albumin,  50  Cc.  glycerin,  and  i  Gm.  sodium  salicyl- 
ate,  then  filter. 

Mayer  (ALCOHOLIC  CARMINE),  i. — Boil  100  Gm.  alcohol  with 
i  or  2  drops  HC1  and  an  excess  of  carmine,  until  a  clear  solution 
is  obtained,  taking  care  that  the  carmine  remains  in  excess. 
2. — Boil  carmine,  4  Gm.,  water,  15  Cc.  and  HC1,  30  drops,  until 
the  carmine  is  dissolved,  then  add  95  Cc.  of  85-%  alcohol  and 
neutralize  by  adding  NH3  until  the  carmine  begins  to  pre- 
cipitate. 

Mayer  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  potassio-mercuric  iodide.  Dis- 
solve 13.546  mercuric  chloride  and  49.8  Gm.  potassium  iodide 
in  water  and  dilute  to  i  liter.  With  most  alkaloids  in  slightly 
acid  solutions  reagent  yields  whitish  ppts.  It  may  also  be 
used  in  quantitative  determinations.  Reagent  is  also  known 
as  Delf's,  Planta's,  Tanret's,  and  Winkler's  reagents. 

Mayer  (ALUMINIUM-CHLORIDE  CARMINE).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  car- 
minic  acid  and  3  Gm.  aluminium  chloride  in  200  Cc.  water. 

Mayer  (BERLIN-BLUE  INJECTION).  Add  solut.  of  10  Cc.  tincture 
ferric  chloride  in  500  Cc.  water  to  a  solut.  of  20  Gm.  potassium 
ferrocyanide  in  500  Cc.  water,  allow  to  stand  for  12  hours,  de- 
cant, wash  deposit,  for  i  or  2  days  with  distilled  water,  until 
washings  come  through  dark  blue,  then  dissolve  the  blue  in 
about  a  liter  water. 

Mayer  (BLEACHING  METHOD).  Place  specimens  in  70-  to  90-% 
alcohol  and  add  potassium  chlorate  in  crystals  until  the  bot- 
tom of  the  vessel  is  covered.  Then  add  a  few  drops  HC1  and 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

warm  if  necessary  until  chlorine  begins  to  be  evolved.  HNOS 
may  be  used  instead  of  HC1,  if  desired. 

Mayer  (BLUING  SECTIONS).  After  staining  with  hematoxylin, 
treat  sections  for  a  few  seconds  with  0.5-  to  i-%  potassium- 
acetate  solut. 

Mayer  (BORAX  CARMINE).  See  Grenadier's  alcoholic  borax- 
carmine. 

Mayer  (CARMALUM).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  carminic  acid  and  10 
Gm.  alum  in  200  Cc.  distilled  water;  decant  or  filter  and  add  a 
few  crystals  thymol,  0.1%  salicylic  acid,  or  0.5%  sodium 
salicylate.  A  weaker  solution  contains  3  to  5  times  as  much 
alum  and  5  times  as  much  water. 

Mayer  (COCHINEAL  STAINS),  i. — Macerate  i  Gm.  cochineal  in 
coarse  powder  for  several  days  in  8  to  10  Cc.  of  70-%  alcohol, 
stirring  frequently.  Filter  before  use.  2. — Rub  up  in  a  mor- 
tar 5  Gm.  finely  powdered  cochineal,  5  Gm.  calcium  chloride, 
and  0.5  Gm.  aluminium  chloride,  then  add  100  Cc.  50-%  alco- 
hol and  8  drops  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.2),  heat  to  boiling-point,  cool, 
leave  standing  for  some  days,  with  frequent  agitation,  and 
filter.  In  using  these  stains,  prepare  and  wash  out  objects 
with  alcohol  of  the  same  strength  as  that  with  which  stain  is 
prepared. 

Mayer  (DESILICIFICATION  PROCESS).  Place  objects  in  alcohol 
contained  in  a  glass  vessel  coated  internally  with  paraffin,  then 
add  hydrofluoric  acid  drop  by  drop  until  desilicification  com- 
plete, avoiding  the  fumes. 

Mayer  (HEMACALCIUM).  Rub  up  together  i  Gm.  hematein  or 
the  ammonium  salt  (see  below)  and  i  Gm.  aluminium  chlo- 
ride; add  10  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid  and  600  Cc.  70-%  alcohol, 
and  finally  50  Gm.  calcium  chloride. 

Mayer  (HEMALUM  AND  GLYCHEMALUM).  Hemalum  is  prepared 
by  dissolving  i  Gm.  of  hematein  or  the  ammonium  salt  (pre- 
pared by  dissolving  i  Gm.  of  hematoxylin  with  the  aid  of  heat 
in  20  Cc.  distilled  water,  filtering  if  necessary,  then  adding  i 
Cc.  NH3,  sp.  gr.  0.875,  and  evaporating  at  the  ordinary  tem- 
perature) in  50  Cc.  of  90-%  alcohol,  and  adding  to  a  solut.  of 
50  Gm.  alum  in  a  liter  distilled  water.  Allow  to  cool  and 
settle,  filter  if  necessary,  and  add  a  crystal  of  thymol  to  pre- 
serve from  mold.  Mayer's  acid  hemalum  is  the  same  with  the 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  201 

addition  of  2%  glacial  acetic  acid.  Glychemalum  is  a  mix- 
ture of  0.4  Gm.  of  hematein,  5  Gm.  alum,  30  Gm.  glycerin,  and 
70  Gm.  distilled  water.  The  hematein  is  first  dissolved  in  a 
few  drops  glycerin. 

Mayer  (INDIGO-CARMINE  WITH  CARMINE  OR  HEMATEIN).  Dis- 
solve o.i  Gm.  indigo  carmine  in  50  Cc.  distilled  water  or  5-% 
alum  solut.,  and  combine  with  4  to  20  volumes  carmalum  or 
hemalum. 

Mayer  (MUCICARMINE  FOR  STAINING  Mucus).  Heat  for  2  min- 
utes, in  a  capsule  over  a  small  flame,  i  Gm.  carmine  with  0.5 
Gm.  aluminium  chloride  and  2  Cc.  distilled  water.  Stir  thor- 
oughly until  mixture  becomes  dark  and  thick,  then  add  a  little 
50-%  alcohol  to  dissolve  the  warm  mass,  and  make  up  with 
the  alcohol  to  100  Cc.  Stand  for  24  hours  and  filter. 

Mayer  (MUCIHEMATEIN  FOR  STAINING  Mucus).  Mix  0.2  Gm. 
hematein  with  40  Cc.  glycerin,  i  Gm.  aluminium  chloride,  and 
60  Cc.  water.  Rub  up  hematein  with  a  few  drops  glycerin 
first.  An  alcoholic  solut.  may  be  prepared  by  dissolving  he- 
matein and  aluminium  chloride  in  100  Cc.  70-%  alcohol,  with 
or  without  addition  of  2  drops  of  HNO3. 

Mayer  (PARACARMINE).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  carminic  acid,  0.5  Gm. 
aluminium  chloride,  and  4  Gm.  calcium  chloride  in  100  Cc.  of 
70-%  alcohol.  Allow  to  settle  and  filter. 

Mayer  (PICRO-HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  Mix  100  volumes  distilled 
water  with  5  volumes  HNO3  (of  25-%  N2O5),  and  saturate 
with  picric  acid. 

Mayer  (PICRO-NITRIC  ACID).  Mix  100  volumes  distilled  water 
with  5  volumes  HNO3  (of  25-%  N2O5),  and  saturate  mixture 
with  picric  acid. 

Mayer  (PICRO-SULPHURIC  ACID).  Mix  100  volumes  distilled 
water  with  2  volumes  H2SO4,  and  dissolve  in  the  mixture 
0.25%  picric  acid,  or  enough  to  saturate. 

Mayer  (SHELLAC  FIXATIVE).  Heat  powdered  white  shellac  with 
crystallized  carbolic  acid  till  it  dissolves,  and  filter  warm  solut. 
Or  coat  warm  slides  with  a  thin  and  even  film  of  a  moderately 
strong  solut.  brown  shellac  in  absolute  alcohol,  and  allow  to 
dry.  Sections  are  arranged  on  the  dry  film  and  gently  pressed 
down  on  it,  then  exposed  to  vapor  of  ether.  See  Giesbrecht's 
method. 


202  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Mayrhofer-Donath    (GLYCERIN).     See   Donath-Mayrhofer. 

Maysel  (BISMARCK-BROWN  STAIN).  Dissolve  dye  in  acetic 
acid.  According  to  Lee,  solut.  does  not  give  a  permanent 
stain. 

Mazzara  (GLUCOSE).  A  green  ppt.  forms  on  heating  the  liquid 
with  nickel  chloride  in  presence  of  a  little  KOH. 

McClellan  Forney  (ALCOHOL  AND  TURPENTINE  IN  ESSENTIAL 
OILS).  Mix  five  drops  of  the  oil  with  i  drop  iodine  pentabro- 
mide.  For  details  see  Am.  Journ.  Pharm.,  1882,  p.  546. 

Mecke  (ALKALOIDS  AND  GLUCOSIDES).  Solut.  of  selenous  acid  i, 
in  cone.  H2SO4  200,  gives  various  color  reactions  with  alkaloids 
and  glucosides  when  used  hot  or  cold,  as  follows:  Aconitine, 
amorph — cold,  colorless,  or  yellowish;  hot,  light  brownish- 
violet.  Aconitine,  cryst. — cold  or  hot,  colorless.  Apomor- 
phine — cold,  dark  bluish- violet ;  hot,  gradually  dark-brown. 
Atr opine — hot  or  cold,  colorless  or  almost  so.  Brucine — cold, 
yellowish-red;  hot,  lemon-yellow.  Caffeine — cold  or  hot, 
colorless.  Cocaine — cold,  colorless;  hot,  reddish-yellow.  Co- 
deine— cold,  blue,  changing  to  emerald-green  and  olive;  hot, 
steel-blue,  then  brown.  Colchicine — cold,  lemon-yellow;  hot, 
yellowish-brown.  Coniine — cold  or  hot,  colorless.  Delphi- 
nine — cold,  deep  reddish-brown;  hot,  brown.  Digitalin — 
cold,  yellow,  then  red,  gradually  fading;  hot,  bluish- violet, 
then  brown.  Morphine — cold,  blue,  then  bluish-  or  olive-green; 
hot,  brown.  Narceine — cold,  faint  greenish-yellow,  then  vio- 
let; hot,  dark- violet.  Narcotine — cold,  greenish  steel-blue, 
then  cherry-red;  hot,  cherry-red.  Nicotine — cold  or  hot,  yel- 
lowish. Papaverine — cold,  greenish  steel-blue,  then  violet; 
hot,  dark- violet.  Physostigmine — cold,  brownish-yellow;  hot, 
faint  brownish-red.  Picrotoxin — cold,  almost  colorless;  hot, 
yellowish-brown.  Quinine — cold,  colorless;  hot,  light-brown. 
Solanine — cold,  reddish-yellow;  hot,  grayish-brown.  Strych- 
nine— cold  or  hot,  colorless.  Thebaine — cold,  deep  orange, 
gradually  paling;  hot,  dark-brown.  Veratrine — cold,  lemon- 
yellow  then  olive-green;  hot,  brownish- violet. 

Medicus  (SALICYLIC  ACID  IN  MILK).  Add  NaOH  to  the  milk, 
and  shake  out  fat  with  ether.  Acidulate  with  HC1,  and  shake 
out  again  with  ether,  which  removes  the  salicylic  acid,  then 
readily  recognized  by  ferric  chloride  and  other  usual  reactions. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  203 

Mehu  (ALBUMIN).  In  applying  this  test  add  i  Cc.  reagent  (phe- 
nol i,  acetic  acid  i,  90-%  alcohol  2)  to  10  Cc.  liquid,  after  add- 
ing 5  Cc.  of  crude  HNO3;  then  shake  well  and  allow  to 
deposit.  The  acid  may  be  advantageously  replaced  by  5  Cc. 
of  sat.  sodium-sulphate  solut.  A  flocculent  ppt.  is  thrown 
down. 

Mein  (ABSINTHIN).  Dissolves  in  H2SO4  with  a  brownish  color, 
which  soon  turns  greenish-blue  and  becomes  dark-blue  on 

.    adding  water. 

Melassez  (SOLUTION  FOR  PREPARING  TEICHMANN'S  HEMIN 
CRYSTALS).  Fluid  having  the  specific  gravity  of  blood  (1.050 
to  1.057) ;  consists  of  3.75  parts  mucilage  of  acacia,  1.875  parts 
sodium  sulphate,  1.03  parts  sodium  chloride,  and  100  parts 
water. 

Meldola  (NITROUS  ACID).  A  solut.  of  0.5  Gm.  para-amidoben- 
zene-azodimethyl  aniline  in  i  liter  of  dil.  HC1.  A  few  drops 
added  to  fluid  to  be  examined,  followed  by  a  few  drops  HC1 
and  subsequently  by  NH3,  develops  a  blue  color  in  presence  of 
nitrites;  reagent  keeps  well  for  an  indefinite  period,  contrast- 
ing in  this  respect  favorably  with  Griess  phenylenediamine 
solut. 

Melzer  (ALKALOIDS,  GLUCOSIDES,  ETC.).  Add  i  drop  20-% 
solut.  benzaldehyde  (in  absolute  alcohol)  to  trace  of  substance 
in  watch-glass  standing  on  white  paper,  and  then  add  i  drop 
cone.  H2SO4.  Following  color  reactions  are  obtained:  Picro- 
toxin — violet-red,  first  seen  as  bands  of  color,  on  adding  water 
color  disappears ;  colchicine  and  caniharidin — no  characteristic 
color,  but  simply  yellow  solution;  digitalin — unsightly  yel- 
lowish-brown color,  and  the  particles  become  brown;  coniine, 
nicotine,  brucine,  strychnine,  papaverine,  narcotine,  atr opine, 
hyoscyamine,  narceine,  cocaine,  and  aconitine  (in  small  quantity) 
— no  characteristic  reactions.  With  considerable  aconitine 
results  like  those  of  digitalin  are  obtained:  veratrinc — color 
like  that  given  by  H2SO4  alone;  codeine — yellowish  to  blood- 
red  color;  thebaine — particles  present  appearance  of  dark- 
brown  specks;  delphinine — reddish-brown  striae;  emetine — 
small  traces  no  characteristic  reaction,  but  large  traces  dark- 
brown  striae;  apomorphinc — almost  no  color;  morphine — red 
or  yellowish-red  striae  or  colors. 


204  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Mene  (PHENOL).  Bromine  water  gives  a  yellowish-white  ppt. 
with  carbolic  acid. 

Merck  (OPIUM).  Treat  with  KOH  solution  and  shake  with 
ether,  then  dip  a  strip  of  filter  paper  into  ethereal  solut., 
moisten  with  HC1,  and  expose  to  vapor  of  boiling  water.  The 
paper  should  then  turn  red. 

Merget  (MERCURY).  i. — Expose  a  strip  of  filtering  paper 
moistened  with  ammoniacal  silver-nitrate  solut.  and  dried,  to 
mercury  vapor,  which  produces  a  black  stain.  2. — Dip  a 
copper  wire  in  the  liquid  containing  mercury,  dry  with  filter- 
paper,  and  wrap  up  in  tissue  paper  moistened  with  ammon- 
iacal silver-nitrate  solut.  The  mercury  produces  a  black  stain 
in  this  case  also.  3. — A  piece  of  gold-foil  upon  which  metallic 
mercury  has  been  ppt.  by  stannous  chloride  from  urine  con- 
taining corrosive  sublimate,  is  wrapped  up  first  in  tissue  paper, 
and  then  in  filter-paper  that  had  previously  been  saturated 
with  an  ammoniacal  silver  solut.  and  dried.  If  mercury  pres- 
ent a  brown  color  develops  in  a  few  minutes  on  the  inside  of  the 
filter-paper.  To  detect  presence  of  mercurial  vapor,  lines 
are  drawn  on  filter-paper  with  a  glass  rod  moistened  with  an 
ammoniacal  silver-nitrate  solut.  These  are  darkened  by  mer- 
curial vapor. 

Merget  (MOISTURE).  Test  depends  upon  the  use  of  salts  which, 
like  palladious  chloride  and  mercurous  chloride,  show  different 
colors  when  moist  or  dry.  See  Mann's  test. 

Merget  (TEST-PAPER  FOR  CARBON  MONOXIDE,  OZONE,  ETC.). 
Paper  impregnated  with  palladious-chloride  solut.  (contain- 
ing 5%  metallic  Pd)  gives  a  black  color  with  carbon  monox- 
ide, H2S,  ozone,  methane,  ethane,  and  illuminating  gas. 

Merkel  (CHROMIC  ACID  AND  PLATINIC  CHLORIDE).  Mix  equal 
volumes  of  i :  400  solut.  chromic  acid  and  i :  400  solut.  platinic 
chloride.  Objects  are  left  in  this  for  several  hours  or  days 
to  harden,  then  washed  in  50-  to  70-%  alcohol. 

Merkel  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  Chromic-acid  solut.  0.25-%,  i 
part,  platinum-chloride  solut.  0.25-%,  i  part.  The  solut. 
takes  a  long  time  to  act,  but  the  preparations  stain  well. 

Mermet  (CARBONIC  OXIDE).  The  following  solutions  must  be 
freshly  prepared:  a.— Silver  nitrate  2  or  3  Gm.,  water  1,000 
Cc.  6. — A  few  drops  HNO3  (free  from  HC1  or  chloride)  added 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  205 

to  i  liter  boiling  water,  then  permanganate  solut.  added  until 
permanent  red  color.  In  this,  after  cooling,  i  Gm.  perman- 
ganate is  dissolved.  Reagent  is  prepared  by  mixing  20  Cc.  a 
with  i  Cc.  b  and  i  Cc.  HNO3,  and  diluting  with  distilled  water 
to  50  Cc.  Reagent  is  decolorized  by  CO  and  by  H2S. 

Mermet  (SULPHOCARBONATES).  Diluted  (almost  colorless)  am- 
moniacal  solut.  nickel  sulphate  or  chloride  gives  a  currant-red 
color  with  sulpho- carbonates. 

Merz  (FIXED  OILS).  On  mixing  an  adulterated  oil  with  an 
equal  volume  pure  oil  and  gently  shaking,  the  mixture  appears 
streaky. 

Merz  (OLIVE  OIL).  One  of  two  samples  of  olive  oil  is  heated  to 
250°  C.  The  heated  sample,  if  pure,  will  appear  much  paler 
than  the  other. 

Merz  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  Place  a  drop  of  liquid  containing 
free  phosphoric  acid  (or  a  little  of  dry  substance  mixed  with 
H2SO4)  in  a  loop  of  platinum  wire,  and  hold  close  to  lower  part 
of  a  hydrogen  flame — latter  is  colored  green. 

Merz  (TURPENTINE  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Pure  oils  become 
milky  on  shaking  with  an  equal  volume  poppy-seed  oil,  but 
remain  clear  if  they  contain  turpentine. 

Mesnard  (ALBUMINS).  Treat  with  glycerin  containing  sugar, 
and  expose  to  fumes  from  cone.  HC1. 

Messinger  (ACETONE).  Solutions  containing  acetone  yield  iodo- 
form  on  treatment  with  iodine  and  NaOH.  For  quantitative 
estimation,  either  the  iodoform  is  weighed  (Kramer),  or  the 
excess  of  iodine  titrated  (Messinger). 

Metzger  (COCAINE).  Dil.  aqueous  solutions  of  cocaine  salts 
after  acidulating  with  HC1  yield  orange-yellow  ppts.  with 
potassium  chromate. 

Meyer  (COD-LIVER  OIL).  Pure  cod-liver  oil  when  shaken  with 
Y1^  its  volume  of  a  mixture  of  HNO3  and  H2SO4  (i :  i),  is  first 
colored  rose-red,  then  lemon-yellow.  Other  fish  oils  either 
do  not  exhibit  the  color  so  clearly,  or  yield  a  brownish- violet 
color. 

Meyer  (FURFUROL  IN  GLACIAL  ACETIC  ACID).  Add  a  few 
drops  solut.  AgNO3  and  warm  on  water-bath  for  J  hour — 
if  furfurol  present,  metallic  Ag.  pptd.  A  trace  of  furfurol  does 
not,  however,  give  the  reaction. 


206  TEST'S  AND  REAGENTS. 

Meyer  (SALICYLIC  VINEGAR).  A  solut.  of  i  part  salicylic  acid  in 
100  parts  pale-yellow  pyroligneous  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.04).  For 
preserving  various  larvae,  hydras,  nematodes,  etc.,  add  i  vol- 
ume salicylic  vinegar  to  10  volumes  dil.  glycerin  (glycerin  i 
vol.,  water  2  vols.).  For  infusoria  the  glycerin  should  be  more 
dilute  ( i  to  4  of  water). 

Meyer  (THIOPHENE).  Thiophene  and  its  homologues  yield  a 
blue  color  with  a  solut.  of  isatin  in  cone.  H2SO4. 

Mezger  (COCAINE).     See  Metzger's  test. 

Mialhe  (CRUCIFEROUS  OILS).  Saponify  cruciferous  oils  with 
potassa  solut.  and  filter.  On  adding  AgNO8  to  filtrate,  latter 
acquires  a  black  color. 

Michailow  (PROTEIDS).  Add  ferrous  sulphate  to  solut.  of  sub- 
stance, and  overlay  on  cone.  H2SO4.  On  adding  very  little 
HNO3  the  familiar  reddish-brown  zone  develops,  as  well  as 
a  blood-red  color,  if  proteids  present. 

Millard  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Overlay  urine  on  a  mixture  of 
phenol  (95-%)  2  fl.  dr.;  acetic  acid,  7  fl.  dr.;  and  KOH  solut. 
22  fl.  dr. — a  ppt.  forms. 

"Millar d  (PODOPHYLLUM  RESIN),  i. — Resin  of  Indian  podo- 
phyllum  (P.  emodi)  gives  an  orange-red  color  when  particles 
are  sprinkled  on  cone.  H2SO4  placed* on  a  white  surface;  Amer- 
ican podophyllum  (P.  peltatum)  gives  a  yellow  to  brown  color 
according  to  quantity  used.  2. — Add  3  Cc.  dil.  alcohol  (sp. 
gr.  0.920)  and  0.5  Cc.  potassa  solut.  (B.P.)  to  0.4  Gm.  resin  in 
a  test-tube  and  rotate  latter  gently — with  Indian  resin  the  mix- 
ture forms  a  semi-solid  gelatinous  mass  in  a  few  seconds.  It 
may  be  necessary  to  heat  mixture  to  boiling-point  and  to  cool 
before  gelatinization  takes  place.  American  resin,  similarly 
treated,  does  not  gelatinize,  even  after  some  days. 

Miller  (INDICATOR),  Tropaeolin,  or  methyl-orange.  Changed 
by  mineral  acids  from  yellow  to  crimson;  indifferent  to  CO2 
and  H2S. 

Miller,  Von-  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  See 
Luttke's  test. 

Million  (LINSEED  OIL  IN  OLIVE  OIL).  Mix  40  Gm.  olive  oil 
with  60  Gm.  of  a  20-%  KOH  solut.  in  70-%  alcohol,  and  heat 
on  water-bath  until  alcohol  has  evaporated.  Dissolve  result- 
ing soap  in  warm  water,  separate  fatty  acids  by  adding  dilute 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  207 

HC1,  and  dissolve  in  20  Cc.  90-%  alcohol.  If,  to  this  solut., 
after  heating  to  90°  C.,  2  Cc.  of  3-%  alcoholic  AgNO3  solut.  are 
added,  a  brown  color  results,  if  linseed  oil  present. 

Million.     Modification,  of  Bechi's  test  (q.  v.). 

Millon  (ALBUMINS  AND  PHENOLS).  Dissolve  mercury  in  an 
equal  weight  cold  fuming  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.4),  then  apply 
moderate  heat,  and  dilute  solut.  with  two  volumes  water. 
Reagent  contains  mercurous  and  mercuric  nitrates,  as  well  as 
free  nitric  and  nitrous  acids.  Albumins  yield  a  brick-red  ppt. 
with  reagent,  particularly  on  warming.  Similar  reactions  also 
given  by  all  compounds  of  the  aromatic  series  containing  one 
hydroxyl  or  methoxyl  group;  a  second  hydroxyl  or  a  nitro 
group  in  the  ring  changes  the  reaction  (Nickel).  Thus  resor- 
cin  yields  a  yellow,  hydroquinone  an  orange,  and  pyrogallol  a 
brown,  color.  Tannin  and  guaiacol  yield  red,  eugenol  and 
vanillin  a  violet,  color.  Kintschgen-GintV s  modification:  Add 
a  little  potassium  nitrate  to  a  solut.  of  mercuric  nitrate,  and 
add  the  necessary  quantity  of  HNO3  just  before  using.  The 
potassium  nitrate  must  be  freed  from  any  carbonate  it  may 
contain  (by  treatment  with  nitrous  acid).  See  also  Gallois', 
Hoffmann's,  Almen's,  and  Plugge's  tests. 

Millon  (PARAOXYPHENYLACETIC  ACID).  Boil  solut.  with  mer- 
curic nitrite  and  potassium  nitrite — if  paraoxyphenylacetic 
acid  present  an  intense  red  color  develops. 

Millon  (SALICYLIC  ACID).  A  io-%  mercuric-nitrate  solution  in 
diluted  HNO3  yields  an  intensely  red  color  with  salicylic  acid. 

Minot  (MACERATION  METHOD  FOR  EPITHELIUM).  Macerate 
embryos  for  several  days  in  o.6-%  salt  solut.,  containing  0.1% 
thymol. 

Minovici  (PICROTOXIN).  Add  2  drops  H2SO4  to  substance  or  to  2 
or  3  drops  of  dil.  solut.  of  latter,  and  a  minute  later  add  i  drop 
of  20-%  alcoholic  solut.  anisic  aldehyde.  Picrotoxin  in  sub- 
stance gives  with  the  H2SO4  a  saffron  color,  and  on  adding  the 
anisic  aldehyde  the  particles  are  surrounded  by  an  indigo- 
violet  zone  gradually  changing  to  blue.  On  heating  on  water- 
bath  to  80°  C.,  a  i :  1000  solut.  gives  a  deep-red  color;  a  i :  1500 
solut.  gives  a  still  visible  reddish- violet  to  pale-red. 

Miquel  (CULTURE  SOLUTION).  Peptone,  20;  sodium  chloride, 
5;  wood  ash,  o.i;  water,  1000. 


208  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Mitrophanow  (GOLD  PROCESS  FOR  PRICKLE-CELLS  AND  INTER- 
CELLULAR CANALS).  Wash  the  tail  of  an  axolotl  larva  with 
distilled  water,  place  for -an  hour  in  a  watch-glassful  of  0.25-% 
solut.  of  gold  chloride  containing  i  drop  HC1;  wash,  and  re- 
duce in  a  mixture  of  i  part  formic  acid  with  6  parts  water. 

Mitrophanow  (MACERATION  METHOD  FOR  EPITHELIUM).  Fix 
the  embryo  for  15  minutes  in  3-%  HNO3;  then  place  for  an 
hour  in  a  mixture  of  alcohol,  i  volume,  and  water,  2  volumes, 
and  finally  treat  with  stronger  alcohol  for  24  hours  to  sepa- 
rate the  epidermis. 

Mitscherlich  (PHOSPHORUS).  Acidulate  aqueous  liquid  with 
H2SO4  and  distil,  conducting  vapors  through  a  glass  tube  sur- 
rounded by  a  condenser.  In  a  dark  room,  a  luminosity  is  ob- 
served. If  alcohol,  ether,  or  oil  turpentine  present,  lumi- 
nosity does  not  appear.  Salts  of  mercury  and  iodine,  and 
metallic  sulphides  also,  interfere  with  luminosity. 

Mobin  (MACERATING  MEDIA),  i. — i  part  sea- water  with  4  to 
6  parts  0.5-%  solut.  potassium  bichromate.  2. — Sea-water 
containing  0.25%  chromic  acid,  0.1%  osmic  acid,  and  0.1% 
acetic  acid.  Lamellibranchiata  should  be  macerated  in  No. 
2  for  several  days. 

Moddermann  (AMMONIA).  A  very  dilute  solut.  copper  sulphate 
becomes  turbid  on  adding  NH3. 

Moer,  van  de-  (CYTISINE).  A  0.5-%  solut.  ferric  chloride  and 
0.05-%  solut.  H2O2  gives  first  a  red,  then  blue  color  with 
cytisine. 

Moerner  (ACETONE).  Urine  containing  acetone,  heated  with 
a  little  of  KI  solut.  and  excess  of  ferric  chloride  yields  intensely 
irritating  vapors. 

Moers  (ACETANILID;  CITROPHEN;  EXALGIN;  METHACETIN;  PHE- 
NACETIN).  On  adding  a  trace  of  one  of  these  substances 
to  i  Cc.  NaOH  solut.  followed  by  a  drop  of  i :  1000  potassium- 
permanganate  solut.,  a  violet  color  develops,  passing  through 
blue  and  green;  on  adding  excess  of  H2SO4,  color  changes  to 
red  and  slowly  disappears.  With  citrophen  color  changes 
through  violet,  blue,  and  green  so  rapidly  that  only  the  last  is 
generally  observed.  With  centi-  or  deci-normal  solut.  NaOH 
color  changes  are  immediate  with  citrophen,  phenacetin,  and 
methacetin;  after  a  time  with  acetanilid  and  exalgin.  If 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  209 

Na2CO3  used  instead  of  NaOH,  citrophen  reacts  at  once; 
phenacetin  and  methacetin  slowly;  acetanilid  and  exalgin, 
not  at  all.  With  NaHCO3  citrophen  alone  reacts,  color  being 
reddish-brown,  changed  by  acids  to  violet.  In  acid  solut., 
citrophen  alone  gives  color  reaction. 

Mohler  (TARTARIC  ACID).  If  a  little  tartaric  acid  or  a  tartrate 
be  heated  with  a  few  drops  solut.  of  resorcin  i  in  cone.  H2SO4 
100,  until  H2SO4  vapors  develop,  the  fluid  acquires  a  fine 
wine-red  color;  the  smallest  trace  of  tartaric  acid  is  suffi- 
cient. 

Mohr  (ANTIMONOUS  ACID).  Dissolve  the  acid,  or  any  of  its 
compounds,  in  an  aqueous  solut.  tartaric  acid,  neutralize  ex- 
cess of  acid  with  Na2CO3,  then  add  a  cold  sat.  solut.  NaHC03 
in  the  proportion  of  10  Cc.  to  each  o.i  Gm.  of  Sb2O3.  The 
clear  solut.  is  titrated  with  decinormal  iodine  with  starch 
indicator.  The  titration  must  be  conducted  immediately  the 
solution  of  bicarbonate  has  been  added,  i  Cc.  decinormal 
iodine  =  0.006  Gm.  antimony. 

Mohr  (CHLORIDES).  This  is  the  familiar  volumetric  process 
with  decinormal  silver  nitrate,  using  potassium  chromate  as 
indicator. 

Mohr  (FREE  MINERAL  ACIDS),  i. — Add  a  few  drops  of  po- 
tassium-sulphocyanide  solut.  to  a  light-yellow  solut.  ferric 
acetate,  free  from  alkaline  acetates.  Traces  of  mineral  acid 
turn  the  mixture  blood-red,  but  the  color  disappears  on  add- 
ing excess  of  sodium  acetate.  2. — KI  starch  paste,  with  a 
light-yellow  solut.  of  ferric  acetate,  is  turned  red  by  traces  of 
mineral  acid.  3. — On  adding  cane  sugar  to  a  solut.  contain- 
ing H2SO4,  and  evaporating  to  dryness  on  a  water-bath,  a 
blackened  residue  is  left. 

Mohr  (GLUCOSE).     See  Moore's  test. 

Mohr  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  20  Cc.  io-% 
potassium-sulphocyanate  solut.  with  5  Cc.  5-%  ferric-acetate 
solut.  HC1,  with  this  reagent,  yields  a  cherry-red  color  with  a 
brownish  tinge;  much  acid  causes  a  chestnut-brown  color. 
Also  known  as  Rheoctis  test. 

Mohr  (NITRO-GLYCERIN).  A  purple  to  dark-green  color  develops 
on  extracting  with  ether  or  chloroform,  mixing  with  a  few 
drops  of  aniline,  evaporating,  and  adding  a  few  drops  H2SO4. 


210  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Mohr  (POTASSIUM  SALTS).  A  sat.  solut.  of  potassium  and  so- 
dium acid  tartrates  precipitates  potassium  salts  from  neutral 
solutions. 

Mohr  (SOLUTION).  The  potassium-permanganate  solut.  gener- 
ally used  in  volumetric  analysis. 

Moleschott  (POTASSA  AND  SODA  SOLUTIONS).  Strong  solutions 
(35- to  5°-%)  ai>e  applied  to  the  tissues  on  slides,  and  the  alkali 
neutralized  by  adding  acetic  acid  before  mounting.  See 
Gage's  preservative. 

Moleschott  (CHOLESTERIN).  On  allowing  H2SO4  to  come  in 
contact  with  substance  under  the  microscope,  the  plates  lose 
their  form,  and  their  margins  become  colored  carmine-red, 
changed  to  violet  on  adding  aqueous  solut.  iodine. 

Moleschott-Piso  Bonne  (SODIUM  CHLORIDE  AND  ALCOHOL). 
Mix  5  volumes  io-%  salt  solution  with  i  volume  absolute 
alcohol. 

Molher  (REAGENT).     See  Gayon-Ganon-Molher's  test. 

Molisch  (CARBOHYDRATES).  £  to  i  Cc.  of  solut.  to  be  tested  is 
shaken  with  2  drops  15-  to  20-%  alcoholic  solut.  of  alpha- 
naphtol  or  thymol.  Upon  adding  an  equal  volume  cone. 
H2SO4,  a  violet  color  ensues  (furfurol  reaction)  in  presence  of 
carbohydrates  (and  various  other  substances).  Addition  of 
water  causes  a  bluish- violet  ppt.,  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  or 
potassa  lye,  with  yellow  color. 

Molisch  (INDICAN  IN  PLANTS).  Boil  plant  fragments  \  minute 
with  dil.  NH3  (2NH3  +  98  water),  filter,  cool,  and  shake  out 
with  chloroform.  Carry  out  similar  process  using  2-%  HC1. 
If  indican  present,  chloroform  layer  in  one  or  both  cases  ac- 
quires a  blue  or  violet  color. 

Molisch  (WOOD  PULP).  To  a  20-%  solut.  of  thymol  in  absolute 
alcohol,  add  water  until  no  more  thymol  separates.  Set  aside 
solution  for  some  hours  with  excess  of  potassium  chlorate,  then 
filter.  Paper  made  with  wood  pulp  moistened  with  this  solu- 
tion gives  a  bright-blue  color  on  the  addition  of  a  drop  of  cone. 
HC1. 

Monier  (ALBUMIN),  i. — On  adding  albumin  to  a  starch  solut. 
colored  blue  by  a  few  drops  tincture  iodine,  the  color  is  dis- 
charged. 2. — Add  a  few  drops  iodine  solut.  to  a  solut.  con- 
taining albumin,  and  heat — a  colorless  coagulum  forms. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  211 

Monsel  (SOLUTION).     Solut.  iron  subsulphate. 

Moore  (ANISE-OIL  IMBEDDING  PROCESS).  Sections  from  ma- 
terial frozen  and  cut  in  anise  oil  are  transferred  direct  into 
Canada  balsam,  without  previous  treatment  with  alcohol. 

Moore  (GLUCOSE  AND  SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Heat  glucose  solu- 
tions or  diabetic  urine  with  potassa — a  brown  color  ensues, 
and,  after  acidifying,  odor  of  caramel  supervenes.  Also 
known  as  Mohr's  or  Pelouze's  test.  See  also  Heller's  test. 

Moore  (STAIN  FOR  BLOOD).  Stain  for  3  minutes  in  an  alcoholic 
solut.  eosine  (i :  200),  wash,  and  stain  for  2  minutes  in  a  i-% 
aqueous  solut.  of  methyl  green.  Red  corpuscles  appear  red; 
nuclei  and  white  corpuscles  bluish-green. 

Moore-Heller  (GLUCOSE).     Like  Moore's  test  (q.  v.). 

Morax  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).     See  Nicholle-Morax's  method. 

Morgan  (MERCURY).  A  silvery  stain  appears  on  placing  2  drops 
of  the  liquid  on  a  piece  of  bright  copper,  and  adding  strong 
KI  solut. 

Morpurgo  (NITROBENZENE).  Carefully  heat  to  boiling  in  a  porce- 
lain dish  2  drops  liquefied  phenol,  3  drops  water,  and  a  small 
piece  KOH,  then  add  liquid  to  be  examined.  On  prolonged 
boiling  a  crimson  ring  appears  at  margin  of  liquid.  If  satur. 
solut.  chlorinated  lime  be  added,  ring  becomes  emerald-green. 
To  detect  nitrobenzene  in  soap,  dissolve  latter  in  water,  mix 
with  excess  milk-of-lime,  extract  with  ether,  and  proceed  as 
above. 

Morpurgo  (SUCROL  OR  DULCIN  IN  BEVERAGES).  Add  to  li- 
quid^ of  its  weight  lead  carbonate,  and  evaporate  on  water- 
bath  to  thick  paste,  which  exhaust  several  times  with  alcohol. 
Evaporate  alcoholic  extract  to  dryness,  and  exhaust  residue 
with  ether.  Pure  sucrol  or  dulcin  may  be  recognized  on  evap- 
orating ether  by  (i)  physical  properties  and  sweet  taste;  (2) 
by  heating  a  short  time  with  2  drops  phenol  and  2  drops  cone. 
H2SO4,  adding  a  few  Cc.  water,  and  allowing  a  little  NH3  or 
NaOH  to  flow  on  cold  mixture  in  a  test-tube,  when  a  blue  or 
violet-blue  zone  forms. 

Morrell  (LINSEED  OIL).  Pure  oil  is  colored  sea-green  to  green- 
ish-yellow on  mixing  10  parts  by  weight  with  3  of  crude  HNO3 
and  allowing  to  stand  for  a  time.  Adulterated  oil  assumes  a 
light-yellow  color. 


212  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Morson  (CREOSOTE:  PHENOL).  Creosote  is  insoluble  in  glycerin; 
phenol  is  soluble. 

Morton  (ARSENIC).  Solut.  is  placed  in  an  apparatus  similar  to 
Doebereiner's  lamp  and  an  electric  current  passed  through  to 
decompose  the  water,  thus  replacing  the  Zn  and  H2SO4. 

Motten-Lindemann  (ALKALOIDS  ;  SACCHARIN).  See  Lindemann- 
Motten. 

Mueller  (ACETANILID  [ANTIPEBRIN]  IN  URINE).  Boil  urine  with 
J  volume  HC1,  cool,  add  a  few  Cc.  3-%  solut.  phenol,  and  a 
drop  solut.  chromic  acid  (or,  calcium-  or  ferric  chloride) — a  red 
color  develops,  turned  blue  by  NH3  (paramido-phenol  reaction). 

Mueller  (BERLIN  BLUE  FOR  INJECTIONS).  Ppt.  a  cone,  solut. 
of  Berlin  blue  by  means  of  90-%  alcohol.  The  ppt.  is  very 
finely  divided,  while  the  fluid  is  perfectly  neutral  and  much 
easier  to  prepare  than  that  of  Be  ale. 

Mueller  (CAUSTIC  SODA  IN  CARBONATE).  In  the  presence  of 
caustic  soda,  potassium  permanganate  solut.  turns  green. 

Mueller  (CYSTIN).  Dissolve  cystin  (from  the  urine  sediment) 
in  warm  potassa  lye,  dilute  solut.  v/ith  water,  and  add  sodium 
nitroferricyanide — a  purple- violet  color  develops. 

Mueller  (HARDENING  FLUID).  2  Gm.  potassium  bichromate; 
i  Gm.  sodium  sulphate;  100  Cc.  water.  This  solution  is  some- 
times mixed  with  one-third  its  volume  of  90-%  alcohol,  its 
hardening  action  being  then  much  more  rapid. 

Mueller  (HYDROGEN  SULPHIDE  IN  URINE),  i. — Pass  current 
of  air  through  urine  and  against  filter-paper  dipped  in  alkaline 
solut.  lead  acetate — paper  is  blackened.  2. — Overlay  urine 
on  a  mixture  of  HC1  and  paramidodimethylamine  containing 
i  or  2  drops  dilute  solut.  Fe2Cl6 — a  blue  zone  forms. 

Mueller  (SILVER  STAINING  METHOD).  Impregnate  prepara- 
tions by  immersion  in  the  dark  for  2  or  3  minutes  in  a  i-% 
solut.  AgNO3,  then  add  to  the  liquid  a  small  quantity  of  i-% 
solut.  silver  iodide  dissolved  by  the  aid  of  a  little  KI.  After 
agitation  in  the  mixture,  wash  the  preparations  with  distilled 
water,  and  expose  to  light  for  2  days  in  a  i-%  solut.  AgNO3. 

Mueller-Ebstein  (PYROCATECHIN).     See  Ebstein- Mueller. 

Muir  (BISMUTH).  A  brownish-black  ppt.  is  thrown  down  on 
heating  with  a  solut.  of  stannous  chloride,  i ,  and  tartaric  acid, 
3,  in  sufficient  KOH  solut. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  213 

Mukerji  (FREE  PHOSPHORUS).  Operation  consists  in  evolving 
hydrogen  phosphide,  and  observing  the  glow  in  a  dark  room. 
For  details,  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  ix,  p.  561. 

Mulder  (GLUCOSE).  Heat  diabetic  urine,  or  solut.  containing 
glucose,  with  a  solut.  of  indigo  in  H2SO4,  then  carefully  neu- 
tralize with  Na2CO3 — the  color  changes  through  green  into  red, 
and  finally  yellow,  from  reduction  of  the  indigo.  On  expos- 
ure to  the  air,  the  blue  color  is  restored.  According  to  Yogi's 
modification,  litmus  is  used  instead  of  indigo;  Neumann- 
Wender's  test  (q.  v.)  is  a  methylene-blue  solut. 

Mulder  (XANTHOPROTEIN).  Upon  boiling  an  albuminous  sub- 
stance with  cone.  HNO3,  it  is  partially  or  completely  dissolved, 
forming  a  yellow  solut.  Albumoses  and  peptones  yield  this 
color  even  in  the  cold.  Upon  supersaturating  with  NH3  or 
fixed  alkalies,  color  changes  to  orange-yellow. 

Mulliken-Scildder  (METHYL  ALCOHOL).  Heat  a  spiral  of  light 
copper  wire  in  upper  part  of  a  Bunsen  flame  (to  oxidize  it),  and 
while  red  hot,  dip  into  3  Cc.  alcoholic  solut.  in  a  test-tube. 
Repeat  once  or  twice.  Then  add  to  solut.  i  drop  0.5-%  solut. 
resorcin,  and  overlay  mixture  on  cone.  H2SO4.  If  methyl  alco- 
hol is  present,  a  rose-red  zone  forms.  For  details,  see  MERCK'S 
REPORT,  vm,  p.  164. 

Munk  (HEMAPHEINIC  URINE).  Greenish  rhubarb-  and  senna 
urines  (a),  and  santonin  urine  (6),  give  following  reactions: 
Alkalies — (a)  and  (b) ,  red.  Alkali  carbonates — (a) ,  immediate, 
permanent  red;  (6),  red  slowly  forming  and  gradually  disap- 
pearing. Zinc  dust — with  (a),  red  developed  by  alkali  is  dis- 
charged, but  with  (b),  not  discharged.  Baryta  solut.  or  milk- 
of-lime — (a),  on  shaking  with  excess,  gives  a  colored  ppt.  and 
colorless  filtrate;  (b)  gives  a  colorless  ppt.  but  colored  filtrate. 

Munk  (SULPHOCYANIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Acidify  200  Cc.  urine 
with  HNO3,  add  solut.  AgNO3,  filter,  decompose  filtrate  with 
H2S,  distil,  add  ferrous  sulphide  (containing  iron  oxide)  and 
NaOH,  warm,  then  add  HC1 — Prussian  blue  forms. 

Munson  (CHLORAL-HYDRATE  SOLUTION).  A  i-%  solut.  in 
water. 

Musculus  (FERMENT  PAPER  FOR  UREA).  Decomposing  urine 
is  filtered,  the  filter  washed,  colored  with  curcuma,  and  pre- 
served as  test-paper.  When  brought  into  contact  with  a  urea- 


214  TESTS  AHD  REAGENTS. 

solution,  the  attached  ferment  decomposes  the  urea,  and  the 
resulting  ammonium  carbonate  changes  the  curcuma  coloring 
matter  to  brown. 

Muter  (FATTY  OIL  IN  COPAIVA  BALSAM).  Saponify  3  or  4 
Gm.  balsam  with  5  Gm.  NaOH  and  50  Cc.  alcohol  on  water- 
bath,  add  sufficient  water,  and  concentrate  to  100  Cc.  Then 
add  dil.  H2SO4  to  permanent  turbidity,  next  add  NaOH  until 
just  clear.  Now  evaporate  to  dryness  under  constant  stirring, 
and  exhaust  residue  with  3  portions  of  70  Cc.  each  of  ether- 
alcohol.  The  residue  will  now  consist  of  Na2SO4  only,  if  no 
fatty  oil  was  present ;  otherwise  it  will  contain  sodium  oleate. 
Dissolve  residue  in  warm  water,  acidulate  with  HC1,  and  cool. 
If  balsam  pure,  only  a  few  resinous  flakes  observed;  if  fatty 
oil  was  present,  an  oily  layer  forms. 

Mylius  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  In  this  modification  of  Pettenkofer's 
reaction,  one  drop  of  furfurol  solut.  and  i  Cc.  of  cone,  H2SO4 
are  added  to  each  Cc.  of  the  alcoholic  solut.  of  the  biliary  acid, 
cooling  if  necessary.  The  resulting  red  color  is  permanent 
for  some  time,  changing  gradually  to  violet.  See  also  Udran- 
sky's  modification  of  Pettenkofer's  reaction. 

Nadler  (MORPHINE),  i. — A  greenish-blue  color  develops  on 
making  a  liquid  containing  morphine  strongly  alkaline,  and 
boiling  with  barely  sufficient  solut.  copper  ammonio-sul- 
phate  to  color  it  light  blue.  2. — A  rose-red  color  develops  on 
heating  morphine  with  a  few  drops  H2SO4  diluted  with  half 
its  volume  water,  cooling,  adding  NH3  in  excess,  again  cool- 
ing, and  shaking  with  chloroform. 

Nagelvoort  (PILOCARPINE  NITRATE).  Dissolve  0.005  Gm.  to 
o.oi  Gm.  salt  in  5  Cc.  water,  add  a  few  drops  NH3  and  shake 
out  with  10  Cc.  chloroform.  When  both  fluids  clear,  draw  off 
chloroform  and  evaporate.  Mix  residue  with  o.oi  Gm.  calo- 
mel by  stirring  with  a  glass  rod — characteristic  black  color 
reaction  appears,  even  without  blowing  over  mixture,  because 
pilocarpine  is  very  hygroscopic. 

Napier  (WATER  IN  ETHER).  Paper  impregnated  with  cobalt 
chloride  is  changed  from  blue  to  rose-red. 

Naschold  (DIFFERENTIATING  ANILINE  BLUE  FROM  INDIGO 
CARMINE).  Boil  with  io-%  soda  lye  and  make  acid  with  HC1 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  215 

— blue  color  which  had  disappeared  is  restored  with  aniline 
blue;  with  indigo  carmine  the  liquid  remains  colorless. 

Naylor-Braithwaite  (ARSENOUS  ACID),  a. — Copper  sulphate, 
200  Gm.;  water,  50  Cc.  b. — Sodium  tartrate,  0.5  Gm.;  caus- 
tic soda,  5  Gm. ;  water,  50  Cc.  Mix  the  two  soluts.  when 
required  for  use.  Arsenous  acid  reduces  this  reagent. 

Neelsen  (CARBOLFUCHSINE).  Solut.  for  identifying  tubercle 
bacilli  in  sputum  is  prepared  by  adding  a  cone,  alcoholic  fuch- 
sine-solut.  to  a  5-%  aqueous  carbolic-acid  solut.  (5  Gm.  crys- 
tallized acid  in  100  Cc.  water,  and  i  Gm.  fuchsine,  dissolved  in 
10  Gm.  alcohol,  added).  Ehrlich's  and  ZiehVs  carbolfuchsine 
solutions  are  similar. 

Neelsen  (BACILLI).     See  Ziehl-Neelsen's  method  and  solution. 

Neisser  (GONOCOCCUS  STAIN).     Float  preparation  first  on  cone. 

alcoholic  solut.  eosine,  which  is  then  heated.     Remove  excess 

of  eosine  from  cover-glass  with  blotting-paper,  then  place  in 

a  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  methylene  blue  for  15  seconds,  then 

.  rinse  in  water. 

Neisser  (SPORE  STAIN).  Stain  in  heated  carbol-fuchsine, 
rapidly  rinse  in  i-%  aq.  solut.  H2SO4,  double-stain  in  aque- 
ous or  Loeffler's  solut.  methylene  blue;  or,  stain  in  aniline- 
water  methylene- violet  solut.,  wash  in  i-%  aqueous  solut. 
H2SO4,  and  after-stain  in  acid  brown. 

Neisser  (STAINING  METHOD  FOR  SPORE-BEARING  BACILLI). 
Cover-glass  preparations  are  immersed  for  20  minutes  in  fuch- 
sine-aniline  water  (cone,  alcoholic  solut.  of  fuchsine,  n  Cc.; 
absolute  alcohol,  10  Cc.;  aniline  water,  100  Cc.);  then  heat  to 
80°  or  90°  C.;  next  rinse  in  water,  alcohol,  or  weak  acid, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  bacilli,  counter-stain  with  aque- 
ous solut.  methylene  blue,  rinse  in  water,  dry  and  mount  in 
balsam.  Spores  are  stained  red  and  the  rest  of  the  bacilli  blue. 

Neisser-Bienstock  (SPORE  STAIN).  Stain  with  heated  aniline- 
water  fuchsine,  wash  in  HCl-alcohol,  and  double-stain  with 
methylene  blue.  Spores  are  red;  bacteria,  blue. 

Nencki  (!NDOL).  HNO3  containing  nitrous  acid  gives  with 
indol  a  red  color  or  ppt.  Reaction  not  afforded  with  skatol. 
See  also  Baeyer's  test. 

Nessler  (ALDEHYDE).  Aldehydes,  when  treated  with  Nessler's 
ammonia  reagent  (q.  v.)  or  with  a  solut.  potassium-mercuric 


216  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

iodide  and  baryta  water,  yield  a  brownish-black  ppt.,  differ- 
ing from  the  ppts.  given  by  NH3  in  being  insoluble  in  KCN. 

Nessler  (AMMONIUM  SALTS).  Alkaline  solut.  of  mercuric  chlo- 
ride and  potassium  iodide  gives  with  NH3  as  well  as  with  am- 
monium salts  a  yellow  to  reddish-brown  color  or  ppt.  Rea- 
gent is  prepared  according  to  various  formulas,  as  for  instance, 
as  follows:  i. — 50  Gm.  KI  are  dissolved  in  50  Cc.  hot  water 
and  cone,  mercuric-chloride  solut.  (20  to  25  Gm.  mercuric 
chloride)  added  until  the  ppt.  is  permanent.  After  filtering, 
150  Gm.  KOH  dissolved  in  30  Cc.  water  are  added,  and  the 
whole  diluted  to  one  liter.  5  Cc.  of  the  mercuric-chloride 
solut.  are  now  added,  the  resulting  ppt.  allowed  to  settle,  and 
the  clear  liquid  decanted  (Kubel).  2. — Dissolve  2  Gm.  KI 
in  5  Gm.  water;  add  4  Gm.  mercuric  chloride,  or  so  much  that 
upon  warming,  a  little  of  the  ppit.  remains  undissolved.  After 
cooling,  dilute  with  20  Gm.  water,  filter,  and  add  30  Cc.  solut. 
of  i  part  of  KOH  in  2  parts  water.  (Ludwig,  Medicin. 
Chemie.) 

Nessler  (CITRIC  ACID  IN  WINE).  Citric  acid  in  wine  points  to 
probable  adulteration  with  raspberry  juice.  The  acid  is 
separated  as  calcium  citrate. 

Nessler  (SULPHURIC  ACID  IN  VINEGAR).  Add  2-  or  3%  cane 
sugar  to  vinegar;  dip  a  strip  filter-paper  in  solut.  and  dry — 
paper  becomes  brown  to  black. 

Nessler  (TARTARIC  ACID  IN  WINE).  A  crystalline  ppt.  forms 
on  evaporating  wine  to  syrupy  consistency,  extracting  with 
alcohol,  and  adding  solut.  sodium-  or  potassium-acetate. 

Nessler  (WiNE  PIGMENTS).  Solut.  of  7  parts  alum  and  10  parts 
sodium  acetate  in  100  parts  water. 

Nesteroffsky  (GOLD  PROCESS).  Tissues  impregnated  with  gold 
are  treated  with  a  drop  of  ammonium-sulphydrate  solut.  and 
the  reduction  finished  with  glycerin. 

Neubauer  (ALBUMIN).  Solut.  albumin  is  pptd.  by  neutral  and 
basic  lead  acetate,  copper  sulphate,  mercuric  chloride,  and 
mercuric  nitrate.  Ppts.  are  partly  soluble  in  excess  of  rea- 
gent or  albumin  solut, 

Neubauer  (AMMONIA  IN  URINE).  On  adding  milk-of-lime,  am- 
moniacal  odors  are  evolved  and  detected  by  litmus  paper. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  217 

Neubauer  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  Modification  of  Pettenkofer's  test. 
A  few  drops  urine  are  evaporated  to  dryness  on  the  water-bath, 
a  drop  of  i :  500  sugar  solut.  and  a  drop  cone.  H2SO4  added, 
and  the  whole  heated  on  a  water-bath — if  biliary  acids  pres- 
ent, a  violet-red  color  appears  at  the  edge. 

Neubauer  (CHLOROFORM  IN  URINE).  Pass  a  current  of  air 
through  urine,  then  through  a  porcelain  tube  heated  to  red- 
ness, and  finally  through  a  AgNO3  solution.  If  chloroform 
present  in  the  urine  silver  chloride  is  pptd. 

Neubauer  (HYDROQUINONE  IN  URINE).  Urine  containing  hy- 
droquinone  (after  taking  a  phenol  or  benzol),  darkens  on  ex- 
posure to  air,  when  made  alkaline. 

Neubauer  (PHENOL).  Add  phenol  to  NH3,  then  add  solut. 
chlorinated  soda,  and  heat — a  blue  color  develops. 

Neubauer  (PYROCATECHIN  IN  URINE).  Add  i  drop  cone,  solut. 
tartaric  acid  and  then  some  NH3  to  a  dil.  solut.  Fe2Cl6;  on 
dropping  in  this  solut.  urine  containing  pyrocatechin,  a  violet 
color  develops,  turned  yellowish-green  by  acetic  acid,  and 
violet  again  by  NH3. 

Neubauer  (URIC  ACID).  On  boiling  uric  acid  or  potassium 
urate  with  ferric  chloride,  latter  is  reduced  to  ferrous  salt, 
and  urea  and  oxalic  acid  are  formed. 

Neubauer- Fresenius  (PHOSPHORUS).     See  Fresenius-Neubauer. 

Neuberg  (SucciNic  ACID).  Add  NH3  to  the  solut.  to  be  exam- 
ined (if  a  succinate  is  present  add  also  ammonium  phosphate) , 
evaporate  to  about  i  Cc.,  add  i  Gm.  zinc  dust,  and  heat. 
When  the  excess  of  NH3  is  evaporated  dip  a  pine-splint  moist- 
ened with  HC1  into  the  test-tube — the  wood  is  colored  red  if 
succinic  acid  present.  Reaction  is  positive  so  long  as  no  other 
substances  capable  of  giving  the  pyrrol  reaction  present. 
0.0006  Gm.  succinic  acid  thus  detected. 

Neukomm  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Extract  with  alcohol,  evap- 
orate to  small  bulk,  place  i  drop  on  porcelain  plate,  add  i  drop 
dil.  H2SO4  and  a  trace  sugar  solut.,  and  heat  gently — a  violet 
color  develops. 

Neumann- Wender  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  5  drops  furfurol  in  10 
Cc.  of  pure  cone.  H2SO4.  See  also  Weppen's  veratrine  reac- 
tion. 


2i8  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Neumann- Wen der  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE),  i  Cc.  dil.  urine 
(1:10)  is  treated  with  i  Cc.  each  of  1:1000  methylene-blue 
solut.  and  normal  KOH  solut.  and  boiled  for  a  minute.  Com- 
plete decolorization  indicates  that  sugar  was  present  in  the 
urine.  See  also  Mulder's  test. 

Nias  (CLEANING  SLIDES  AND  COVERS).  Boil  with  solution  of 
washing  soda,  and  rinse. 

Nicholle-Morax  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Dry  films  on  cover- 
glasses  without  fixing  in  the  flame,  cover  with  mordant,  heat 
for  about  10  seconds,  and  when  steam  rises  shake  off  mordant 
and  rinse  with  water.  Repeat  process  3  or  4  times,  stain  with 
Ziehl-Neelsen's  solution,  then  hold  over  a  flame  once  or  twice 
for  about  15  seconds,  and  wash. 

Nicholson  (NITRIC  ACID).  Evaporate  solut.  to  dryness,  mois- 
tening with  i  or  2  drops  H2SO4,  and  add  a  trace  brucine — if 
nitric  acid  present,  a  red  color  develops. 

Nickel  (COLOR  REACTIONS  OF  CARBON  COMPOUNDS).  See 
Zeitsch.  f.  Anal.  Chem.,  1889,  p.  244;  also  see  Milton's  reagent. 

Nickel  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  ORGANIC  ACIDS).  Wood  is  stained 
by  phloroglucin  only  in  the  presence  of  the  former,  hence  if 
0.5%  HC1  is  present  in  vinegar,  and  phloroglucin  added,  a 
piece  of  pine  wood  or  wood-pulp  paper  dipped  into  the  solut. 
is  quickly  and  distinctly  stained  on  boiling  the  solution  up 
once. 

Nickles  (FIXED  OILS).  Oils  are  distinguished  according  as  they 
are  or  are  not  emulsified  by  hydrated  lime.  For  details  see 
Am.  Jour.  Pharm.,  xxxvm,  p.  299. 

Niessing  (FIXING  SOLUTIONS).  Modifications  of  Hermann's 
mixture,  which  see.  i. —  5  volumes  of  io-%  platinic-chloride 
solution,  20  of  2-%  osmic  acid,  5  of  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  50 
of  distilled  water.  2. — This  is  the  same,  except  that  the  dis- 
tilled water  is  replaced  by  sat.  aqueous  solut.  of  mercuric 
chloride. 

Niggl  (LIGNIN).  Treat  specimen  first  with  aqueous  solut.  of 
indol  for  a  few  minutes,  then  with  H2SO4  (sp.  gr.  1.2) — a  red 
color  develops  if  lignin  present. 

Nikiforow  (CLEARING  MIXTURE  FOR  CELLOIDIN  SECTIONS). 
Equal  parts  of  95-%  alcohol  and  chloroform. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.,  219 

Nikitin  (COPPER  IN  PRESERVED  PEAS).  Boil  peas  for  3  min- 
utes in  io-%  H2SO4 — if  peas  uncolored,  they  acquire  a  dark- 
brown  color;  if  colored  with  a  copper  salt,  they  retain  their 
light-green  color. 

Nissen  (GENTIAN  VIOLET  STAINING  PROCESS).  Same  as  Biz- 
zozero's  method,  except  that  the  treatment  with  chromic  acid 
is  omitted. 

Nissl  (FUCHSINE  STAIN  FOR  NERVE  CELLS).  Fresh  material 
in  pieces  measuring  i  Cc.  are  hardened  in  a  chromic  solution 
in  70-%  alcohol  for  2  days,  then  transferred  to  absolute  alco- 
hol for  5  days,  and  afterwards  cut.  Stain  the  sections  singly 
in  a  sat.  solut.  of  fuchsine,  warming  in  a  deep  watch-glass  until 
vapors  begin  to  be  given  off.  Next  plunge  section  into  abso- 
lute alcohol  for  i  or  2  minutes,  then  place  on  a  slide,  flood  with 
clove  oil,  and  when  no  more  color  is  given  off,  drain  and  mount 
in  balsam. 

Nissl  (METHYLENE  BLUE  METHOD).  Sections  of  fresh  ma- 
terial hardened  in  96-%  alcohol,  are  warmed  to  65°  or  70°  C. 
in  a  watch-glass  containing  a  solut.  of  methylene  blue,  3.75 
parts,  and  Venice  soap,  1.75  part,  in  distilled  water,  1000 
parts.  When  bubbles  are  given  off  place  sections  in  a  mix- 
ture of  10  parts  aniline  with  90  parts  96-%  alcohol  until 
color  is  no  longer  given  off.  Then  dry  on  a  slide  with  filter- 
paper,  clear  with  cajeput  oil,  again  dry,  and  finally  treat  with 
a  few  drops  of  benzin,  and  mount  in  benzin  colophonium. 

Niviere- Hubert  (FLUORINE  IN  WINE).  Make  wine  slightly 
alkaline  with  ammonium  carbonate,  then  precipitate  any 
fluorides  present,  as  calcium  fluoride,  with  calcium  chloride. 
After  heating  incinerated  residues  with  silicic  acid  and  H2SO4, 
fluorine  is  identified  in  the  usual  manner  as  silicium  fluoride. 

Nobel  (COPAIBA  OR  GURJUN  OIL  IN  URINE).  On  adding  HC1 
to  urine  containing  copaiba  or  Gurjun  oil,  a  red  color  de- 
velops. 

Noel  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Apply  a  drop  of  HNO3,  to  filter- 
paper  dipped  in  the  liquid  and  dried — a  violet  color,  changing 
to  red  and  yellow,  develops. 

Noll  (CORROSION  METHOD).  Treat  pieces  of  sponge  with  Ja- 
velle  water  until  all  soft  parts  are  dissolved,  then  cautiously 
treat  with  acetic  acid  to  remove  all  pptd.  matter;  after  pass- 


220  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

ing  through  successive  alcohols  and  through  clove  oil,  mount 
in  balsam. 

Noll  (SALICYLIC  VINEGAR  AND  GUM  MEDIUM).  Mix  equal  vol- 
umes Meyer's  salicylic  vinegar  (2)  and  Farrant's  medium. 
This  mixture  never  becomes  turbid  and  does  not  dry  up.  It 
serves  well  for  delicate  Crustacea  and  their  larva;  also  for 
hardened  and  stained  preparations  of  Hydroids,  small  Me- 
dusae and  other  Ccelenterates. 

Noll  (SOLUTION).     Solut.  sodium  hypochlorite. 

Nowak-Kratschmer  (ALKALOIDS).  Color  reactions  are  af- 
forded with  syrupy  phosphoric  acid. 

Nylander  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  2  Gm.  bismuth  subnitrate  and 
4  Gm.  Rochelle  salt  in  ioo  Gm.  of  8-%  NaOH  solut.  To  10 
parts  of  solut.  to  be  tested  (diabetic  urine),  add  i  part  reagent 
and  boil — a  darkening  due  to  reduction  of  bismuth  salt,  indi- 
cates glucose.  Also  known  as  Almen's  solution. 

Nylander- Alme"n.     See  Almtn-Nylander. 

Oberdoerffer  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Expose  oil  under 
a  bell-jar,  together  with  a  watch-glass  containing  platinum 
black,  over  which  is  a  strip  of  moistened  blue  litmus  paper. 
The  paper  is  reddened  by  the  acetic  acid  formed  if  alcohol 
present. 

Obermayer  (!NDICAN  IN  URINE),  i. — Add  to  urine  cone.  HC1 
containing  ferric  chloride,  and  shake  out  with  chloroform, 
if  indican  present,  chloroform  turns  blue  from  solution  of  in- 
digo formed.  Excess  of  reagent  does  not  affect  reaction. 
See  Hammarsteris  test.  2. — Treat  urine  with  lead  acetate 
and  clear  filtrate  from  the  ppt.  Shake  with  a  0.5-%  solut. 
ferric  chloride  in  fuming  hydrochloric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.19). 
Upon  extracting  with  chloroform,  the  latter  is  colored  blue 
if  indican  was  present. 

Obenneier.     See  Obermayer. 

Obermueller  (CHOLESTERIN).  If  cholesterin  is  carefully  melted 
over  a  naked  flame  with  a  few  drops  propionic  anhydride,  the 
melted  mass  on  cooling  turns  violet,  then  blue,  green,  orange, 
carmine,  and  finally  copper-red. 

Oglialoro  (PICROTOXIN).  i. — Dissolve  fragment  in  2  Gm. 
HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.4)  and  warm — a  yellowish-red  mass  remains, 
turned  bright  red  by  2  Gm.  KOH  solut.,  and  on  warming,  to 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  221 

color  of  old  blood.  2. — Mix  a  little  picrotoxin  with  4  to  5  Gm. 
cone.  H2SO4 — latter  is  colored  golden-yellow,  then  saffron 
yellow.  On  adding  potassium  bichromate  a  greenish-violet 
develops;  on  diluting  with  water,  solut.  is  greenish-yellow. 

Ogston  (CHLORAL  HYDRATE).  Addition  of  ammonium  sulphy- 
drate  to  a  solut.  containing  chloral  hydrate  causes  a  brown 
color,  and  on  heating  a  red  ppt.  forms. 

Ohlmacher  (FORMALDEHYDE  STAINING).  Formaldehyde  2-  to 
4-%  is  used  as  a  mordant  for  tar  colors.  Tissues  may  be  mor- 
danted separately  by  treatment  for  i  minute  or  longer,  or  the 
formaldehyde  may  be  added  to  the  stain.  Dissolve  i  Gm. 
fuchsine  in  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol,  and  add  to  100  Cc.  4-% 
formaldehyde.  Or,  add  sat.  alcoholic  solut.  of  gentian  violet 
or  methyl  violet  5  B.  to  the  formaldehyde  in  the  proportion  of 
i:  10.  In  the  case  of  methylene  blue,  dissolve  i  Gm.  in  100 
Cc.  formaldehyde  solut.  Sections  stain  in  half  a  minute,  and 
are  said  to  resist  alcohol  much  more  than  if  formaldehyde 
were  not  used. 

Oliver  (ALBUMIN  AND  SUGAR).  Filter  paper  saturated  with 
well  known  reagents  for  albumin  and  sugar  in  urine.  For 
albumin:  Picric  and  citric  acids;  sodium  tungstate  and  citric 
acid;  potassium-mercuric  iodide  and  citric  acid;  potassium 
ferrocyanide  and  citric  acid,  separately.  For  sugar:  Indigo 
carmine  and  sodium  carbonate,  separately.  See  Geissler's 
test. 

Oliver  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  Dilute  urine  to  sp.  gr.  1,008,  and  mix 
20  minims  with  60  minims  of  a  solut.  of  meat-peptone  30  grn., 
salicylic  acid  4  grn.,  acetic  acid  30  minims,  and  water  8  fl. 
oz.  If  biliary  acid  present,  a  ppt.  forms. 

Oliver  (GALLIC  AND  TANNIC  ACIDS).  Add  10  drops  strong 
HNO3  to  salmon-red  solut.  obtained  by  adding  i  grain  gallic 
acid  to  90  minims  NH3,  and  set  aside  for  some  time — no  ppt. 
forms,  but  color  changes  to  deep  red.  Tannic  acid  similarly 
treated,  yields  a  colored  solut.  with  a  flocculent  ppt.  insoluble 
in  excess  of  acid,  in  a  few  moments. 

Oppitz  (SILVER  STAINING).  Reduction  is  very  rapidly  effected 
by  placing  the  preparations  for  2  or  3  minutes  in  a  0.25-  to 
0.5-%  solut.  of  tin  chloride. 


222  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Opwyrda  (TURMERIC  IN  RHUBARB).  An  alcoholic  solut.  of 
boric  acid  affords  a  red  color  with  turmeric,  which  changes  to 
greenish-black  on  adding  KOH. 

Orlow  (PHENOLS).  Uranium  acetate  gives  a  sharp  reaction 
with  pyrogallol,  hydroquinone,  pyrocatechin,  gallic  acid,  sali- 
cylic acid,  and  morphine.  Phenol,  eugenol,  cresol,  resorcin, 
phloroglucin,  alpha-naphtol,  beta-naphtol,  and  guaiacol  but 
a  slight  reaction.  No  reaction  is  obtained  with  thymol. 

Orlow-Horst  (ALKALOIDS).  Ammonium  persulphate  gives  with 
cocaine  a  colorless  ppt.  in  form  of  a  viscid  liquid  solut. 
in  excess  of  reagent.  Strychnine  affords  a  pulverulent  ppt. 
In  admixture  with  H2SO4,  ammonium  persulphate  affords 
the  following  reactions:  Chelidonine,  yellow,  changing  to 
green  and  finally  brown;  ckelerytkrine ,  violet,  changing  to 
black;  sanguinarine ,  dark-brown;  corydaline ,  yellow,  then 
dirty-green,  finally  dirty-yellow;  morphine,  pale-orange;  co- 
deine, orange;  narcotine,  reddish-orange;  papaverine,  yellow; 
narceine,  violet  changing  to  blood-red,  and  finally  yellow; 
apomorphine,  green,  changing  to  blue. 

Orlowski  (ANALYTICAL  REAGENT).  Use  ammonium  thiosul- 
phate  instead  of  hydrogen  sulphide  as  a  group  reagent.  See 
Journ.  Chem.  Soc.  (Abstracts),  1884,  p.  363. 

Orth  (LITHIUM  CARMINE).  Digest  2.5  Gm.  carmine  in  100  Cc. 
sat.  aqueous  solut.  of  lithium  carbonate  (i  Gm.  in  70  Cc.  dis- 
tilled water),  and  filter. 

Orth  (METHYL-VIOLET  STAIN).  Soak  sections  in  water,  then 
place  in  solut.  of  i  part  aniline  violet  in  300  parts  acetic  acid. 
Do  not  wash,  but  simply  drain,  and  mount  in  solut.  of  i  part 
potassium  acetate  in  2  parts  water. 

Oser-Kalmann  (INDICATOR).  The  product  of  the  action  of  po- 
tassium permanganate  and  sulphuric  acid  on  gallic  acid  is 
fused  with  caustic  potash.  The  red  color  of  the  compound 
thus  obtained  is  changed  to  yellow  by  acids. 

O'Shaughnessy  (OPIUM).  On  adding  a  ferric  salt  to  a  solut. 
containing  opium,  red  iron  meconate  is  formed.  The  color  of 
this  is  not  affected  by  alkaline  solutions,  whereas  sulpho- 
cyanide  of  iron  is  decolorized  when  similarly  treated. 

Ost  (SUGAR).  A  solut.  containing  23.5  Gm.  copper  sulphate, 
250  Gm.  sodium  carbonate,  and  100  Gm.  potassium  bicarbon- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  223 

ate  per  liter  is  used  for  the  determination  of  sugar.  See  also 
Soldaini's  test. 

Oster  (ARSENIC  IN  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  Boil  the  acid  with 
pure  tin-foil — a  brown  stain  is  formed  on  the  metal,  if  arsenic 
present. 

Ott  (BILIRUBIN  IN  URINE).  Improved  Salkowsky's  test.  Make 
urine  alkaline  with  sodium  carbonate,  and  add  CaCl2  until  no 
ppt.  further  forms.  Filter  off  gelatinous  ppt.,  wash  well, 
and  dissolve  in  alcohol  by  aid  of  HC1.  On  boiling,  solut.  ac- 
quires a  green  to  blue  if  biliary  pigment  present ;  otherwise  no 
color  forms.  On  adding  HNO3,  green  solut.  becomes  blue, 
red,  and  finally  violet.  If  much  albumin  or  hemoglobin  pres- 
ent, or-  after  taking  certain  remedies,  e.  g.  salol,  test  for  bili- 
rubin  is  inconclusive. 

Otto  (ALCOHOL).  Add  to  liquid  an  equal  volume  cone.  H2SO4 
and  a  little  sodium  acetate — if  alcohol  present,  odor  of  acetic 
ether  will  be  observed. 

Otto  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  sodium  tungstate  containing  some 
phosphoric  acid,  gives  ppts. 

Otto  (DIGITALIN).  i. — Dissolve  digitalin  in  cone.  H2SO4  and 
add  some  bromine  water — a  light-purple  color  develops. 
2. — Warm  aqueous  solut.  with  few  drops  solut.  phospho- 
molybdic  acid — a  fine  green  color  develops,  changed  to  blue 
by  NH3. 

Otto  (MORPHINE).  With  HC1,  Fe2Cl6,  and  potassium  fern- 
cyanide,  morphine  yields  a  ppt.  of  Prussian  blue. 

Otto  (PICROTOXIN).  A  solut.  of  the  alkaloid  in  cone.  H2SO4 
is  colored  reddish-brown  at  the  zone  of  contact  by  a  drop  of 
potassium-bichromate  solut.;  upon  mixing,  the  solut.  is 
colored  green. 

Otto  (STRYCHNINE).  Mix  substance  (e.  g.  evaporation  residue 
of  ethereal  or  alcoholic  extract)  with  a  few  drops  dil.  solut. 
potassium  bichromate.  Dip  a  glass  rod  into  this  solut.,  and 
then  draw  it  through  cone.  H2SO  — if  strychnine  present,  blue 
streaks  will  appear. 

Otto  (SUGAR).  Modified  Fehling's  test.  Solut.  of  i  part  copper 
sulphate  and  3  parts  tartaric  acid,  to  which  enough  NaOH  is 
added  to  just  effect  a  clear  solution. 


224  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Otto-Stas  (ALKALOIDS).  Extract  with  alcohol  containing  tar- 
taric  or  oxalic  acid,  then  use  alcohol  and  ether.  See  Am. 
Journ.  Pharm.,  1874,  p.  120. 

Oudemans  (QUINAMINE).  When  a  drop  of  liquid  containing 
quinamine  is  overlaid  on  H2SO4  containing  a  trace  of  HNO3, 
a  chestnut-brown  to  orange-red  color  is  produced,  which 
changes  to  purple  on  adding  water. 

Overbeck  (COTTON  IN  WOOLLEN).  Soak  fabric  in  an  aqueous 
solut.  of  alloxantin  (i  in  10),  and  after  drying  expose  to 
NH3  vapor  and  rinse  in  water.  Woollen  material  is  colored 
crimson,  cotton  remains  white. 

Overbeck  (IODINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  passing  a  current 
of  hyponitrous  acid  gas  into  the  liquid,  if  the  latter  has 
previously  been  mixed  with  starch  paste. 

Overton  (BLEACHING  OSMIC  OBJECTS).  Bleaching  is  com- 
pleted in  a  few  minutes  in  a  mixture  of  i  part  commercial 
hydrogen  dioxide  with'io  to  25  parts  70-%  alcohol. 

Overton  (IODINE  FIXING).  Heat  iodine  in  a  test-tube  till  vapor 
is  given  off,  then  incline  tube  so  that  the  vapor  may  flow 
over  objects  arranged  on  a  slide.  Afterwards  warm  slide  to 
about  40°  C.  for  2  or  3  minutes,  in  order  to  drive  off  the  iodine, 
prior  to  mounting  or  further  treatment. 

Pacini  (PRESERVATIVE  SOLUTIONS).  These  are  employed  to 
preserve  microscopic  sections,  i. — i  part  mercuric  chloride, 
2  parts  sodium  chloride,  13  parts  glycerin  (25°  Be".),  and  113 
parts  of  water;  2. — i  part  mercuric  chloride,  2  parts  acetic 
acid,  43  parts  glycerin  (25°  Be.),  and  275  parts  water. 

Pacquelin-Joly  (PYROPHOSPHORIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  See  Joly- 
Pacquelin. 

Pagel  (PHOSPHORUS  IN  PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  A  white  opales- 
cence  or  ppt.  forms  upon  warming  acid  with  an  equal  volume 
mercuric-chloride  solut.  (i:  60)  to  about  180°  C. 

Pagenstecher  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Filter-paper  is  soaked  in 
freshly-prepared  tincture  guaiac  (3-  to  4-%),  dried  and  moist- 
ened with  copper-sulphate  solut.  (0.25-%).  HCN  colors  the 
prepared  paper  blue.  See  also  Schoenbein-Pagenstecher. 

Pain  (SANTONIN).  On  heating  a  fragment  of  santonin  with  an 
alcoholic  solut.  of  ethyl  nitrate,  and  then  adding  a  few  drops 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  225 

KOH  solut.  to  the  hot  liquid,  a  reddish-violet  color  develops. 
The  reaction  will  readily  detect  o.ooi  Gm.  santonin. 

Pal  (BLEACHING  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  each  of  oxalic 
acid  and  potassium  sulphite  in  200  Cc.  distilled  water. 

Pal  (HEMATOXYLIN  METHOD).  Proceed  at  first  as  in  Weigert's 
process  for  nerve  fiber,  omitting  the  copper  bath,  and  stain  in 
Pal's  hematoxylin  solution  (see  below)  for  5  or  6  hours.  Then 
wash  sections  in  distilled  water  (containing  a  trace  of  lithium 
carbonate  if  the  sections  are  not  deep  blue) ,  next  treat  for  1 5 
to  30  seconds  with  a  0.25-%  potassium  permanganate  solut., 
rinse  in  water,  and  decolorize  in  Pal's  bleaching  solution.  (If 
black  spots  appear  replace  in  the  permanganate  solut.,  again 
bleach,  and  wash  dry  for  15  minutes  in  water.)  The  gray 
substance  of  the  sections  is  decolorized  in  a  few  seconds; 
the  sections  should  then  be  well  washed  out,  and  may  be 
double-stained  with  picro-carmine  or  acetic-acid  carmine  (see 
Schneider),  Magdala  red,  or  eosine.  The  nuclei  may  be 
stained  with  alum  carmine.  Finally  dehydrate,  clear,  and 
mount. 

Pal  (HEMATOXYLIN  STAIN).  Dissolve  0.75  Gm.  hematoxylin 
in  90  Cc.  distilled  water  and  10  Cc.  absolute  alcohol.  Just 
before  use  add  sat.  solut.  lithium  carbonate  in  the  proportion 
of  3  drops  to  each  10  Cc.  of  hematoxylin  solution.  See 
also  Weigert. 

Pal-Exner  (OsMic- ACID-METHOD).  Spinal  cord  or  brain  in 
i-inch  cubes  is  immersed  in  0.5-%  osmic-acid  solut.  for  2 
days,  the  solution  being  changed  each  day;  then  wash  in 
water,  transfer  to  absolute  alcohol,  and  imbed  in  celloidin  or 
paraffin.  Place  sections  as  cut  in  glycerin,  then  wash  in 
water,  treat  with  potassium  permanganate  and  Pal's  solution, 
as  in  Pal's  hematoxylin  method,  counter-stain  with  car- 
mine, dehydrate,  clear,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Paladino  (PALLADIUM-IODIDE  STAIN).  Pieces  of  nerve  fiber 
hardened  in  bichromate,  chromic  acid,  or  corrosive  sublimate, 
and  not  more  than  5  to  8  Mm.  thick,  are  immersed  for  2  days 
in  a  large  quantity  of  o.i-%  palladium-chloride  solut.  (pre- 
pared bv  dissolving  10  Gm.  of  the  salt  in  i  liter  of  water,  with 
the  aid  of  4  to  6  drops  HC1,  and  diluting  as  required).  Next 
treat  for  24  hours  with  a  i-%  KI  solut.,  dehydrate,  imbed  if 


226  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

necessary  in  paraffin  by  the  chloroform  method,  and  mount 
in  balsam. 

Palm  (ALKALOIDS),  i. — vSodium  sulphantimonate  gives  milky 
to  yellow  or  red-brown  ppts.  2. — Lead  chloride  dissolved  in 
sodium-chloride  solut.  gives  colorless  crystalline  ppts.  See 
Chem.  News,  1883,  p.  65. 

Palm  (NICOTINE).  On  heating  gently  with  a  little  HC1,  a  violet 
color  is  developed  which  changes  to  orange-red  on  adding 
NH03. 

Palm  (PICROTOXIN).  An  insoluble  salt  is  formed  by  treatment 
with  an  ammoniacal  solut.  of  basic  lead  acetate. 

Paneth  (WEIGERT'S  STAIN).  In  this  modification  i  part  of 
commercial  extract  of  logwood  is  dissolved  in  90  parts  water 
and  10  parts  alcohol.  Then  filter  and  add  8  drops  of  cone, 
solut.  of  lithium  carbonate  for  each  100  Cc.  Sections  require 
from  1 8  to  24  hours  in  this  stain  at  the  normal  temperature. 

Panum  (ALBUMIN).  A  coagulum  forms  on  boiling  a  liquid 
containing  albumin  (urine)  with  an  equal  volume  of  a  sat. 
solut.  of  sodium  sulphate  or  chloride. 

Pape  (DIGITALIN).  Mixture  of  i  part  amorphous  digitalin  with 
10  parts  starch  gives  with  cone.  H2SO4  a  paste  in  which  the 
starch  granules  are  blackish-brown,  but  on  adding  HNO3, 
deep  green;  if  cane  sugar  present,  the  green  color  rapidly  dis- 

i  appears.  Crystallized  digitalin  treated  as  above  yields  similar 
reactions,  but  the  green  color  is  more  subdued.  If  cane  sugar 
is  added  to  the  digitalin  mixture,  H2SO4  causes  a  yellow,  then 
orange,  and  finally  deep-brown.  The  digitalin-starch  mixture, 
treated  with  H2S04,  then  HC1,  and  finally  water,  yields  a 
green  mass. 

Papasogli  (CANE  SUGAR).  Add  a  few  drops  5-%  solut.  cobalt 
nitrate  and  an  excess  of  50-%  solut.  NaOH  to  a  solut.  con- 
taining saccharose — a  permanent  violet  color  develops.  Glu- 
cose affords  a  blue  color  changing  soon  to  dirty-green.  Test 
may  be  applied  in  solutions  containing  glucose,  caramel,  or 
alcohol,  or  even  in  mixtures  containing  10  times  as  much  glu- 
cose as  saccharose.  Wines  should  first  be  decolorized  by 
animal  charcoal  or  basic  lead  acetate.  Lactose  treated  as 
above  gives  an  evanescent  blue  color.  Honey  gives  a  similar 
reaction,  the  blue  becoming  dirty-green.  Solutions  contain- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  227 

ing  acacia  or  dextrin  should  first  be  freed  from  these  by  lead 
acetate  or  barium  hydrate.  See  Reich's  test. 

Papasogli  (COBALT).  A  blood-red  color  develops  on  adding  a 
solut.  of  potassium  cyanide  till  the  ppt.  formed  is  re-dissolved, 
then  adding  a  few  drops  of  yellow  ammonium  sulphydrate. 

Papasogli  (NICKEL).  On  dissolving  nickel  in  a  solut.  of  potas- 
sium cyanide  and  immersing  a  strip  of  zinc,  the  solut.  turns 
red,  and  the  zinc  is  covered  with  a  black  deposit. 

Papasogli-Poli  (CITRIC,  SUCCINIC,  AND  MALIC  ACIDS).  On 
pptng.  with  calcium  chloride,  decomposing  with  dilute  H2SO4, 
and  boiling  with  potassium  bichromate,  a  yellow  color  indi- 
cates succinic  acid;  green,  without  odor,  citric  acid;  green, 
with  fruity  odor,  malic  acid. 

Papasogli-Poli  (MALIC  ACID).  An  odor  of  over-ripe  fruit  is 
given  off  when  malic  acid  is  heated  with  potassium  bichro- 
mate and  sulphuric  acid. 

Parietti  (EXTRANEOUS  ORGANISMS  AMONG  TYPHOID-FEVER 
BACILLI).  To  prevent  typhoid-fever  bacilli  being  crowded 
out  by  extraneous  organisms,  add  to  the  tubes  of  broth  to  be 
employed  about  5  drops  of  a  mixture  of  sterilized  water,  100 
parts;  HC1,  4  parts;  and  carbolic  acid,  5  parts. 

Parker  (METHYLENE  BLUE).  This  stain  is  fixed  in  sections  or 
pieces  of  tissue,  in  the  form  of  a  finely  grained  purplish  ppt., 
by  cold,  cone,  aqueous  mercuric-chloride  solut.  Next  dehy- 
drate the  preparations  in  a  solut.  of  i  Gm.  mercuric  chloride 
in  5  Cc.  of  methylal,  then  treat  with  a  mixture  of  2  parts 
xylene,  i  part  of  methylal,  and  i  part  of  the  dehydrating 
mixture.  Subsequently  leave  in  pure  xylene  for  4  or  5  days 
to  remove  all  trace  of  mercuric  chloride,  and  finally  mount 
sections  in  balsam,  or  imbed  tissue  in  paraffin  prior  to  cutting 
sections.  Fix  sections  to  slide  with  Schaellibaum's  collodion. 

Parker  (TURPENTINE  CEMENT).  Dissolve  true  Venice  turpen- 
tine in  sufficient  alcohol  to  enable  it  to  pass  through  a  filter, 
and  after  filtering  the  mixture,  evaporate  to  about  three- 
fourths  its  original  bulk,  or  until  a  little  becomes  hard  and 
breaks  with  a  vitreous  fracture  when  dropped  into  cold  water. 
This  cement  is  useful  for  closing  glycerin  mounts  with  square 
covers.  After  clearing  off  superfluous  glycerin  apply  the  ce- 
ment with  a  piece  of  copper  wire  bent  at  right  angles.  This 


228  7 ES TS  AND  REAGENTS. 

can  readily  be  heated  in  a  spirit-lamp  flame,  and  after  plung- 
ing into  the  cement  is  brought  down  flat  on  the  slide,  near  the 
edge  of  the  cover.  The  cement  distributes  itself  and  hardens 
immediately,  so  that  the  slide  can  be  cleaned  as  soon  as  the 
four  sides  are  finished.  See  Csokor. 

Parker- Floyd  (FORMALDEHYDE  FOR  HARDENING).  A  mixture 
of  2  volumes  formaldehyde  with  98  volumes  water  is  said 
to  harden  a  sheep's  brain  in  7  to  10  days.  To  obviate  the  ten- 
dency to  increase  the  volume  of  the  mass,  mix  6  volumes  of 
95-%  alcohol  with  4  volumes  of  above  mixture.  Brains  may 
be  kept  for  months  in  the  mixture. 

Partheil  (MARGARINE).  A  solut.  of  dimethylamdioazobenzene 
in  oil  is  added  to  the  substance:  on  contact  with  a  mineral 
acid,  the  mixture  develops  a  red  color  if  margarine  present. 
(Reagent  is  not  to  be  mistaken  for  Butter  Yellow,  the  sodium 
salt  of  dimethylamidoazobenzenesulphonate.) 

Partsch  (COCHINEAL  ALUM-CARMINE).  Boil  cochineal  for  some 
time  with  a  5-%  alum  solution  filter,  and  add  a  little  salicylic 
acid  to  preserve  from  mold. 

Pasteur  (CINCHONA  ALKALOIDS).  These  bases  are  distinguished 
by  their  action  on  polarized  light.  See  Pharm.  Journ.,  1857- 

58>  P-  463- 
Pasteur  (CULTURE  MEDIUM),    i. — Rock  candy,  10  Gm.;  yeast 

ash,  0.075  Gm, ;  water,  100  Gm.     2. — Rock  candy,  10  Gm. ; 

ammonium  carbonate,  iGm. ;  yeast  ash,  i  Gm. ;  water,  100  Gm. 
Pasteur  (GLUCOSE).     Dissolve  separately,  130  Gm.  NaOH,  105 

Gm.  tartaric   acid,  80  Gm.  KOH,  and  40  Gm.  cryst.  CuSO4> 

then  mix,  and  make  up  to  i  liter  with  water. 
Pasteur- Wurtz  (FUCHSINE  IN  WINE).      Add  baryta  water  till 

the  wine  is  faintly  alkaline,  then  filter,  acidify  with  acetic  acid, 

and  shake  out  the  fuchsine  with  fusel  oil. 
Pa  ton  (GLOBULIN  IN  URINE).     Make  urine  alkaline,  and  overlay 

on  sat.  solut.  magnesium  sulphate — if  globulin  present  a  white 

zone  forms. 

Patrouillard  (ARSENIC  IN  ALKALINE  SALTS).  Boil  the  sus- 
pected salt  with  4  per  cent,  of  oxalic  acid,  and  identify  the 

arsenous  acid  by  some  recognized  test. 
Paul  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     Normal  urine  (or  urine  containing 

sugar  or  albumin)  colored  with  methyl  violet,  remains  un- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  229 

changed ;  if,  however,  biliary  pigments  are  present,  the  violet 
color  changes  to  a  blood-red. 

Paul  (CiNCHONioiNE  IN  QUININE  SULPHATE).  Dissolve  5  Gm. 
of  sample  in  150  Cc.  boiling  water,  cool,  and  filter;  press  out 
as  dry  as  possible,  redissolve  crystals,  and  again  crystallize. 
Filter,  mix  the  filtrates,  and  add  just  enough  ether  to  give  a 
visible  layer  after  shaking,  then  add  a  slight  excess  NH3,  and 
let  stand  over  night  in  a  well-corked  flask.  Collect  crystal- 
line cinchonidine  on  a  tared  filter,  dry  and  weigh. 

Paul-Cownley  (CEPH^LINE).  Dissolve  the  ipecac  alkaloids  in 
dilute  HC1;  add  NaOH,  and  shake  with  ether.  Separate 
ethereal  layer  containing  the  emetine  alkaloid,  then  acidify 
the  soda  solution  and  shake  with  ether  and  NH3.  The 
cephaeline  crystallizes  out  from  the  ether  in  a  few  hours  in 
a  mass  of  white  light  crystals. 

.Paul-Cownley  (CEPH^LINE  AND  EMETINE).  To  determine 
these  bases  mix  50  Gm.  powdered  root  with  10  Gm.  lime, 
moisten  with  water,  and  extract  by  percolation  with  amylic 
alcohol.  The  alkaloids  are  extracted  from  this  percolate  by 
shaking  out  with  dil.  H2SO4.  Mix  acid  solut.  with  excess  of 
NH3  and  shake  with  ether.  The  separated  ethereal  solution 
is  evaporated,  and  the  residue  titrated,  with  semi-normal  HC1, 
the  number  of  Cc.  required  being  noted.  The  solut.  of  hydro- 
chlorates  is  then  mixed  with  excess  of  NaOH,  washed  out  with 
ether,  the  separated  ether  again  treated  with  acid  and  with 
NaOH,  and  the  process  repeated  until  no  ppt.  forms  on  adding 
NH4C1  to  the  alkaline  liquor.  The  ether  solut.  of  emetine  is 
then  evaporated  and  the  residue  titrated  with  semi-normal 
acid,  the  alkaloid  being  expressed  as  emetine.  From  the 
alkaline  liquors  cephaeline  is  pptd.  by  adding  NH4C1  and  shak- 
ing out  with  ether,  the  residue  of  the  ethereal  solut.  being 
titrated  as  before.  The  sum  of  the  two  titrations  should 
approximate  to  that  of  the  two  alkaloids  determined  to- 
gether. 

Paul-Cownley  (CUPREINE  IN  CINCHONA  ALKALOIDS).  Dissolve 
mixed  alkaloids  in  weak  acids,  and  agitate  with  ether  and 
NaOH;  separate  the  ether,  then  acidify  the  soda  liquor,  and 
shake  with  ether  and  NH3.  Cupreine  if  present  will  separate 
in  the  form  of  heavy  crystals  in  about  12  to  24  hours. 


2 3°  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Pavy  (ALBUMIN).  Citric  acid  and  potassium  (or  sodium)  ferro- 
cyanide,  each  in  tablet  form.  Acidulate  urine  with  the  former, 
and  add  the  latter — the  usual  whitish-yellow  ppt.  indicates, 
presence  of  urine.  See  also  Oliver's  papers. 

Pavy  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  4.158  Gm.  cryst.  copper  sulphate, 
20.4  Gm.  potassium-sodium  tartrate,  and  20.4  Gm.  KOH  in 
water,  add  300  Cc.  NH3  (sp.  gr.  0.88),  and  dilute  with  water  to< 
i  liter.  Each  10  Cc.  of  this  solut.  represents  0.005  Gm.  glu- 
cose.  The  solut.  becomes  colorless  when  all  the  cupric  salt  has 
been  reduced  to  the  cuprous  condition.  See  Fehling's  solu- 
tion. Pavy's  cupric  test  pellets  consist  of  copper  sulphate, 
potassium-sodium  tartrate,  and  KOH  in  the  proper  propor- 
tions. v 

Payer  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Reagent  is  a  very  dilute  alco- 
holic solut.  of  guaiac  resin,  containing  a  trace  of  copper  sul- 
phate. Upon  bringing  this  mixture,  in  a  porcelain  capsule,, 
into  contact  with  a  glass  rod  moistened  with  hydrocyanic  acid, 
blue  streaks  are  formed  in  the  liquid ;  upon  stirring,  the  whole 
solution  turns  blue.  See  also  Schoenbein-Pagenstecher's  test. 

Pechmann-Ihl  (L/EVULOSE).     See  Ihl-Pechmann. 

Pegna  (NITROBENZENE  IN  ALMOND  OIL).  Mix  the  oil  with 
alcohol,  add  some  KOH  and  a  few  drops  of  Fe2Cl6  solut.,  then 
distil  after  standing  for  a  few  hours.  If  nitrobenzene  present „ 
a  dark  color  will  develop  on  pouring  distillate  on  KOH  and 
heating;  on  adding  chlorinated-lime  solut.  the  color  changes; 
to  violet. 

Peligot  (GLUCOSE).  Test  depends  upon  solubility  of  lime  in  the 
presence  of  glucose.  The  latter  is  destroyed  on  boiling,  and 
on  making  two  assays  of  lime,  one  with  the  cold  solut.  of  glu- 
cose, the  other  with  the  same  solution  after  boiling,  the  differ- 
ence between  the  two  assays  will  represent  glucose. 

Pellagri  (BRUCINE).  On  dissolving  brucine  in  cone.  HC1  and 
heating  with  the  addition  of  H2SO4,  a  blue  color  develops  on 
neutralizing  solut.  with  NaHCO3. 

Pellagri  (INDICATOR).  Prepare  a  solution  of  phyllocyanin  and 
add  sufficient  of  any  acid  to  turn  it  purple.  Alkalies  change 
the  color  to  green,  then  yellow,  and  finally  almost  black. 

Pellagri  (MORPHINE).  Dissolve  the  base,  or  the  residue  left  on 
evaporating  a  solut.  containing  it,  in  cone.  HC1,  add  a  few 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  231 

drops  of  strong  H2SO4,  and  heat  on  a  water-bath — a  distinct 
purple  color  should  be  apparent.  Next  add  more  HC1,  neu- 
tralize solut.  with  NaHCO3,  and  add  an  alcoholic  solut.  of  io- 
dine— the  liquid  acquires  a  deep  chrome-green  color. 

Pellet  (GLUCOSE).  6.8.7  Gin.  CuSO4,  200  Gin.  of  NaCl,  100  Gm. 
of  anhydrous  Na2CO3,  and  6.87  Gm.  of  NH4C1  are  dissolved  in 
hot  water  and  diluted  with  water  to  i  liter.  10  Cc.  of  this 
solut.  are  reduced  by  0.05  Gm.  glucose.  See  Fehling's  solu- 
tion. 

Pelletier  (QUININE).  Chlorine  gas  passed  into  water  contain- 
ing quinine  in  suspension  dissolves  it,  and  the  color  of  the  solu- 
tion changes  from  light-red  to  violet,  then  to  dark-red. 

Peloggio  (IODINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  passing  a  galvanic 
current  through  a  liquid  containing  iodine  in  combination  in 
the  presence  of  starch  paste  and  a  little  HC1. 

Pelouze  (GLUCOSE).     See  Moore's  test. 

Peltier  (SILK  AND  WOOL  FIBER).  Silk  is  dissolved  by  a  mix- 
ture of  equal  parts  cone.  HNO3  and  H2SO4,  while  wool  is  col- 
ored yellow. 

Penot  (OILS).  Chromic  acid  gives  distinctive  color  reactions 
with  oils. 

Penzoldt  (ACETONE).  Dissolve  a  few  crystals  of  ortho-nitro- 
benzaldehyde  in  water,  add  to  distillate  from  urine,  then 
render  alkaline  with  NaOH — if  acetone  present,  the  mixture 
becomes  yellow,  then  green,  and  after  several  minutes  indigo 
precipitates. 

Penzoldt  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Filter  a  large  quantity  urine 
through  a  double  filter;  dry  the  latter  and  pour  on  it  a  few 
Cc.  acetic  acid — a  green  color  develops,  particularly  on 
warming. 

Penzoldt  (NAPHTALIN).  Let  i  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4  trickle  into  a 
urine  containing  a  trace  of  naphtalin — the  supernatant  urine 
will  be  colored  dark-green  immediately.  The  acid  also  ac- 
quires the  same  color  after  a  time. 

Penzoldt  (SUGAR).  Render  urine  strongly  alkaline  and  treat 
with  a  i :  60  solut.  of  diazobenzenesulphonic  acid.  (Ehrlich's 
reagent.)  At  the  same  time  a  control  test  is  made  using  nor- 
mal urine.  The  latter  is  colored  yellowish-red  by  the  reagent, 
whereas  diabetic  urine  soon  becomes  dark-red  and  opaque. 


232  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Penzoldt  (THALLIN).  Shake  liquid  with  chloroform,  and  add 
a  drop  ferric-ch  oride  solut.  to  chloroformic  extract — a  dark- 
green  color  develop  if  thallin  present. 

Penzoldt-Fischer  (ALDEHYDES).  A  red  color,  changing  to  vio- 
let, is  produced  by  aldehydes  on  adding  an  alkaline  aqueous 
solut.  of  diazobenzenesulphon^c  acid  (i :  60)  in  the  presence 
of  sodium  amalgam. 

Penzoldt-Fischer  (PHENOL).  Diazobenzenesulphonic  acid  (Ehr- 
lich's  reagent)  gives  a  deep-red  color  with  an  alkaline  phenol 
solut. 

Perenyi  (FIXING  FLUIDS),  i. — 4  parts  io-%  NH03,  3  parts 
alcohol,  and  3  parts  0.5-%,  chromic  acid  solut.  Immerse 
objects  for  4  to  5  hours,  then  pass  through  70-%  alcohol  (24 
hours),  strong  alcohol  (some  days),  absolute  alcohol,  (4  to  5 
days),  then  cut  sections.  2. — 3  parts  of  20-%  NHO3,  3  parts 
of  i-%  chromic  acid,  and  4  parts  absolute  alcohol.  This  is  a 
special  mixture,  used  for  embryos  of  Lacerta.  Fix  for  20  min- 
utes, wash  out  for  an  hour  with  70-%  alcohol,  and  then  with 
strong  alcohol,  Stain  with  Delafield's  hAnatoxylin,  and  treat 
for  3  to  5  minutes  with  i-%  chromic  acid. 

Perenyi  (HARDENING  SOLUTION).  Mix  4  volumes  of  io-% 
HNO3,  3  volumes  alcohol,  and  3  volumes  of  0.5-%  solut. 
chromic  acid. 

Perrins  (BERBERINE).  Brilliant  green  spangles  form  on  adding 
a  dilute  solut.  of  iodine  with  KI  to  an  alcoholic  solut.  of  ber- 
berine. 

Perrot  (ESSENTIAL  OILS).  A  solut.  of  dimethyl- aniline  violet 
in  glacial  acetic  acid  and  dilute  alcohol  gives  characteristic 
colors  with  many  ethers,  aldehydes,  phenols,  etc.,  but  does 
not  react  with  fatty  oils  or  hydrocarbons.  It  may,  therefore, 
be  employed  to  detect  many  adulterations  in  essential  oils. 

Persoz  (DIFFERENTIATING  TEXTILE  FIBERS).  Dissolve  10  Gm. 
zinc  chloride  with  2  Gm.  zinc  oxide  in  10  Gm.  water.  Upon 
digesting  any  fabric  in  this  basic  zinc-chloride  solut.  at  30° 
to  40°  C.  any  silk  contained  is  dissolved. 

Pesci  (ALKALOIDS).  Solut.  of  copper  sulphate  and  sodium 
thiosulphate  acidulated  with  H3SO4. 

Petermann  (CORN-COCKLE  SEEDS  IN  FLOUR).  Test  based  on 
isolation  of  the  saponin  in  corn-cockle  seeds.  Heat  500  Gm. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  233 

ilour  with  i  liter  85-%  alcohol,  filter  while  hot,  concentrate 
filtrate,  and  ppt.  saponin  by  adding  absolute  alcohol  and  a 
little  ether.  Collect  saponin  after  12  to  24  hours,  dry  at  100° 
C.,  dissolve  in  a  little  water,  and  again  ppt.  with  alcoholic 
ether.  Saponin  characterized  by  acid  taste,  frothing  of  aque- 
ous solut.,  and  reduction  of  Fehling's  solut.  (especially  after 
hydroly zing  with  HC1). 

Petri  (PROTEIDS).  Proteids  or  peptone  solut.  give  with  diazo- 
benzenesulphonic  acid  a  light-yellow  color  changed  by  alkali 
to  orange-yellow  and  brown,  and  on  shaking  give  a  red  froth. 

Petri  (KAIRIN  IN  URINE).  Add  acetic  acid  and  solut.  calcium 
chloride — if  kairin  present,  a  fuchsine-red  color  develops. 

Pettenkofer  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  On  adding  to  a  small  quantity 
of  a  solut.  of  biliary  acid  (e.  g.,  urine)  two-thirds  its  bulk  of 
cone.  H2SO4,  drop  by  drop  (so  as  not  to  heat  above  62°  C.), 
and  2  to  5  drops  of  a  i :  5  solut.  of  cane  sugar,  an  intense  violet 
or  purple-red  color  develops.  Strassburg  modifies  test  by  dis- 
solving cane  sugar  in  the  urine,  saturating  filter-paper  with  the 
solut.  and,  after  drying,  bringing  the  paper  in  contact  with  a 
drop  of  H2SO4.  The  color  is  then  seen  on  holding  the  paper  to 
the  light.  Drechsel  uses  phosphoric  acid  instead  of  sulphuric, 
and  Udransky  replaces  the  cane  sugar  and  H2SO4  by  furfurol- 
sulphuric  acid.  See  also  Neubauer's  test.  By  reversing  the 
process,  Pettenkofer's  reaction  can  also  be  employed  in  test- 
ing for  sugar  and  for  presence  of  glucosides.  See  Brunner's 
test  for  digit alin. 

Pettenkofer  (CARBONIC  ACID).  Dissolve  i  part  of  rosolic  acid 
or  corallin  in  500  parts  8o-%  alcohol  and  add  baryta  water 
until  a  reddish  color  is  obtained.  On  adding  0.5  Cc.  of  this 
solution  to  50  Cc.  water  containing  bicarbonates,  the  red  color 
will  disappear  if  free  CO2  present. 

Pettenkofer  (SUGAR).  By  reversing  Pettenkofer's  process  for 
detecting  biliary  acids,  as  in  Brunner's  test,  the  reaction  serves 
as  a  test  for  sugar  from  glucosides.  H2SO4  is  added  to  an 
aqueous  solution  of  the  bile  till  the  precipitate  first  formed  is 
redissolved,  and  on  adding  the  liquid  containing  sugar,  a  vio- 
let color  develops. 

Petti  (PHYSOSTIGMINE).  On  adding  dil.  HC1  to  saturation,  fol- 
lowed by  excess  of  NH3,  and  then  heating,  the  color-changes 


234  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.' 

in  the  case  of  physostigmine  will  be  as  follows:  Pale-red,  red,, 
yellowish-red,  green,  and  blue. 

Pewsner-Nastinkow  (STAINING  TUBERCLE  BACILLI).  Shake  a 
i:  2,000  solut.  HgCl2  with  a  few  drops  aniline,  and  filter.  To 
10  Cc.  filtrate  add  i  Cc.  io-%  solut.  gentian- violet,  methyl- 
violet,  or  fuchsine,  in  absolute  alcohol.  Immerse  specimen 
in  this  solut.  for  5  minutes,  rinse  in  water,  decolorize  with  dil. 
HC1,  and  again  wash  with  water.  Preparation  may  now  be 
tinged  with  complementary  colors  (solut.  malachite  green  or 
cosine,  0.06  Gm.  in  60  Cc.  i:  2,000  solut.  HgCl2).  Prepara- 
tion should  not  remain  longer  than  i  or  2  seconds  in  latter 
solut. 

To  detect  tubercle  bacilli  in  the  tissue,  dehydrate  latter  by 
2  days'  immersion  in  absolute  alcohol,  then  imbed  in  mix- 
ture of  5  parts  paraffin  and  i  part  chloroform  for  20  to  60 
minutes,  then  in  pure  melted  paraffin  for  10  to  20  minutes 
(on  water-bath).  When  cold,  make  sections,  from  which  dis- 
solve out  paraffin  with  xylene,  wash  with  alcohol,  and  im- 
merse in  water.  Then  dry  sections  on  glass,  treat  with  chlo- 
roform, and  stain  as  above. 

Pfeiffer  (SERUM  REACTION  FOR  CHOLERA).  Trace  of  blood 
serum  of  a  cholera-immune  guinea-pig  destroys  vitality  of 
true  cholera  bacilli  contained  in  serum  of  normal  guinea-pig 
and  a  little  bouillon.  Vibrios  similar  to  those  of  cholera  are 
not  killed  by  the  serum;  other  tests,  such  as  that  for  typhoid 
bacilli  may  be  carried  out  in  similar  manner.  Gruber  states 
that  the  reaction  may  be  conducted  in  a  test-tube.  See 
WidaVs  test. 

Pfitzner  (DAMMAR  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  dammar  in  a  mixture 
of  benzene  and  turpentine. 

Pfitzner  (SAFRANINE  STAIN).  Dissolve  i  part  safranine  in  100* 
parts  absolute  alcohol,  and  after  a  few  days  add  200  parts 
water. 

Pfuhl-Petri  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Stain  in  warmed  solut.  of  10 
Cc.  sat.  alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine  and  100  Cc.  water,  for  i  or 
2  minutes.  Decolorize  in  acetic  acid  for  i  or  2  minutes,  rinse 
in  water,  and  double-stain  in  alcoholic  aqueous  solut.  mala- 
chite green  for  £  to  i  minute;  then  rinse  in  water,  dry,  and 
mount  in  balsam. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  235 

Phipson  (BENZOIC,  HIPPURIC,  AND  SALICYLIC  ACIBS).  On  mix- 
ing 3  equivalents  of  acid  with  i  equivalent  of  glucose  and  a 
large  excess  of  H2SOf,  a  moderate  heat  causes  development 
of  a  brown  color  changing  to  black.  See  Chemical  Newst 
xxviii,  13. 

Phipson  (FRANGULIN).  H2SO4  causes  an  emerald-green  color 
changing  to  purple  and  then  dark-red. 

Pianese  (METHYLENE-BLUE-EOSINE  STAIN).  The  same  as  Cken- 
zinsky's  solut.,  with  addition  of  a  considerable  proportion  of 
lithium  carbonate.  , 

Picard  (AMMONIACUM).  Modified  Plugge's  reagent  for  ammo- 
niacum,  with  substitution  of  sodium  hypobromite  for  sodium 
hypochlorite. 

Piccini  (NITRIC  IN  PRESENCE  OF  NITROUS  ACID).  Add  urea  to 
the  liquid  containing  nitrates  and  nitrites,  which  then  mix 
with  a  solut.  of  urea  in  dil.  H2SO4.  When  evolution  of  nitro- 
gen* from  decomposed  nitrites  ceases,  a  blue  color  develops 
on  adding  KI,  starch  paste,  and  a  fragment  of  zinc. 

Pichard  (NITRITES).  Add  a  particle  brucine  and  i  drop  HC1  to 
solut. — in  about  5  minutes  a  vermilion-red  to  light-yellow 
color  develops  if  a  nitrite  present;  i  part  nitrous  nitrogen  in 
640,000  water  thus  detected.  Nitrates  treated  as  above  give 
no  reaction.  Said  to  be  more  sensitive  than  Griess,  Troms- 
dorff  and  Piccini  tests. 

Pick  (PRESERVATIVE  SOLUTION  FOR  ANATOMICAL  SPECIMENS). 
50  Gm.  formaldehyde,  50  Gm.  artificial  Carlsbad  salts, 
1,000  Cc.  water. 

Pick  (STAIN  FOR  GONOCOCCI).  Ziehl's  carbol-fuchsine,  15 
drops;  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  methyl  blue,  8  drops;  dist.  water, 
20  Cc.  Stain  cold  for  10  seconds,  wash,  dry,  and  mount. 
Gonococci  are  stained  deep-blue;  other  bacteria  light-blue, 
cell  nuclei  very  light-blue,  and  protoplasm  pink. 

Pictet  (EXAMINATION  LIQUID).  A  5-  to  io-%  solut.  of  man- 
ganese chloride  is  used  in  place  of  normal  salt  solution  for 
marine  animals.  For  terrestrial  animals  use  a  i-  to  3-% 
solut.  only. 

Piffard  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  A  paste  is  prepared  by  mixing  in 
the  mortar  copper  sulphate,  i ;  sodium-potassium  tartrate, 
5;  NaOH,  2.  See  Fehling 's  solution. 


236  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Pilhastry  (FORMALDEHYDE).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  phenylhydrazine 
hydrochlorate  and  1.5  Gm.  sodium  acetate  in  100  Gm.  water. 
On  heating  3  Cc.  of  the  suspected  solut.  for  i  minute  with  5 
drops  H2SO4  and  5  drops  of  the  reagent,  a  characteristic  green 
color  develops  (visible  in  solut.  of  formaldehyde  i :  250,000). 

Pinerna  (ORGANIC  ACIDS).  A  solut.  of  beta-naphtol,  0.02 
Gm.  in  cone.  H2SO4,  1.83,  i  Cc.  If  0.05  Gm.  of  organic  acid 
is  carefully  heated  with  10  to  15  drops  of  reagent,  distinctive 
color  reactions  are  obtained;  tartaric  acid  gives  a  blue  then 
green  color,  on  dilution,  a  reddish-yellow  tint;  citric  acid 
reacts  with  a  blue  color,  on  dilution  colorless,  to  light-yellow; 
malic  acid  greenish-yellow,  then  light-yellow,  and  orange  on 
dilution. 

Piotrowski  (PROTEIDS).  This  is  the  biuret  reaction.  See  also 
Rose's,  Bruecke's,  Posner's,  and  Ritthausen's  tests. 

Pirette  (BUTTER).  Modified  Reichert-Meissl  method.  Add  10 
Cc.  H2SO4  to  5  Gm.  butter  stirring  constantly.  When  mixture 
clear  and  transparent,  dilute  with  150  Cc.  water,  and  add 
cone,  solut.  potassium  permanganate  until  red  color  retained 
for  several  seconds.  Odor  of  SO3  will  then  have  disappeared, 
and  the  acid  completely  oxidized.  Then  distil  off  1 10  Cc.  and 
treat  as  usual. 

Piria  (TYROSIN).  Heat  sediment  from  suspected  urine  with  a 
little  cone.  H2SO4  for  5  to  10  minutes,  dilute  with  water,  warm, 
neutralize  with  calcium  or  barium  carbonate,  and  treat  the 
filtrate  with  ferric-chloride  solut.  The  solut.  is  colored  violet 
if  tyrosin  present.  An  excess  of  ferric  chloride  destroys  the 
color. 

Piria- Staedeler  (TYROSIN).  In  this  modification  of  Piria }s  test, 
the  urinary  sediment  is  warmed  with  the  acid,  then  neutralized 
with  barium  carbonate,  boiled,  filtered,  and  added  drop  by 
drop  to  a  dil.  solut.  Fe2Cl6. 

Piso  Bonne  -  Moleschott  (SOLUTION).  See  Moleschott  -  Piso 
Borme. 

Planta  (ALKALOIDS)  .  Potassio-mercuric  iodide  gives  white  ppts. 
See  Mayer's  test. 

Plaut  (ACTINOMYCOSIS).  Place  sections  of  tissue  affected  with 
actinomycosis  for  10  minutes  in  Gibbes'  magenta  solut.,  or 
Ziehl-Neelsen  carbolic-fuchsine  solut.  at  45°  C.;  next  rinse 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  237- 

in  water,  and  place  in  sat.  aqueous  solut.  of  picric  acid,  mixedt 
with  an  equal  volume  absolute  alcohol,  for  5  to  10  minutes, 
wash  with  water,  pass  through  50-%  alcohol  into  absolute 
alcohol,  clear  in  cedar  oil,  and  mount  in  balsam.  In  Squire's 
modification,  the  sections  are  placed  for  10  minutes  in  car- 
bolic-fuchsine,  and  decolorized  for  24  hours  in  fiuorescine 
alcohol  (yellow  fluorescine,  i  Gm.  rubbed  in  a  mortar  with  50. 
Cc.  of  absolute  alcohol,  and  allowed  to  settle).  Stain  the 
nuclei  with  Ehrlich's  hematoxylin  and  counter-stain  faintly 
with  benzopurpurine  solution  (0.25  Gm.  in  20  Cc.  alcohol, 
and  80  Cc.  distilled  water). 

Plessy-Matthieu  (GLUCOSE;  SUGAR;  PYROGALLOL).  See  Mat-. 
thieu-Plessy. 

Plugge  (ALBUMIN).  Reagent  used  in  Plugge' s  test  for  phenol 
yields  a  red  color  with  albumin,  similar  to  that  produced  by 
Millon's  reagent  for  albumins  and  phenols. 

Plugge  (AMMONIAC).  Dissolve  30  Gm.  NaOH  in  water,  keep, 
solut.  cool  while  adding  20  Gm.  bromine,  and  then  dilute  to. 
i  liter.  A  drop  of  this  solution,  added  to  an  aqueous  or  alco^ 
holic  solut.  of  ammoniac  prepared  with  the  addition  of  NaOH,, 
causes  a  beautiful  violet  color  which  rapidly  disappears. 

Plugge  (NITROUS  ACID).  A  red  color  develops  on  heating  to, 
boiling  5  Cc.  of  a  solut.  of  mercurous  nitrate  with  5  Cc.  car- 
bolic acid  (i:  100),  and  15  Cc.  water,  then  adding  120  to  150, 
Cc.  of  a  liquid  containing  nitrous  acid. 

Plugge  (PHENOL).  Boil  a  dil.  solut.  with  mercurous  nitrate- 
solut.  containing  a  slight  trace  nitrous  acid.  Phenol  causes, 
appearance  of  an  intense  red  color,  while  metallic  mercury 
separates  out  and  an  odor  of  salicylol  develops.  See  Frese-- 
nius'  phenol  reaction. 

Podwyssotzki  (EMETINE).  A  drop  sat.  solut.  of  sodium  phos-. 
pho-molybdate  in  cone.  H2SO4  yields  with  emetine  a  brown 
color,  which  changes  to  blue  on  adding  a  drop  HC1. 

Podwyssotzki  (FIXING  MIXTURE).  Mix  15  Cc.  i-%  chromic 
acid  dissolved  in  0.5-%  corrosive  sublimate  solut.,  4  Cc.  2-% 
osmic-acid  solut.,  and  6  to  8  drops  glacial  acetic  acid, 

Podwyssotzki  (SAFRANINE  STAIN).  After  staining,  different 
tiate  for  two  minutes  or  less  in  a  strongly  alcoholic  picric-acid, 
solut.  followed  by  pure  alcohol. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Poehl  (PRODUCTS  OF  ASIATIC  CHOLERA  BACILLI).  Add  10 
drops  cone.  H2SO4  to  7  Cc.  pure  culture  of  comma-bacillus — 
a  rose  color  deepening  to  purple  develops.  (Indol  reaction; 
other  bacteria  also  elaborate  indol,  but  comma-bacillus  and 
one  or  two  others  elaborate  nitrous  acid  also,  which  is  neces- 
sary for  the  reaction.) 

Poelzam  (IMBEDDING  MASS).  Cut  good  white  soap  in  thin 
slices,  dry  in  the  sun,  powder,  and  mix  into  a  paste  with  spirit. 
Next  mix  paste  with  90-%  alcohol  and  glycerin  in  such  pro- 
portions that  the  whole  shall  contain  for  every  10  parts  by 
weight  of  soap,  22  parts  of  glycerin  and  35  parts  of  alcohol. 
Let  the  whole  simmer  until  a  transparent,  syrupy  fluid  is 
obtained.  This  mass  may  be  removed  from  sections  by  means 
of  water  or  very  dilute  alcohol. 

Pohl  (PICRIC  ACID).  A  woollen  thread  is  colored  yellow  on 
soaking  in  a  picric-acid  solut.  and  rinsing  in  water. 

Pohl  (PRECIPITANT  FOR  GLOBULIN).  Make  alkaline  with  NH3, 
and  filter  after  several  hours,  then  add  to  nitrate  equal  vol- 
ume sat.  solut.  ammonium  sulphate — a  ppt.  forms  if  globulin 
present. 

Poll  (SERIAL  SECTIONS).  Arrange  sections  on  a  layer  of  melted 
Kaiser's  gelatin,  add  glycerin,  and  cover. 

Poli-Papasogli  (CITRIC,  SUCCINIC,  AND  MALIC  ACIDS).  See 
Papasogli-Poli . 

Pollacci  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Reagent  is  a  solut.  of  tartaric 
acid,  i;  HgCl2,  5;  NaCl,  10;  water,  100;  formaldehyde  (40-%), 
5.  To  test  sample  put  2  Cc.  solut.  in  test-tube  and  overlay 
with  3  or  4  Cc.  urine — a  ring  appears  immediately  at  line  of 
separation  of  the  liquids  if  pathological  albumin  present.  If 
the  ring  appears  slowly  ( i  o  to  15  minutes)  urine  is  pathologi- 
cally right.  Test  sensitive  to  i :  370,000,  according  to  author. 

Pollacci  (GLUCOSE).  Shake  liquid  with  4  Cc.  water,  i  drop 
aqueous  solut.  ferric  chloride,  and  6  drops  solut.  of  soda;  boil, 
add  2  drops  H2SO4,  cool,  and  add  a  fresh  solut.  potassium 
ferricyanide.  Glucose  produces  a  blue  color. 

Pollacci  (IODATES  IN  IODIDES).  Heat  alkaline  liquid,  and  add 
a  piece  phosphorus,  which  will  soon  be  surrounded  by  a  dark- 
yellow  zone.  Amorphous  phosphorus  promptly  reduces 
iodates  to  iodides. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  239 

Tollacci  (PHENOL),  i. — An  aqueous  solut.  containing  phenol 
overlaid  on  H2SO4  causes  a  red  color  at  the  line  of  contact. 
2. — A  brown  color  is  produced  on  adding  a  drop  of  liquid  to 
H2SO4  and  potassium  bichromate. 

Tollacci  (SULPHURIC  ACID  IN  VINEGAR).  Immerse  strips  of 
filter-paper  in  a  beaker  containing  the  vinegar,  so  that  one  end 
of  each  touches  the  bottom  and  the  other  projects  about  i 
Cm.  above  the  top.  After  24  to  36  hours,  cut  off  projecting 
portions  of  strips,  moisten  with  ether,  and  when  that  has 
evaporated  take  up  the  soluble  matter  with  water  and  ex- 
amine for  H2SO4. 

Pollak  (MELANIN).     See  Von  Jaksch's  test. 

Pollet  (REAGENT).     Kopp's  reagent. 

Porret  (FERRIC  SALTS).  A  blood-red  color  develops  on  adding 
solut.  potassium  sulphocyanide. 

Posner  (PEPTONE  AND  ALBUMINS  IN  URINE).  The  urine,  made 
alkaline,  is  poured  into  a  test-tube  and  carefully  overlaid 
with  very  dilute,  almost  colorless  copper-sulphate  solut. — 
peptone  causes  the  formation  of  a  violet  zone  in  the  cold; 
albumin  gives  the  same  reaction  upon  warming.  See  also 
Brucke's  and  Rose's  biuret  reactions. 

Potain-Drouin  (CARBONIC  OXIDE  IN  AIR).  Pass  current  of 
air  in  very  fine  bubbles  through  10  Cc.  of  io-%  solut.  palla- 
dium chloride  acidulated  with  2  drops  HC1 — if  carbonic  oxide 
present  in  air,  a  black  film  of  palladium  is  deposited  on  sides 
of  flask  and  tube. 

Pouchet  (BLEACHING  METHOD).  Macerate  sections  in  glycerin 
to  which  a  little  hydrogen  dioxide  has  been  added  (5  or  6 
drops  to  a  watch- glassful). 

Poutet  (FIXED  OILS).  Mix  10  Gm.  oil,  5  Gm.  HNO3  (of  40° 
to  42°  Be.),  and  i  Gm.  mercury;  shake  3  minutes  till  mer- 
cury dissolved,  allow  to  stand  20  minutes,  and  again  shake  i 
minute.  Various  fats  show  differences  in  color  and  in  the 
time  they  take  to  solidify.  Olive  and  peanut  oils  harden 
most  rapidly.  In  one  modification  of  this  ela'idin  reaction  the 
proportions  used  are  50  Cc.  of  oil,  12  Gm.  of  mercury,  and  15 
Gm.  of  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.35).  Olive  and  almond  oils  only 
are  solidified  by  this.  Another  modification,  recommended 
more  particularly  for  determining  purity  of  olive  oil,  is  to  mix 


24°  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS, 

the  oil  with  one-twelfth  its  weight  of  a  solut.  of  6  Gin.  mercury 
in  7.5  Gm.  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.35).  Shake  every  10  minutes  for 
2  hours,  then  put  in  a  cold  cellar  and  observe  consistence  after 
24  hours. 

Power  (ELATERIN).  A  deep-red  color  develops  on  adding 
H2SO4,  while  addition  of  potassium  bichromate  causes  a  brown 
to  light-green  color. 

Power  (EMETINE).  A  bright-orange  to  lemon-yellow  color  de- 
velops on  adding  solut.  chlorinated  lime  and  i  drop  acetic  acid. 

Power  (GLUCOSE).  A  colorless  solut.  is  obtained  on  heating  the 
liquid  to  boiling  with  i  drop  copper-sulphate  solut.  (1:14) 
and  a  slight  excess  ammonia. 

Pradines  (FUCHSINE  IN  WINE).  Distil  off  alcohol  and  to  10 
Cc.  of  residue  add  4  Cc.  ammonia;  shake  well  with  5  Cc.  ether 
and  separate.  A  drop  of  the  ethereal  layer  placed  on  white 
paper  or  muslin  gives  a  rose-red  stain  if  fuchsine  present.  If 
desired,  the  residue  left  after  distillation  may  be  shaken  with 
a  sat.  solut.  of  ammonia  in  ether. 

Pratesi  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).  Potassium  hydrate,  2.5  Gm.; 
solut.  potassium  silicate  (cone.),  60  Gm.;  potassium  bichro- 
mate, 2  Gm.  Allow  5  drops  of  reagent  to  dry  on  strip  of  tin; 
on  heating,  tin  becomes  yellow.  Add  urine — if  glucose  pres- 
ent, a  green  color  develops  on  heating. 

Prescott  (CARBOLIC  ACID).  A  yellow  color  develops  on  adding 
a  few  drops  HNO3,  then  a  slight  excess  of  KOH,  and  diluting 
with  water. 

Prescott  (SuLPHOCARBOLATEs).  A  yellow  color  develops  on 
boiling  in  water  with  HNO3  and  neutralizing  with  KOH. 

Preusse-Baumann  (HYDROQUINONE).     See  Baumann-Preusse. 

Preyer  (CARBON  MONOXIDE  IN  BLOOD).  3  to  4  drops  of  sus- 
pected blood  are  warmed  for  5  minutes  at  30°  C.  with  10  Cc. 
water  and  5  Cc.  potassium-cyanide  solut.  (1:2).  The  spectrum 
of  normal  blood,  so  treated,  lacks  the  absorption  line  of  oxy- 
hemoglobin,  and  in  its  place  shows  a  broad  absorption  band; 
the  spectrum  of  carbon-monoxide  blood  remains  unchanged. 

Price  (IODINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  mixing  with  starch 
and  adding  HC1  and  solut.  potassium  nitrite. 

Pritchard  (HARDENING  FLUID).  Dissolve  i  part  chromic  acid 
in  20  parts  water  and  add  120  parts  alcohol. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  241 

Pritchard  (REDUCING  SOLUTION).  An  aqueous  solut.  contain- 
ing i  %  each  of  amyl  alcohol  and  formic  acid.  Used  for  reduc- 
ing gold  chloride  after  impregnating  animal  tissues  with  that 
salt. 

Prochazka-Endemann  (COPPER).     See  Endemann-Prochazka. 

Procter  (CANNABIS  EXTRACT).  HNO3  converts  the  extract 
into  an  orange-red  resin. 

Proctor  (TANNIC  AND  GALLIC  ACIDS).  A  green  color  develops 
on  adding  a  faintly  alkaline  solut.  of  sodium  or  potassium 
arsenate,  and  a  purplish-red  on  adding  acids. 

Proescher  (BILIRUBIN  IN  URINE).  Saturate  10  Cc.  urine  with 
(NH4)2SO4,  collect  ppt.  and  exhaust  it  with  96-%  alcohol. 
Acidulate  alcoholic  extract  and  treat  it  with  a  diazo  solut. 
prepared  by  mixing  a  solut.  of  (a)  sulphanilic  acid  (Erhlich) 
5  Gm.,  or  paramidoacetophenone  (Brunner)  0.5  Gm.,  HC1  50 
Gm.,  and  water  1,000  Gm.,  with  a  solut.  of  (c)  NaNO2  5  Gm., 
in  water  1,000  Gm.  If  bilirubin  present,  solut.  acquires  a  blue 
color.  Bilirubin  may  thus  also  be  detected  in  serum. 

Proksch  (RHUBARB  IN  URINE),  i. — Add  to  urine  HC1,  then 
xylene,  and  shake.  Overlay  xylene  solut.  on  KOH  lye — if 
rhubarb  present  a  pink  color  develops  at  contact-point  of 
liquids.  2. — The  same  test  conducted  with  chloroform 
instead  of  xylene  gives  a  violet  zone.  3. — If  SO3  be  added 
to  urine,  mixture  shaken  with  chloroform,  and  chloroformic 
solut.  overlaid  on  potassa  lye,  pink  zone  forms.  4. — Shake 
urine  with  sulphanilic  acid  and  xylene — lower  aqueous  layer 
will  be  wine-red,  while  upper  xylene  layer  will  be  faint  pink 
if  rhubarb  present.  Senna  may  give  similar  reactions,  though 
in  less  degree. 

Prollius  (SOLUTION).  Mixture  of  88  parts  ether,  8  parts  of  abso- 
lute alcohol,  and  4  parts  of  spirit  of  ammonia;  for  extracting 
cinchona  bark  for  the  determination  of  alkaloids. 

Purdy  (GLUCOSE).  4.15  Gm.  copper  sulphate,  10  Gm.  mannite, 
20.4  Gm.  KOH,  300  Cc.  ammonia  (sp.  gr.  0.88),  50  Gm.  gly- 
cerin, and  enough  water  to  make  i  liter.  25  Cc.  will  be  reduced 
by  o.o 1 5  Gm.  grape  sugar.  See  also  Fehling's  solution. 

Purgotti  (COPPER).  A  blue  color  develops  on  mixing  the  solut. 
with  an  alkaline  chloride  and  overlaying  with  tincture  of 
guaiac. 


242  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Pusch  (BENZENE  AND  BENZIN).  Iodine  gives  a  violet  solut. 
with  benzene,  and  raspberry-red  with  benzin. 

Pusch  (CITRIC  AND  TARTARIC  ACIDS).  On  heating  i  Gm. 
powdered  substance  on  a  water-bath,  with  10  Gm.  H2SO4, 
citric  acid  turns  lemon-yellow;  tartaric  acid  becomes  brown 
or  black. 

Puscher  (ALCOHOL  IN  ETHEREAL  OILS).  A  few  drops  ethereal 
oil  are  introduced  into  a  test-tube,  and  the  upper  portion  of 
tube  dusted  with  powdered  fuchsine,  or  the  latter  is  introduced 
by  means  of  a  cotton  swab.  Upon  boiling,  the  alcohol,  evap- 
orating first,  dissolves  the  fuchsine  and  forms  a  red  solution. 

Puscher  (ARSENIC  IN  GREEN  COLORS).  Ammonia  gives  a  blue 
color,  and  when  evaporated  the  solut.  leaves  a  dirty  yellowish- 
green  stain.  A  pale-blue  stain  indicates  absence  of  arsenic. 

Puscher  (FUCHSINE  IN  FRUIT  JUICES).  A  woollen  or  silk  thread 
soaked  in  the  juice  and  then  rinsed  in  water  is  colored  red. 

Quirini  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).  Add  10  drops  urine  to  5  Cc. 
0.5-%  solut.  of  orthonitrophenylpropiolic  acid  in  soda  lye 
and  boil  \  minute — if  sugar  present  (even  0.1%)  urine  ac- 
quires a  dark-blue  color  (formation  of  indigo).  Normal  urine 
so  treated  is  at  most  colored  green.  See  also  Hoppe-Seyler's 
test. 

Raabe  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Trichloracetic  acid  (sat.  solut.) 
overlaid  on  the  cold  urine  coagulates  albumin,  but  not  mucin 
or  peptones.  When  crystallized  trichloracetic  acid  is  added 
to  urine  it  sinks  to  the  bottom  of  the  liquid  and  is  dissolved, 
forming  a  turbid  zone. 

Rabl  (ALUM  COCHINEAL).  Practically  identical  with  Czokor's 
cochineal  alum-carmine. 

Rabl  (CHLORO-FORMIC  ACID).  Add  4  or  5  drops  of  cone,  formic 
acid  to  200  Cc.  of  0.33-%  chromic-acid  solut.  Squire  gives 
the  following  formula:  7  Cc.  io-%  chromic-acid  solut.,  200 
Cc.  water,  and  5  drops  formic  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.2).  The  mixture 
must  be  freshly  prepared  at  the  moment  of  using  and  small 
pieces  of  tissue  should  be  fixed  in  it  for  12  to  24  hours,  then 
washed  with  water,  hardened  in  alcohol  of  gradually  increas- 
ing strength,  and  stained  with  Delafield's  hematoxylin  or 
safranine.  This  is  one  of  the  best  reagents  for  the  study  of 
karyokinesis. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  243 

Rabl  (PiCRO-SuBLiMATE).  Mix  i  volume  each  of  sat.  solut. 
mercuric  chloride  and  picric  acid,  and  add  2  volumes  dist. 
water.  Embryos  may  be  left  to  harden  in  this  for  2  hours, 
prior  to  removal  into  weak  alcohol. 

Rabl  (PLATING-SUBLIMATE  MIXTURE).  Mix  equal  volumes  of 
i-%  platinic  chloride  solut.,  sat.  mercuric-chloride  solut.,  and 
distilled  water.  This  is  used  for  hardening  embryos  of  verte- 
brates and  for  other  objects. 

Rabl  (PLATINUM  FIXING  SOLUTION).  Leave  objects  24  hours 
in  aqueous  solut.  platinic  chloride  (1:300),  then  wash  with 
water,  harden  in  alcohol  and  cut  sections.  Stain  with  Dela- 
field's  hematoxylin  or  safranine. 

Rabl  (SERIAL  SECTIONS).  Secure  sections  to  slides  by  employ- 
ing a  modified  Schaellibaum  solut.  (2  parts  collodion  and  3 
parts  clove  oil). 

Rabl  (STAINING  METHOD).  Stain  very  lightly  with  dil.  Dela- 
field's  hematoxylin  solut.  for  24  hours,  wash  out  first  with 
water,  then  with  alcohol  acidulated  with  HC1,  next  strain  for 
some  hours  in  Pfitzner's  safranine,  and  wash  out  with  pure 
alcohol. 

Rabourdin  (IODINE).  If  to  a  liquid  containing  iodine  2  drops 
HNO3,  15  drops  of  H2SO4,  and  a  little  chloroform  be  added, 
a  violet  color  will  be  imparted  to  the  chloroform. 

Rabuteau  (BROMIC  AND  CHLORIC  ACIDS  IN  URINE).  Add  a 
little  indigosulphonic  acid  to  urine,  followed  by  H2SO4 — the 
indigo  is  decolorized  by  any  chlorine  or  bromine  produced  by 
reduction  of  chloric  or  bromic  acid. 

Rabuteau  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Starch 
solut.,  50  Cc.;  potassium  iodate,  i  Gm.;  and  potassium 
iodide,  0.5  Gm.  The  reagent  turns  blue  with  free  HC1. 

Rafaele  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Use  HC1  instead  of  acetic  acid 
in  Spiegler's  test,  which  see. 

Ralfe  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  Boil  4  Cc.  KOH  solut.  containing 
1.5  Gm.  KI  and  overlay  with  4  Cc.  urine — if  acetone  present 
contact  zone  is  yellow,  with  specks  of  iodoform.  Lactic  acid 
and  some  other  substances  also  give  the  reaction. 

Ralfe  (PEPTONES  IN  URINE).  Overlay  Fehling's  solut.  with 
equal  vol.  urine — if  peptones  present  a  rose-colored  halo  above 
zone  of  phosphates  appears. 


244  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Ramsay  (BLEACHING  SOLUTION).  Solut.  magnesium  hypo- 
chlorite,  also  known  as  Crouvelle's  bleaching  fluid. 

Ramsay  (CARBONYL  CHLORIDE  IN  CHLOROFORM).  Add  clear- 
baryta  water  to  chloroform  and  let  stand  some  hours  in  a  stop- 
pered vessel — if  carbonyl  chloride  present  a  white  film  (ba- 
rium carbonate)  forms  at  junction  of  the  liquids.  (Carbonyl 
chloride  may  be  removed  from  chloroform  by  shaking  latter 
with  slaked  lime.) 

Randolph  (PEPTONES  IN  URINE).  To  5  Cc.  cold,  faintly  alka- 
line urine  add  2  drops  sat.  solut.  KI  and  3  or  4  drops  Millon's 
solut. — a  yellow  ppt.  forms  if  peptones  present.  Sensitive 
to  i:  17,000.  Biliary  acids  also  give  reaction. 

Ransom- Duns  tan  (ALKALOIDS  IN  BELLADONNA).  See  Dunstan- 
Ransom. 

Ranvier  (ABSOLUTE  ALCOHOL).  Alcohol,  absolute  enough  for 
most  purposes,  may  be  obtained  by  treating  95-%  alcohol  with 
calcined  cupric  sulphate  for  several  days,  repeating  operation 
with  fresh  sulphate  several  times  until  it  ceases  to  become 
conspicuously  blue,  and  no  particles  of  water  become  visible 
when  a  drop  of  alcohol  mixed  with  turpentine  is  examined 
under  the  microscope. 

Ranvier  (AMMONIA  CARMINE).  Dissolve  carmine  in  water  with 
a  slight  excess  NH3,  and  expose  solution  to  air  until  entirely 
dried  up.  The  residue  is  then  dissolved  in  distilled  water 
and  the  solut.  filtered. 

Ranvier  (CARMINE-GELATIN  INJECTION).  Soak  5  Gm.  gelatin 
in  water  until  quite  swollen  and  soft  (about  £  hour),  wash, 
drain,  and  melt  on  a  water-bath.  Then  add  slowly  a  solut. 
prepared  from  carmine,  2.5  Gm.  and  a  little  water,  using  just 
enough  NH3  to  afford  a  transparent  solut.  Next  neutralize 
by  cautiously  adding  by  drops,  with  continuous  agitation,  a 
mixture  of  i  part  glacial  acetic  acid  and  2  parts  water.  Care 
must  be  taken  to  avoid  formation  of  a  granular  ppt.  on  adding 
the  excess  of  acid.  Finally  strain  through  flannel. 

Ranvier  (DECALCIFYING  LIQUID).  50-%  HC1  with  sufficient 
NaCl  to  counteract  its  swelling  action. 

Ranvier  (FORMIC- ACID  METHOD).  Thoroughly  impregnate  tis- 
sues in  a  mixture  of  4  parts  i-%  gold-chloride  solut.  and  i  part 
formic  acid  which  has  been  boiled  and  allowed  to  cooL 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  245 

Then  reduce  the  gold  by  action  of  daylight,  in  acidulated  water, 
or  in  the  dark,  in  20-%  formic  acid. 

Ranvier  (IODIZED  SERUM).  Iodine  is  added  to  the  recent 
amniotic  liquid  of  mammals,  and  the  mixture  agitated  for 
several  days.  Or,  serum  is  mixed  with  a  large  proportion  of 
tincture  iodine  and  the  ppt.  removed  by  filtration.  The  re- 
sulting strong  serum  is  kept  in  stock  and  a  little  added  every 
2  or  3  days  to  the  serum  intended  for  use. 

Ranvier  (LEMON-JUICE  METHOD).  Soak  pieces  of  fresh  tissue 
in  fresh  lemon  juice  until  transparent  (5-10  minutes),  then 
rapidly  wash  in  dist.  water,  treat  for  10  to  60  minutes  with  a  i-% 
gold-chloride  solut.,  again  wash,  and  expose  to  light  in  a  bottle 
containing  50  Cc.  dist.  water  and  2  drops  acetic  acid.  Re- 
duction is  complete  in  24  to  48  hours.  If  it  is  not  desired  to 
retain  the  superficial  epithelium,  reduction  may  be  more  com- 
pletely effected  in  the  dark  by  treatment  with  formic  acid  (sp. 
gr.  1.2)  diluted  with  3  volumes  water.  The  lemon  juice  in 
this  process  may  be  replaced  by  an  aqueous  solut.  citric  acid 
(40  grains  to  each  fl.  oz.). 

Ranvier  (ONE-THIRD  ALCOHOL).  This  mixture  (2  parts  dist. 
water  and  i  part  90-%  alcohol)  is  known  in  France  as  "Al- 
cool  au  tiers";  in  Germany  as  "Drittelalcohol"  or  "Ran- 
viersche  alcohol  dilutus";  in  Italy  as  "  Alcool  al  terzo."  It 
is  a  very  mild  fixative,  and  objects  should  not  be  left  in  it  for 
more  than  24  hours.  They  may  then  be  stained  with  picro- 
carmine,  alum-carmine,  or  methyl-green. 

Ranvier  (PICRO-CARMINE).  Water,  1,000;  picric  acid,  20;  car- 
mine, 10 ;  ammonia,  50.  Keep  in  a  stoppered  bottle  in  a 
warm  place  for  2  to  3  months,  then  expose  in  a  large  dish  until 
liquid  reduced  to  four-fifths  its  original  volume.  Then  re- 
move the  crystals  that  have  formed,  dry,  and  dissolve  in  a 
little  warm  water.  If,  after  filtration,  the  carmine  does  not 
appear  to  be  dissolved,  when  examined  under  the  microscope, 
add  more  water  and  NH3,  and  expose  as  before.  When  car- 
mine properly  dissolved,  evaporate  filtered  solut.  to  dryness, 
and  reduce  residue  to  powder.  For  staining,  dissolve  i  Gm. 
of  the  powder  in  100  Gm.  water,  and  add  a  crystal  thymol 
to  prevent  mold. 


246  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Ranvier  (PRUSSIAN-BLUE  INJECTION).  Mix  cone,  soluts.  fer- 
rous sulphate  and  potassium  ferrocyanide  by  pouring  former 
into  the  latter,  taking  care  to  have  an  excess  of  latter.  Filter 
off  liquid  and  wash  ppt.  with  dist.  water  until  it  becomes 
soluble,  then  make  a  cone,  solut.  of  it.  Soak  i  part  gelatin 
in  water  for  half  hour,  wash,  melt,  and  add  gradually  to  25 
parts  of  blue  solut.  heated  to  same  temperature,  stirring  con- 
tinually with  a  glass  rod  until  curdy  ppt.  first  formed  disap- 
pears. Then  filter  through  flannel  and  keep  at  40°  C.  on  a 
water-bath  until  injected.  The  soluble  Prussian  blue  pre- 
pared as  above  is  sometimes  used  without  gelatin,  or  it  may 
be  mixed  with  one-fourth  glycerin. 

Ranvier  (SILVER-NITRATE  INJECTION).  Mix  2,  3,  or  4  parts 
cone,  solut.  gelatin  with  i  part  i-%  solut.  silver  nitrate. 

Ranvier-Vignal  (OSMIUM  MIXTURE).  Fix  tissues  in  a  freshly 
made  mixture  of  equal  volumes  i-%  osmic  acid  and  90-% 
alcohol,  then  wash  out  in  80- %  alcohol,  next  with  water,  and 
stain  for  48  hours  with  picro-carmine  or  hematoxylin.  This 
method  has  been  applied  to  the  histology  of  insects. 

Raspail  (ALBUMINOIDS).  These  are  colored  red  by  sugar  and 
cone.  H2SO4.  See  also  Schultze's  furfurol  reaction. 

Raulin  (CULTURE  MEDIUM).  Rock  candy,  0.7  Gm.;  tartaric 
acid,  0.04  Gm.;  ammonium  nitrate,  0.04  Gm.;  ammonium 
phosphate,  0.6  Gm. ;  potassium  carbonate,  0.6  Gm. ;  mag- 
nesium carbonate,  0.4  Gm. ;  ammonium  sulphate,  0.25  Gm.; 
zinc  sulphate,  0.07  Gm. ;  ferrous  sulphate,  0.07  Gm.;  potas- 
sium silicate,  0.07  Gm. ;  water,  i  ,500  Gm. 

Rauwerda  (CYTISINE).  A  drop  of  nitrobenzene  containing  a 
little  dinitro-thiophene  gives  a  quite  persistent  violet-red  color 
with  cytisine  or  its  salts.  0.0005  Gm.  cytisine  may  be  recog- 
nized. Coniine  alone  gives  similar  reaction,  but  color  fades 
rapidly. 

Rawitz  (HEMATEIN  STAIN).  Add  i  to  3  drops  of  strong  alum- 
hematein  solut.  to  25  or  50  Cc.  distilled  water,  and  stain  sec- 
tions of  picric  or  sublimate  material  in  the  mixture  for  24  to 
48  hours. 

Rawitz  (INVERT  STAIN).  Place  sections  fixed  in  Flemming's 
liquid  or  some  other  chromic  mixture  in  a  20-%  aqueous  solut. 
or  tannin  for  24  hours.  Then  wash  and  treat  for  2  or  3  hours 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  247 

with  a  i-  to  2.5-%  solut.  of  tartar  emetic,  kept  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  37°  C.,  or  for  24  hours  with  the  same  solution  at  the 
normal  temperature.  Again  wash  and  stain  for  24  hours  with 
safranine,  fuchsine,  methyl  violet,  gentian  violet,  or  emerald 
green.  Differentiate  with  alcohol  or  by  treatment  for  2  to 
24  hours  with  2.5-%  tannin  solution,  then  clear  and  mount. 

Raymond!- Bertoni  (NITROUS  ACID  IN  BLOOD).  See  Bertoni- 
Raymondi. 

Read  (CARBOLIC  ACID  AND  CREOSOTE).  Strong  solut.  of  am- 
monia dissolves  carbolic  acid,  but  not  creosote. 

Reale  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  In  a  solut.  ferric  chloride 
containing  free  HC1,  a  i-%  solut.  carbolic  acid  gives  a  greenish 
color.  If  free  acid  absent,  an  amethyst  color  appears;  a 
large  quantity  of  acid  prevents  coloration. 

Redenbaugh  (NARCOTIZATION  METHOD).  Add  crystals  of  mag- 
nesium sulphate  to  water  containing  marine  animals  until  a 
sat.  solut.  is  obtained;  or,  in  the  case  of  annelids,  throw  them 
into  a  sat.  solut.  of  the  salt. 

Redwood  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Addition  of  HN03 
is  followed  by  evolution  of  nitrous  fumes. 

Ree  (PRECIPITANT  FOR  ALBUMIN).  Alcoholic  tannin  solu- 
tion. 

Rehm  (STAINS  FOR  NERVE  CELLS),  i. — Wash  sections  for  a 
few  minutes  in  aqueous  solut.  Congo  red,  then  in  alcohol, 
and  afterwards  treat  for  i  o  minutes  (until  they  become  blue) 
with  alcohol  acidulated  with  HC1  or  HNO3.  Clear  with  origa- 
num oil  and  mount.  2. — Place  sections  of  alcohol-hardened 
material  in  a  0.5-%  aqueous  solut.  of  hematoxylin  for  i  or  2 
days,  wash  in  aqueous  solut.  lithium  carbonate  until  no  more 
color  comes  away,  then  dehydrate  and  mount.  After- stain, 
if  desired,  for  a  few  minutes  with  o.i-%  aq.  solut.  Bismarck 
brown. 

Rehm  (STAINS  FOR  Axis  CYLINDERS),  i. — Stain  sections  of 
alcohol-hardened  material  for  5  minutes  in  i-%  ammonia- 
carmine,  wash  out  in  70-%  alcohol  acidified  with  i-%  HNO3, 
then  with  pure  alcohol;  stain  for  half  a  minute  in  o.i-% 
methylene-blue  solut.,  differentiate  in  alcohol,  clear  in  origa- 
num oil,  and  mount  in  colophonium.  2. — Employ  a  modifica- 
tion of  Nissl's  method,  in  which  sections  of  alcohol-hardened 


248  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

material  are  stained  for  half  a  minute  to  a  minute  in  hot  o.i-% 
methylene-blue  solut.,  wash  in  96-%  alcohol  till  no  more  color 
comes  away,  clear  with  origanum  oil,  and  mount  in  balsam 
or  benzene-colophonium. 

Reich  (CANE  SUGAR).  Cobalt-nitrate  solut.  and  KOH  or  NaOH 
when  added  to  solut.  of  cane  sugar  develop  a  violet  color. 
According  to  Dupont,  glycerin,  milk  sugar,  glucose,  and  invert 
sugar  do  not  interfere  with  the  reaction,  but  dextrin  and  gums 
should  be  removed  by  pptng.  with  lead  acetate  or  baryta  water. 

Reich  (GLUCOSE),  i. — No  violet  color  or  ppt.  is  formed  on  add- 
ing KOH  and  boiling,  then  adding  cobalt  nitrate.  2. — No 
color  reaction  is  given  on  adding  boiling  solut.  of  potassium 
bichromate. 

Reichardt  (ARSENIC  IN  URINE),  i. — To  200  Cc.  urine  add  2 
Gm.  NaOH  and  evaporate  off  liquid;  then  dissolve  residue 
in  a  little  water  acidulated  with  HC1  and  test  in  Marsh's  ap- 
paratus. 2. — Saturate  slightly  acidulated  urine  with  H2S, 
collect  ppt.  in  12  to  14  hours,  and  wash  ppt.  and  filter  with  bro- 
mine water  to  dissolve  As2S3.  Place  washings  in  Marsh's 
apparatus,  and  pass  evolved  gas  into  a  solut.  AgNO3  o.i  to 
0.2  Gm.,  and  HNO3  2  Gm.,  in  water  10  Cc.  Any  AsH3  formed 
causes  a  black-brown  ppt.  of  metallic  As,  or  latter  forms  at 
tip  of  immersed  tube. 

Reichardt  (!ODIC  ACID).  On  mixing  a  solut.  of  an  iodate  with 
a  solut.  of  morphine  sulphate  containing  a  few  drops  H2SO4  a 
brown  ppt.  (of  iodine)  or  a  yellowish-brown  color,  according 
to  quantity  of  iodic  acid  present.  A  little  NH3  added  after 
reaction  commences  increases  sensitiveness  of  reaction,  and 
renders  color  more  permanent.  For  details,  see  MERCK'S 
REPORT,  ix,  p.  517. 

Reichardt  (NITRIC  ACID).  Upon  treating  a  solut.  of  brucine 
in  H2SO4  with  a  few  drops  solut.  containing  HNO3,  a  rose-red 
to  deep-red  color  develops.  Or,  to  i  drop  of  the  water  add 
3  drops  of  brucine  solut.  and  a  few  drops  H2SO4 — color 
appears  even  in  dilutions  of  i :  100,000. 

Reiche  (ACACIA).  Boiling  with  a  solution  of  orcine  in  HC1 
causes  a  red  to  violet  color  and  a  blue  ppt.,  which  dissolves  in 
alcohol  with  a  greenish-blue  color.  Alkalies  change  the  latter 
color  to  violet  with  greenish  fluorescence. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  249 

Heichert-Meissl  (FOREIGN  FAT  IN  BUTTER).  Weigh  into  a 
flask  5  Gm.  melted  butter,  add  2  Cc.  of  50-%  NaOH  solution, 
and  30  Cc.  alcohol.  The  fat  is  then  saponified  under  a  reflux 
condenser  by  brisk  boiling  for  20  minutes.  The  spirit  is  then 
boiled  off,  the  last  traces  being  carefully  driven  off.  100  Cc. 
of  hot  water  are  then  added,  the  soap  dissolved,  40  Cc.  of  dilute 
H2SO4  are  next  added,  and  no  Cc.  of  liquid  is  slowly  distilled 
over.  100  Cc.  of  this  are  then  titrated  with  decinormal  soda, 
using  phenolphtalein  as  an  indicator.  Pure  butter  contains 
volatile  fatty  acids,  which  use  up  from  24  to  32  Cc.  of  deci- 
normal alkali  for  5  Gm.  taken. 

Reichert-Meissl  (NUMBER).  Indicates  the  number  of  Cc.  of 
decinormal  NaOH  or  KOH  solut.  required  to  neutralize  the 
volatile  fatty  acids  obtained  by  a  special  process  from  5  Gm. 
of  a  fat.  Reichert's  numbers  formerly  in  vogue  gave  the  fig- 
ures for  2.5  Gm.  of  fat,  and  are  therefore  only  half  as  large  as 
the  Reichert-MeissVs  numbers. 

Reichl  (GLYCERIN),  i. — Equal  parts  of  glycerin  and  carbolic 
and  sulphuric  acids  are  mixed  and  heated  to  120°  C.,  and 
water  added  to  the  brownish-yellow,  solid  mass  after  cooling. 
NH3  is  then  added  drop  by  drop,  when  the  mass  dissolves, 
forming  a  beautiful  carmine-red  solut.  2. — A  violet-red  color 
develops  on  boiling  glycerin  with  an  equal  volume  water, 
a  little  pyrogallic  acid,  and  a  few  drops  H2SO4,  then  adding 
stannic  chloride. 

Reichl-Mikosch  (ALBUMIN).  If  2  to  3  drops  of  alcoholic  benz- 
aldehyde  solut.  are  added  to  solut.  to  be  examined,  then  a 
larger  volume  of  dil.  H2SO4  (i :  i),  and  finally  a  few  drops  of 
Fe2Cle,  a  deep-blue  color  develops  if  albumin  present.  Reac- 
tion hastened  on  warming. 

Reinke  (FLEMMING'S  ORANGE  METHOD).  In  this  modification 
of  Hermann's  liquid,  sections  are  left  for  24  hours  in  cone. 
K2SO3  solut.  Then  wash  with  water  and  stain  for  i  to  2  hours 
with  safranine,  wash  well  in  water,  and  stain  for  24  hours  with 
a  cone,  aqueous  solut.  gentian  violet  to  which  a  few  drops  of  a 
similar  solution  of  orange  G.  have  been  added.  Differentiate 
rapidly  with  alcohol  and  clear  with  clove  oil. 

Reinsch  (ARSENIC  TEST).  A  solut.  of  arsenous  or  arsenic 
acid  in  HC1  is  reduced  by  metallic  Cu,  a  gray  coating  of  copper 


250  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

arsenide  being  deposited  upon  the  metal.  Sb  and  Hg  behave 
similarly,  hence  their  absence  must  be  proved  before  the 
presence  of  As  can  be  decided  upon.  Test  is  also  known  as- 
Hager's  empirical  arsenic  test  (kramato  method). 

Reinsch  (SULPHUROUS  ACID).  A  brown  or  black  stain  is  pro- 
duced on  copper  by  H2SO3  in  the  presence  of  HC1. 

Reissner  (NUCLEO-ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Filter  urine,  dilute, 
and  add  excess  of  acetic  acid — turbidity  indicates  presence  of 
nucleo-albumin. 

Remak  (SOLUTION  FOR  HARDENING  MICROSCOPICAL  PREPARA- 
TIONS). 50  Cc.  20-%  aqueous  CuSO4  solut.,  50  Cc.  25-% 
alcohol,  and  35  drops  of  purified  pyroligneous  acid. 

Remsen  (SACCHARIN  IN  PRESENCE  OF  SALICYLIC  ACID).  Ethe- 
real extract  is  evaporated,  the  residue  dissolved  in  water, 
neutralized  with  soda,  and  mercuric  nitrate  added  in  slight 
excess.  The  ppt.  is  tested  for  saccharin,  after  drying,  by 
Boernsteiris  method. 

Renard  (PEANUT  OIL).  Test  depends  upon  isolation  of  arachic 
acid  (melting-point  74°  to  75°  C.)  in  the  form  of  the  lead  salt, 
which  can  be  separated  from  lead  oleate  by  extraction  with 
ether.  For  details  see  Chem.  Ztg.,  1895,  p.  451. 

Renaut  (GLYCERIN  HEMATOXYLIN).  To  a  sat.  solut.  potassa 
alum  in  glycerin  add  a  sat.  solut.  of  hematoxylin  in  90-% 
alcohol  drop  by  drop,  so  as  to  form  a  deeply  colored  solut. 
Expose  to  daylight  for  a  week,  then  filter.  This  solut.,  like 
Renaut 's  hematoxylic  eosine,  may  be  used  for  mounting  un- 
stained sections,  which  after  some  time  absorb  the  color  from 
the  liquid  and  become  stained. 

Renaut  (HEMATOXYLIC  EOSINE).  30  Cc.  cone.  aq.  solut.  eosine, 
40  Cc.  sat.  alcoholic  solut.  hematoxylin  (which  has  been  kept 
for  some  time  and  pptd.),  and  130  Cc.  sat.  solut.  potassa  alum 
in  glycerin  (sp.  gr.  1.26).  Stand  for  5  or  6  weeks  in  a  partially 
covered  vessel,  protected  from  dust,  until  alcohol  is  evap- 
orated, then  filter.  The  filtrate  can  be  diluted  with  glycerin 
if  desired.  Mount  objects  in  this  fluid  diluted  with  i  or  2 
volumes  glycerin,  or  stain  separately  for  some  days  or  weeks, 
and  mount  in  balsam,  after  washing  in  alcohol  charged  with  a. 
sumcient  quantity  of  eosine. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  251 

Renaut  (SILVER  METHOD).  For  the  study  of  lymphatics  stain 
tissues  with  a  i-%  solut.  of  AgNO3  mixed  with  (i)  3  or  4  parts 
of  a  mixture  of  80  parts  sat.  solut.  picric  acid  and  20  parts  of  a 
i-%  osmic  acid  solut.,  or  (2)  with  4  parts  of  a  mixture  of  4 
parts  picric-acid  solut.  and  20  of  osmic-acid  solut.,  with  or 
without  the  addition  of  i  %  acetic  acid  to  the  mixture. 

Renzone  (KAIRIN  IN  URINE).  Add  solut.  Fe2Cl6.  A  dark- violet 
or  reddish-brown  color  develops  changed  by  H2SO4  to  light-red. 

Reoch  (OXALIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Calcium  oxalate  is  pptd. 
on  the  addition  of  alcohol. 

Resegotti-Martinotti  (SAFRANINE-METHOD).  See  Martinotti- 
Resegotti. 

Reuss  (ATROPINE).  Heat  with  H2SO4  and  some  oxidizing  sub-- 
stance— odor  of  blossoms  develops. 

Renter  (PARA-AMIDOPHENETOL  IN  PHENACETIN).  Melt  phenac^ 
etin  with  pure  chloral  hydrate — a  violet  color  indicates  pres- 
ence of  amidophenetol.  (Even  the  purest  commercial  speci- 
mens show  a  slight  rose  tint.) 

Reynold  (ACETONE  IN  THE  URINE).  Shake  distillate  from 
urine  with  freshly  pptd.  HgO  (from  HgCl2  and  KOH).  If 
acetone  present,  the  filtrate  will  contain  acetone-mercury  in 
solution  and  will  respond  to  tests  for  mercury. 

Reynold-Gunning  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  Add  recent  yellow 
mercury  oxide  to  urine,  filter,  and  overlay  filtrate  with  ammo- 
nium sulphide — black  ring  of  mercury  sulphide  forms. 

Reynoso  (IODINE).  Heat  mixture  of  barium  peroxide,  water, 
starch  paste,  and  HC1  until  gas  begins  to  evolve,  then  add  the. 
liquid — a  blue  color  develops  if  iodine  present  in  latter. 

Rheoch  (FREE  MINERAL  ACIDS).     See  Mohr's  test. 

Rhien  (FIXED  OILS  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  Pass  steam  through 
the  oil  till  it  distils  over,  and  shake  residue  with  ether,  which 
will  take  up  fatty  matter. 

Ribbert  (CAPSULE  STAIN).  Immerse  cover-glass  preparation 
rapidly  in  Ribbert 's  solut.  and  immediately  rinse  in  water. 
Bacilli  stain  dark,  while  the  capsules  are  light  blue. 

Rice  (CARBOLIC  ACID).  Place  10  Gm.  KC1O3  in  a  test-tube,, 
cover  with  an  inch  layer  of  HC1,  and  add  i£  volumes  of  water. 
After  removing  most  of  the  gas  evolved,  by  blowing  through- 
a  glass  tube,  pour  NH3  cautiously  on  the  surface  of  the  mix-. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

ture,  and  then  a  few  drops  of  the  suspected  liquid.  If  carbolic 
acid  present  the  ammoniacal  layer  will  be  brown  to  rose-red. 

Richardson  (NAPHTOL).  Dissolve  0.04  Gm.  naphtol  and  0.5 
Cc.  of  normal  NaOH  solut.  in  i  or  2  Cc.  water,  then  add  0.05 
Gm.  of  sulphanilic  acid  dissolved  in  5  Cc.  of  normal  NaOH 
solut.,  and  0.02  Gm.  NaNO2  dissolved  in  5  Cc.  normal  H2SO4. 
Under  those  conditions  a-naphtol  gives  a  dark  blood-red  color, 
changing  to  brown  on  adding  diluted  H2SO4;  /?-naphtol  de- 
velops a  reddish-yellow  color. 

Richardson  (SERUM  PAPER).  Paper  saturated  with  the  serum 
of  typhoid  patients  and  dried  may  be  used  for  W idol's  reac- 
tion instead  of  fresh  serum. 

Riche-Bardy  (METHYL  ALCOHOL  IN  ALCOHOL).  Mix  10  Cc.  of 
the  sample  15  Gm.  iodine  and  2  Gm.  amorphous  phosphorus, 
and  distil  the  iodides  into  30  Cc.  water.  Separate  and  mix 
with  5  Cc.  aniline,  kept  cool  in  a  flask;  after  an  hour  add 
water  and  excess  of  NaOH  and  boil.  Take  i  Cc.  of  the  oily 
layer  which  rises  to  the  surface  and  mix  with  10  Gm.  of  a  mix- 
ture of  clean  sand,  100  parts;  salt,  2  parts;  copper  nitrate,  3 
parts;  heat  in  a  glass  tube  to  90°  C.  for  8  hours,  then  exhaust 
with  warm  alcohol,  filter,  and  make  up  to  100  Cc.  with  more 
alcohol.  If  no  methyl  alcohol  is  present  the  color  is  red,  if  a 
trace  of  methyl  alcohol  is  there  the  tint  will  be  more  or  less 
violet,  and  will  give  a  standard  color  to  a  skein  of  white  wool. 

Richmond  (NITRIC  ACID).  Mix  solut.  to  be  tested  with  cone. 
H2SO4  and  when  cool  overlay  on  cone.  FeSO4  solut.  The 
presence  of  HNO3  is  indicated  by  a  reddish  color  changing  to 
purple  and  brown.  Also  called  Desbas •  sin's  reaction. 

Richmond-Boseley  (FORMALDEHYDE).  Fluids  containing  for- 
maldehyde when  boiled  with  a  solut.  diphenylamine  in  water 
and  the  necessary  volume  H2SO4,  yield  a  white  flaky  ppt. 
Presence  of  HNO3  or  nitrates  is  indicated  by  the  resulting 
green  color.  See  Hehner's  reaction. 

Richter  (INDICATOR).  Potassium  dichromate.  Gives  with  al- 
kalies a  reddish-yellow  color ;  with  acids  a  pale-yellow. 

Rideal  (ANTIMONY,  ARSENIC,  AND  TIN).  These  elements  in 
minute  quantities  are  detected  by  means  of  electrolytic 
couples  of  platinum-iron,  copper-platinum,  and  zinc-gold. 
See  Chemical  News,  LI,  p.  292. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  25$ 

Rideal  (HYDROLYSIS  OF  BUTTER  FAT).  Heat  melted  butter 
with  H2SO4,  and  then  after  destroying  the  H2SO3  formed  by 
permanganate,  distil  off  the  volatile  fatty  acids,  which  titrate 
as  in  the  Reichert-Meissl  process  of  butter  analysis.  (See 
Analyst,  xvm,  p.  165.) 

Rideal-Green  (NITROUS  ACID).  A  volumetric  method  based 
upon  the  diazo  reaction  with  aniline.  Determinations  of 
HNO2  with  less  than  0.1%  error  can  be  made  even  in  presence 
of  reducing  agents  when  permanganate  is  obviously  inad- 
missible. See  Chemical  News,  XLIX,  p.  173. 

Rideal-Rosenblum  (COMPOUNDS  OF  CHROMIUM).  A  method 
based  upon  fusion  with  sodium  peroxide.  For  precautions- 
and  details  necessary  in  order  to  insure  accurate  results,  see 
Journ.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  1896,  p.  1017. 

Ri deal-Stewart  (TOTAL  PROTEIDS).  By  precipitating  an  aque- 
ous solut.  of  a  meat  extract  by  chlorine,  a  ppt.  of  constant 
composition  is  obtained,  which  can  be  dried  over  sulphuric 
acid  or  kjeldahled.  (See  Analyst,  Aug.,  1897.) 

Ridenour  (SALICYLIC  ACID).  H2O2  in  the  presence  of  an  am- 
moniacal  solut.  of  ammonium  carbonate  affords  a  red  varying; 
in  intensity  according  to  quantity  of  salicylic  acid  present. 
For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  vm,  p.  513. 

Riegel  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE). 
Moisten  Congo-red  paper  with  drop  filtered  gastric  juice,  or 
add  drop  of  Congo-red  solut.  to  latter — a  blue  color  shows 
presence  of  free  HC1.  Also  known  as  Herzberg's  paper. 

Riegler  (ALBUMIN),  i. — Asaprol  (calcium  naphtolsulphonate) , 
8;  citric  acid,  8;  dissolve  in  distilled  water,  200.  10  Cc.  of 
urine  are  mixed  with  10  to  20  drops  of  the  reagent.  Traces 
of  albumin  are  indicated  by  a  turbidity;  larger  quantities  by 
a  ppt.  Quantitative  determination  may  be  made  with  an  al- 
buminometer.  2. — 10  Gm.  /?-naphtalinsulphonic  acid  are  well 
shaken  with  200  Cc.  water  and  filtered.  A  turbidity  or  ppt. 
on  adding  20  to  30  drops  of  reagent  to  5  to  6  Cc.  of  fluid  in- 
dicates presence  of  albumin.  Sensitiveness  i :  40,000.  Albu- 
moses  and  peptones  react  in  a  similar  manner,  but  the  ppt.. 
disappears  on  warming,  and  reappears  on  cooling. 

Riegler  (ALBUMOSES  AND  PEPTONES).  Dissolve  5  Gm.  para- 
nitraniline  in  25  Cc.  water  and  6  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4,  add  100  Cc. 


254  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

water,  then  a  solut.  of  sodium  nitrite  3  Gm.  in  25  Cc.  water, 
and  make  up  to  500  Cc.  with  water.  Filter  and  preserve  in 
the  dark.  Mix  10  Cc.  reagent  with  10  Cc.  fluid  to  be  tested, 
then  add  30  drops  io-%  solut.  NaOH — if  very  small  quan- 
tities of  albumoses  or  peptones  present  a  yellowish-orange 
color  develops;  with  notable  quantities  a  blood-red,  even  the 
froth  on  shaking  being  red.  On  now  adding  excess  of  H2SO4 
an  orange  or  brownish  ppt.  forms.  For  details,  see  MERCK'S 
REPORT,  ix,  p.  24. 

Riegler  (ALDEHYDES  AND  GLUCOSE).  Heat  o.i  Gm.  phenylhy- 
drazine  hydrochlorate,  0.5  Gm.  cryst.  sodium  acetate,  and  i 
Cc.  sugar  solut.  until  dissolved.  When  near  boiling-point  add 
20  to  30  drops  io-%  NaOH  without  shaking — in  from  a  few 
seconds  to  5  minutes,  liquid  becomes  violet-red,  even  if  not 
more  than  0.005%  sugar  present.  If  no  sugar  present,  color 
will  be  a  slight  pink.  For  sugar  in  urine,  color  must  develop 
within  i  minute  to  afford  physiological  significance.  Re- 
action also  occurs  with  aldehydes,  hence  absence  of  these 
must  be  assured.  According  to  Jolles,  absence  of  albumin 
must  also  be  assured.  Reaction  uninfluenced  by  uric  acid 
and  creatinine. 

Riegler  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  On  adding  an  excess  of  para- 
diazonitraniline  solut.  to  an  alkaline  solut.  of  bilirubin  or 
biliverdin,  intensely  colored  reddish- violet  flocks  are  pptd., 
soluble  in  chloroform,  alcohol,  or  benzene,  and  affording 
reddish-violet  or  violet  soluts.  For  details  see  MERCK'S  RE- 
PORT, vin,  p.  269. 

Riegler  (INDICATOR).  Diazoparanitraniline-guaiacol.  Gives  a 
red  color  with  alkalies,  and  a  greenish-yellow  with  acids. 

Riegler  (NITRITES),  i. — 15  Cc.  of  the  fluid  to  be  examined  are 
mixed  in  a  test-tube  with  0.02  to  0.03  Gm.  of  the  naphtol  rea- 
gent (equal  parts  naphtionic  acid  and  pure  beta-naphtol)  and 
2  to  3  drops  cone.  HC1,  shaken,  and  i  Cc.  strong  NH3  poured 
down  the  side  of  the  tube  while  held  in  a  slanting  position; 
presence  of  nitrites  is  indicated  by  appearance  of  a  red  zone, 
and  on  shaking  the  whole  solution  turns  red.  2. — Naphtyl- 
amine  sulphonic  acid  (naphtionic  acid),  i  Gm.;  beta-naphtol, 
i  Gm. ;  sodium  hydrate,  0.5  Gm.;  water,  200  Cc.  10  drops 
of  the  solut.  are  used. 


TESTS  AMD  REAGENTS.  255 

Riegler  (URIC  ACID).  Para-nitraniline  0.5  Gm.,  water  10  Cc., 
pure  cone.  H2SO4  15  drops.  Put  into  a  glass  flask  of  150  Cc. 
capacity  and  heat  with  agitation  until  dissolved.  Water  20 
Cc.  is  now  added,  the  mixture  cooled  quickly,  NaNO2  solut. 
(2-5-%)  an(i  10  Cc.  are  added,  and  diluted,  after  15  minutes, 
with  water  60  Cc.  The  mixture  is  shaken  up  repeatedly  and 
filtered.  The  formation  of  a  blue  or  green  color  on  adding 
the  reagent  and  io-%  NaOH  solut.  indicates  presence  of 
uric  acid. 

Riegler  (URIC  ACID  AND  URATES).  Add  to  5  Cc.  of  liquid  to 
be  tested  a  small  pinch  phosphomolybdic  acid,  shake,  then 
allow  10  to  20  drops  cone.  NaOH  solut.  to  run  in — if  uric  acid 
or  a  urate  is  present,  an  intense  blue  color  develops.  Sensitive 
in  dilutions  of  i:  100,000.  Guanin,  alloxan,  and  alloxanthin 
also  give  the  reaction. 

Righini  (MYRRH).  Pure  myrrh  is  dissolved  by  a  solut.  of  an 
equal  weight  of  NH4C1  in  15  times  as  much  water. 

Riley  (CHLORINE).  Mix  i  part  suspected  substance,  i  part 
potassium  bichromate,  and  3  parts  H2SO4  in  a  beaker,  and 
suspend  in  this  a  smaller  beaker  containing  ice.  Chloro- 
chromic  acid  is  given  off  and  condenses  on  the  suspended 
beaker.  On  adding  to  the  liquid  a  few  drops  NH3  with  an 
excess  acetic  acid  and  some  solut.  lead  subacetate  a  yellow  to 
orange  color  results. 

Rimini  (ALDEHYDES).  A  solution  of  the  aldehyde  in  alcoholic 
potassa  is  heated  with  hydroxylaminephenyl-sulphonic  acid. 
This  results  in  the  formation  of  benzyl-sulphonic  acid  and  a 
hydroxamic  acid  containing  the  aldehyde  residue.  The  latter> 
compound  can  easily  be  separated,  and  yields  an  intense  red- 
violet  color  with  traces  of  iron  chloride.  This  reaction  is  said 
to  be  exceedingly  delicate. 

Rimini  (FORMALDEHYDE).  Add  i  Cc.  of  a  i-%  solut.  phenyl- 
hydrazine  hydrochlorate  and  3  or  4  drops  freshly  prepared  so- 
dium-nitroprussiate  solut.  to  15  Cc.  liquid,  then  make  alkaline 
with  cone.  NaOH,  and  warm — if  formaldehyde  present,  a 
marked  blue  color  develops,  changing  to  deep  red.  Milk  thus 
tested  turns  blue  to  ash-gray,  changing  after  15  minutes  to 
red. 


256  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Rindfleisch  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Heat  staining  solut.  until, 
steam  rises  and  bubbles  appear  on  surface,  then  treat  as  in 
Koch-Ehrlich  method. 

Rinnmann  (ZINC).  Zinc  oxide  moistened  with  cobalt-nitrate 
solut.  and  strongly  heated  on  charcoal,  affords  a  green  color. 

Ripart  (MOUNTING-MEDIUM).  75  parts  camphor  water,  75  parts 
distilled  water,  i  part  glacial  acetic  acid,  0.3  part  cupric  ace- 
tate, and  0.3  part  cupric  chloride. 

Ripart-Pettit  (PRESERVATIVE  FLUID).  Same  as  mounting- 
medium  (vide  supra).  Objects  fixed  in  this  stain  instanta- 
neously with  methyl  green.  Osmic  acid  or  mercuric  chloride 
may  be  added  to  increase  fixing  action. 

Ritsert  (GLYCERIN).  Heat  i  Cc.  glycerin  to  boiling  with  i  Cc. 
NH3,  then  add  3  drops  5-%  AgNO3  solut. — no  change  should 
occur  in  the  liquid  within  5  minutes.  Test  intended  to  show 
presence  of  arsenous  acid,  as  well  as  of  acrolein  and  formic 
acid;  recent  investigations,  however,  seem  to  have  proved 
the  test  to  be  fallacious. 

Ritsert  (PHENACETIN).  Boil  o.i  Gm.  phenacetin  i  minute  with 
i  Cc.  cone.  HC1,  then  dilute  with  10  Cc.  water,  filter  after 
cooling,  and  treat  filtrate  with  3  drops  3-%  chromic-acid 
solut. — liquid  gradually  assumes  a  ruby-red  color. 

Ritsert  (SULPHONAL).  Heat  sulphonal  with  gallic  or  pyro- 
gallic  acid — odor  of  mercaptan  develops. 

Ritthausen  (PROTEIN).     A  violet  color  develops  on  dissolving 
protein  in  dil.  H2SO4,  adding  excess  of  KOH,  and  then  a  few 
drops  sat.  solut.  CuSO4. 
.  Robbert-Hammarsten  (THYMOL).     See  Hammarsten-Robbert. 

Roberts  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Overlay  urine  on  solut.  of  NaCl 
containing  5%  HC1  sp.  gr.  1.052,  or  on  a  mixture  of  5  parts 
sat.  MgSO4  solut.  and  i  part  of  strong  HNO3;  in  both  cases 
albumin  is  detected  by  formation  of  a  white  zone  between 
the  two  liquids. 

Roberts  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).  Add  a  little  yeast  to  60  or  70 
Cc.  urine  and  let  ferment  24  hours.  Compare  specific  gravity 
before  and  after  fermentation — every  degree  lost  represents 
i  grain  glucose  per  ounce,  or  0.23%. 

Roberts-Stolnikoff  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Depends  on  em- 
ployment of  Heller's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  257 

Robin  (ALKALOIDS).  Mix  i  part  of  substance  with  2  parts  cane 
sugar  and  add  i  or  2  drops  H2SO4,  stirring  with  a  glass  rod. 
Alkaloids  give  colors  as  follows:  Atr opine — violet,  changing 
to  brown;  codeine — cherry-red,  changing  to  violet;  morphine 
—  rose,  rapidly  changing  to  violet;  narcotine  —  persistent 
mahogany  color;  quinine — greenish,  bright-yellow,  changing 
to  dark  coffee  color  with  yellow  margin;  salicin — bright  red; 
strychnine — reddish,  changing  to  dark  coffee  color;  veratrine 
— dark  green. 

Robinet  (MORPHINE).  A  neutral  solut.  of  a  morphine  salt 
gives  with  a  dil.  solut.  of  Fe2Cl6  containing  some  oxy chloride 
a  rapidly  disappearing  blue  color. 

Robinet  (SALICYLIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Ppt.  urine  with  neutral  lead 
acetate,  remove  excess  of  lead  with  dil.  H2SO4,  and  at  once  add 
Fe2Cl6.  If  liquid  has  a  red  color  (due  to  iron  acetate)  add  H2SO4 
until  colorless  or  the  purple  salicylic-acid  color  appears. 

Robins  (GELATIN  MASSES).  Soak  i  part  of  gelatin  in  7  to  10 
parts  water,  and  combine  with  one  of  the  following  coloring 
masses:  i. — Carmine  coloring-mass.  Rub  3  Gm.  carmine  with 
a  little  water  and  enough  NH3  to  dissolve,  then  add  50  Gm. 
glycerin  and  filter.  Then  add  by  degrees  a  mixture  of  5  Gm. 
acetic  acid  and  45  Gm.  glycerin  until  slightly  acid.  Mix 
i  part  of  this  mixture  with  3  to  4  parts  gelatin  vehicle.  2. 
— Copper-ferrocyanide  coloring  mass.  Mix  20  Cc.  cone,  solut. 
potassium  ferrocyanide  and  50  Cc.  glycerin,  and  add  slowly, 
with  agitation,  to  a  mixture  of  35  Cc.  cone,  solut.  copper  sul- 
phate and  50  Cc.  glycerin.  At  moment  of  injecting  mix  with 
3  volumes  of  vehicle.  3. — Modified  Beale's  Prussian-blue 
glycerin  mass.  Mix  50  Cc.  glycerin  and  90  Cc.  sat.  solut. 
potassium  sulphocyanide,  and  add  to  mixture  of  3  Cc.  solut., 
ferric  chloride  and  50  Cc.  glycerin.  Add  next  a  few  drops 
HC1,  and  mix  with  3  volumes  of  vehicle.  4. — Cadmium  col- 
oring mass.  Dilute  40  Cc.  sat.  solut.  cadmium  sulphate  with 
50  Cc.  glycerin,  and  add  a  mixture  of  30  Cc.  sat.  solut.  sodium 
sulphide  with  50  Cc.  glycerin,  then  combine  with  3  volumes 
of  vehicle.  5. — Scheele' s-green  coloring  mass.  Mix  80  Cc. 
sat.  solut.  potassium  arsenite  and  50  Cc.  glycerin,  and  add 
40  Cc.  sat.  solut.  copper  sulphate  mixed  with  40  Cc.  glycerin,, 
and  combine  with  3  volumes  of  vehicle. 


258  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Robinski  (SILVER  STAINING  METHOD).  Allow  o.i-  to  0.2-% 
solut.  AgNO3  to  act  for  30  seconds  on  objects  to.  be  stained. 

Robiquet  (MORPHINE).  Ferric  salts  yield  a  blue  color  with 
morphine. 

Roch  (ALBUMINOIDS).  Also  known  as  MacWilliam's  reagent. 
Bourreau  modifies  this  by  employing  a  solut.  of  oxyphenyl- 
sulphonic  acid  3,  and  .salicylic-sulphonic  acid  i,  in  water  20. 

Roch  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  A  ppt.  is  yielded  with  salicyl- 
sulphonic  acid  solut. 

Rochleder  (CAFFEINE).  On  heating  with  HC1  and  KC1O3  (or 
with  freshly  made  chlorine  water)  and  evaporating  gently, 
caffeine  develops  a  yellowish-red  color,  changing  to  violet  on 
adding  NH3. 

Rogers  (TIN).  Ammonium  molybdate  affords  a  blue  color  with 
stannous  chloride,  still  visible  in  solut.  of  i:  250,000. 

Rollett  (FREEZING  PROCESS).  Small  portions  of  tissue  are 
placed  on  the  stage  of  a  freezing  microtome  after  immersion 
in  the  white  of  a  freshly  laid  egg,  then  frozen  and  cut  with  a 
well-cooled  knife. 

Roman-Delluc  (UROBILIN  IN  URINE).  Shake  out  100  Cc. 
urine  with  20  Cc.  chloroform  after  acidulating  with  8  to  10 
drops  acetic  acid.  Overlay  2  Cc.  of  clear  chloroformic  solut. 
with  4  Cc.  of  i :  1,000  solut.  zinc  acetate  in  95-%  alcohol.  At 
line  of  separation  a  characteristic  green  fluorescence  appears 
if  urobilin  present,  more  easily  recognized  against  a  black 
background.  On  shaking,  fluorescence  is  more  marked,  and 
the  mixture  acquires  a  pink  tint. 

Romei  (FUCHSINE  IN  FRUIT  SYRUPS).  Fruit  syrup  colored 
with  fuchsine  yields  the  dye  to  fusel  oil  when  shaken  with  it. 

Romei  (WATER  IN  ETHER).  Well-dried  K2CO3  is  insol.  in  pure 
ether,  but  forms  a  dense  solut.  with  any  water  present. 

Roosevelt  (!RON  PYROGALLIC  STAIN).  Mix  20  drops  sat.  solut. 
FeSO4,  30  Gm.  water,  and  15  to  20  drops  sat.  solut.  pyro- 
gallic  acid. 

Rose  (BIURET  REACTION  FOR  ALBUMINS).  The  albumin  solut. 
is  rendered  alkaline  with  NaOH  and  a  dil.  CuSO4  solut. 
(17  or  1 8  Gm.  in  i  litre  water)  added  drop  by  drop  with 
constant  shaking.  The  solut.  first  becomes  rose-red,  then 
violet,  and  finally  blue,  the  last  appearing  reddish  when  com- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  259 

pared  with  normal  CuSO4  solut.  See  also  Brueke's  biuret 
reaction  and  Posner's  reaction. 

Rosen  bach  (ALBUMIN).  Add  a  few  drops  5-%  solut.  chromic 
acid  to  a  slightly  acid  urine — if  albumin  present,  a  yellowish 
flocculent  ppt.  forms.  Phosphates  pptd.  on  boiling  are  re- 
dissolved. 

Rosenbach  (BLOOD-CELL  STAIN).  Sat.  aqueous  solut.  methylene 
blue  50  Cc.;  sat.  aqueous  solut.  phloxin,  20  Cc.;  alcohol 
(95-%),  30  Cc.;  water,  60  Cc.  Stain  is  also  good  for  all 
varieties  of  malarial  parasites. 

Rosenbach  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  On  carefully  adding  to  urine 
a  few  drops  5-%  chromic-acid  solut.  a  green  color  is  produced, 
which  changes  to  brown  on  adding  more  reagent.  In  Rosen- 
bach's  modification  of  Gmelin's  test,  on  filtering  urine  and 
letting  a  drop  HNO3  run  down  side  of  moist  filter,  a  yellow  to 
violet  and  green  color  results. 

Rosenbach  (GLUCOSE  AND  LACTOSE).  On  boiling  a  solut. 
(even  i:  1,000)  of  glucose  or  lactose  with  a  little  sodium  nitro- 
prussiate  and  NaOH,  a  characteristic  reddish-orange  or  red- 
brown  color  develops. 

Rosenbach  (INDIGO-RED  IN  URINE).  Boil  urine  and  add  HNO3 
drop  by  drop — if  indigo-red  present  a  deep-red  color  devel- 
ops, and  the  froth  on  shaking  is  violet.  The  color  is  soluble 
in  chloroform  or  ether. 

Rosenfeld-Silber  (INDICATOR).  The  authors  prepare  a  new 
indicator,  "rubrescin,"  as  follows:  Fuse  together  50  Gm. 
resorcin  and  25  Gm.  chloral  hydrate  in  an  oil-bath;  at  160° 
C.  the  reaction  proceeds  without  the  necessity  for  further 
heating,  HC1  being  eliminated.  The  melt  forms  a  crumbly, 
non-hygroscopic  mass  insoluble  in  chloroform,  slightly  sol- 
uble in  ether,  soluble  in  warm  amylic  alcohol,  and  in  cold 
methyl  and  ethyl  alcohols,  as  well  as  in  water.  The  i-% 
solut.  has  a  dark-red  color,  and  its  sensitiveness  is  very  great, 
i  drop  of  a  deci-normal  NaOH  added  to  100  Cc.  water,  and 
treated  with  3  to  6  drops  of  the  i-%  solut.  retains  its  red 
-color  for  an  hour,  and  a  red  fluorescence  is  still  visible  even 
after  standing  one  day.  (When  phenolphtalein  is  used  under 
similar  conditions,  the  color  fades  away  in  a  few  seconds.)  A 
similarly  excellent  result  is  obtained  with  i  to  2  drops  of  deci- 


260  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

normal  borax  solut.,  and  normal  and  acid  sodium-carbonate 
solutions.  With  i  drop  of  decinormal  H2SO4  the  color  dis- 
appears completely  when  3  drops  of  the  indicator  solution 
are  used;  when  5  to  6  drops  are  used  the  color  is  distinctly 
yellow.  NH3too  gives  a  red  color.  Rubrescin,  as  an  indicator, 
must  be  regarded  as  of  strongly  acid  character. 

Rosens tiehl  (ANILINE).     See  Runge's  test. 

Rosenstiehl  (PARATOL.UIDINE).  Add  HNO3  to  a  solut.  of  para- 
toluidine  in  H2SO4 — the  latter  becomes  bluish- violet,  then 
red  and  brown. 

Rosin  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  If  biliary  pigments  present  a 
green  ring  forms  on  overlaying  a  few  Cc.  of  dil.  iodine  solut. 
on  the  urine. 

Ross  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  On  dissolving  a  phosphate  in  a 
borax  bead,  and  adding  sodium  tungstate,  the  bead  becomes 
blue  in  the  reducing  flame. 

Rossbach  (POISONOUS  ALKALOIDS).  Action  of  alkaloids  upon 
infusoria  is  tested,  and  the  degree  of  toxicity  estimated  from 
intensity  of  action. 

Rossel  (BLOOD  IN  URINE).  Acidulate  urine  strongly  and  shake 
with  equal  vol.  ether.  (If  an  emulsion  forms,  cool  with  ice- 
water,  or  add  a  few  drops  alcohol.)  To  ethereal  solut.  add  a 
few  drops  water,  then  15  to  30  drops  old  turpentine  oil,  or  5 
to  10  drops  H2O2,  and  shake  lightly;  then  add  10  to  20  drops 
alcoholic  2-%  solut.  barbaloin  and  shake  thoroughly — the 
aqueous  layer  acquires  a  distinct  red  color  in  i  to  3  minutes 
if  traces  of  blood  present.  (Coloration  said  to  be  discernible 
even  when  traces  no  longer  detected  spectroscopically.) 

Roth  (FIXED  OILS).  H2SO4  (sp.  gr.  1.4),  saturated  with  nitrous 
fumes  is  mixed  with  the  olive  or  other  oil  to  be  tested,  and 
the  color  and  solidifying-point  noted.  See  Poutet's  elaidin 
test. 

Rouget  (METHYLENE-BLUE  METHOD).  Modify  Dogiel's  proce- 
dure by  employing  for  muscles  of  Batrachia  a  0.5-%  solut. 
methylene  blue  in  o.6-%  salt,  solut. 

Rouget  (SILVER  STAINING).  Expose  tissues  repeatedly  to  the 
action  of  weak  AgNO3  solut.  (i :  750  or  1,000),  and  wash  with 
water  after  each  bath.  Reduce  in  glycerin. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  261 

Housselet  (PRESERVATION  OP  ROTIFERS).  Place  water  con- 
taining the  Rotifers  in  a  watch-glass,  and  add  at  intervals  a 
few  drops  of  mixture  containing  3  parts  2-%  cocaine  hydro- 
chlorate  solut.,  i  part  methylated  spirit,  and  6  parts  water. 
When  the  cilia  cease  to  beat,  add  a  drop  Flemming's  liquid  or 
of  0.25-%  osmic  acid-solut.,  and  after  that  has  acted  for  not 
more  than  half  a  minute,  remove  the  Rotifers  with  a  pipette, 
and  wash  them  by  passing  2  or  3  times  through  distilled  water 
in  watch-glasses.  Finally,  mount  in  a  mixture  of  2.5  parts 
formaldehyde  and  37.5  parts  dist.  water. 

Houssin  (CRYSTALS).  Ruby-colored  crystals,  reflecting  dark 
blue,  separate  gradually  from  the  oily  mass  obtained  on  mix- 
ing solutions  of  nicotine  and  iodine  in  ether. 

Hoyere,  De  la  (FIXED  OILS).  A  red  color  develops  on  treating 
a  few  drops  oil  with  2  drops  fuchsine  solut.  to  which  just 
enough  alkali  has  been  added  to  decolorize  it.  The  color  is 
produced  by  the  free  acids  in  the  oils,  and  according  to  Hal- 
phen  the  value  of  the  test  is  limited  by  the  fact  that  mineral 
oils  may  also  contain  acids.  The  acids  in  oils  used  as  lubri- 
cators may  also  be  neutralized  by  alkaline  soaps,  though 
the  presence  of  the  latter  can  be  easily  detected  by  the  red 
color  formed  on  adding  a  solut.  of  congo  red  just  colored 
violet  by  HC1. 

Ruber  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).     See  Rubner1  s  test. 

Rubner  (GLUCOSE).  A  red  ppt.  forms  on  adding  lead  acetate 
and  ammonia,  then  warming  the  solution. 

Rubner  (MILK-SUGAR).  Boil  with  excess  of  lead  acetate — a 
yellowish-brown  color  develops.  On  now  adding  NH3  a 
brick-red  color  and  cherry-red  ppt.  form. 

Rudisch-Boroschek  (URIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  The  determina- 
tion is  made  with  a  sat.  aqueous  solut.  of  sodium  sulphite, 
each  100  Cc.  of  which  contains  in  solution  about  i  Gm.  of 
silver  chloride.  On  adding  the  solution  to  a  solution  of  uric 
acid  rendered  strongly  alkaline  with  sodium  carbonate,  there 
forms  a  flocculent  precipitate,  which  soon  settles,  and  which 
may  be  readily  filtered  off.  The  precipitate  has  most  prob- 
ably the  composition  Ag  C5H3N4O3.  On  adding  a  sulphite- 
silver  solution  to  urine  rendered  strongly  alkaline  with  sodium 
carbonate,  there  forms  a  yellowish- white  precipitate,  which 


262  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

also  readily  separates,  and  which  may  be    filtered    off   and 
washed  with  sodium-carbonate  solution. 

Rudolf- Fischer  (ACETANILID).  Heat  5  Gm.  acetanilid  for  some 
time  with  5  Gm.  dry  ZnCl2 — a  yellow  coloring  matter  with 
moss-green  fluorescence  forms,  which  may  be  dissolved  by 
heating  with  very  dil.  HC1.  Product  formed  is  flavanilin, 
C16H14N2. 

Ruempler  (FREE  ACIDS  IN  FIXED  OILS).  An  emulsion  forms 
on  shaking  the  oil  with  a  solut.  chemically  pure  Na2CO3. 
NaOH  must  be  absent. 

Ruggieri-Tortelli  (COTTONSEED  OIL).     See  Tortelli-Ruggieri. 

Runge  (ANILINE),  i. — Aniline  solut.  in  the  absence  of  NH4C1 
yields  with  chlorinated-lime  solut.  a  purple-red  color,  which 
changes  to  rose-red  on  adding  acids.  According  to  Rosen- 
stiehl,  in  case  the  aniline  is  impure,  ether  is  added  after  admix- 
ture of  the  chlorinated-lime  solut. ;  this  takes  up  the  brown 
product  formed,  so  that  the  aqueous  solut.  remains  of  a  pure 
blue  color.  2. — A  pine  shaving,  moistened  with  a  very  dilute 
solut.  of  an  aniline  salt,  is  colored  yellow. 

Runge  (CANE  SUGAR).  Sugar  is  blackened  on  concentrating 
it  with  dil.  H2SO4.  Many  other  organic  substances  act  like- 
wise, however. 

Runge  (CARBOLIC  ACID).  A  pine  shaving  moistened  with 
HC1  is  colored  blue  by  carbolic  acid. 

Rupeau  (PICRIC  ACID  IN  BEER).  Ferrous  sulphate,  5  Gm.; 
tartaric  acid,  5  Gm.;  water,  200  Gm.  Mix  solution  with  an 
equal  volume  of  sat.  solut.  NaCl.  Overlay  i  to  2  Cc.  reagent 
on  half  a  Cc.  beer  and  add  2  drops  NH3.  Presence  of  picric 
acid  is  shown  by  a  red  color. 

Rust  (CARBOLIC  ACID  AND  CREOSOTE).  Collodion  forms  a  jelly 
with  carbolic  acid,  but  not  with  creosote. 

Ryder  (DOUBLE  IMBEDDING  PROCESS).  After  the  collodion 
bath,  soak  objects  in  chloroform,  then  remove  into  a  mixture 
of  chloroform  and  paraffin  heated  to  not  over  40°  C.,  and  finally 
into  a  bath  of  pure  paraffin. 

Sabanin-Laskowski  (CITRIC  ACID).  Yellow  color  develops  on 
heating  with  excess  of  NH3  in  a  sealed  tube  at  120°  C.  for  six 
hours.  On  pouring  out  and  allowing  to  stand  for  several 
hours,  color  changes  to  blue. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  263 

Sabatier  (COPPER).  Add  i  drop  solut.  of  a  copper  salt  to  i  Cc. 
cone.  HBr — if  much  copper  present,  a  purple-red  color  at  once 
develops;  if  little,  color  is  lilac.  A  o.oooi-%  solut.  of  a  cop- 
per salt  still  gives  the  reaction.  A  mixture  of  KI  and  H3PO4 
also  gives  the  reaction,  which  develops  on  first  carefully 
warming,  then  cooling. 

Sabatier  (NITRITES).  On  dissolving  a  few  fragments  cuprous 
oxide  in  cone.  H2SO4  containing  a  little  nitrite,  the  solut.  is 
colored  intensely  violet  to  purple.  All  cuprous  compounds, 
and  cuproso-cupric  derivatives  afford  the  color.  Cupric 
compounds  do  not  react. 

Sabatin  (COPPER).  Trace  of  a  copper  salt  dissolved  in  cone,  hy- 
drobromic  acid  develops  an  intense  purple  color,  i  drop  of  a 
i :  30,000  copper-salt  solut.  added  to  i  Cc.  colorless  cone,  acid 
still  affords  the  reaction.  Reagent  may  be  replaced  by  a 
solut.  of  KBr  in  orthophosphoric  acid.  Delicacy  of  reaction 
somewhat  impaired  by  presence  of  free  bromine;  on  driving 
off  latter  by  heat,  however,  the  color  is  observed. 

Sabrazes-Deniges  (TEST-PAPER  FOR  IODINE).  Boil  i  Gm. 
starch  with  40  Cc.  water,  cool,  and  add  0.5  Gm.  sodium  ni- 
trite. Apply  paste  to  both  sides  of  heavy  unsized  paper. 
The  dry  paper  is  moistened  with  liquid  to  be  tested,  and 
moistened  spot  wetted  with  i  drop  io-%  H2SO4— if  iodine 
(iodide)  is  present  a  blue  color  develops. 

Sachs  (NUTRIENT  MEDIUM).  Potassium  nitrate,  i  Gm.;  so- 
dium chloride,  0.5  Gm.;  calcium  sulphate,  0.5  Gm.;  magne- 
sium sulphate,  0.5  Gm. ;  calcium  phosphate,  0.5  Gm.;  and  a 
few  drops  of  ferric-chloride  solut.  are  dissolved  in  i  liter  of 
water. 

Sachsse  (GLUCOSE).  Two  solutions  are  made,  composed 
respectively  of  mercuric  iodide  18  Gm.,  potassium  iodide  25 
Gm.,  water  500  Cc.;  and  KOH  80  Gm.  in  500  Cc.  water. 
Before  use  for  titration  equal  volumes  of  the  two  solutions 
are  mixed;  as  an  indicator,  paper,  saturated  with  an  alkaline 
solut.  stannous  chloride  is  employed.  A  black  spot  is  pro- 
duced by  a  drop  of  the  solution  so  long  as  any  unreduced 
mercuric  salt  is  present.  Each  40  Cc.  of  this  solution  equals 
0.1342  Gm.  glucose. 


264  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.      . 

Sacchse-Heinrich  (GLUCOSE).  Solut.  contains  only  10  Gm. 
'KOH  for  the  above  quantities.  The  glucose  solut.  (about 
5-%)  is  added  to  the  boiling  reagent  until  all  mercury  salt  is 
reduced.  As  an  indicator,  H2S  is  used,  being  added  to  a  small 
portion  of  solut.  acidulated  with  acetic  acid.  40  Cc.  reagent 
are  reduced  by  0.1342  Gm.  glucose. 

Sahli  (METHYLENE-BLUE  BORAX).  5-%  solut.  borax,  16  Gm.; 
sat.  aqueous  solut.  methylene  blue,  24  Gm. ;  dist.  water, 
40  Gm. 

Sahli  (STAINING  NERVE-CENTERS).  Sections  of  material  hard- 
ened in  bichromate  are  washed  in  water  for  5  or  10  minutes 
and  stained  dark  blue  with  cone,  aqueous  solut.  methylene  blue. 
They  are  then  rinsed  with  water,  stained  for  5  minutes  in  sat. 
aqueous  solut.  acid-fuchsine,  rinsed  with  alcohol,  and  passed 

-  into  a  large  quantity  water.  Or,  instead  of  rinsing  in  alcohol, 
use  alcohol  containing  from  o.i  to  i%  KOH,  differentiate  the 
stain  in  water,  clear  sections  with  cedar  oil,  and  mount  in 
balsam  dissolved  in  cedar  oil.  For  obtaining  a  specific  stain 
of  nerve-tubes,  stain  sections  for  a  few  minutes  or  hours  in  a 

-.  mixture  of  24  parts  sat.  aqueous  solut.  methylene  blue,  16  parts 
5-%  solut.  borax,  and  40  parts  water.  Sections  are  then 

'  washed  in  water  or  alcohol  until  the  gray  matter  can  be  clearly 
distinguished  from  the  white,  cleared  with  cedar  oil,  and 
mounted  in  balsam. 

Salkowsky  (CARBON  MONOXIDE  IN  BLOOD).  Mix  suspected 
blood  with  19  parts  water  and  add  an  equal  volume 
NaOH  (sp.  gr.  1.34) — if  blood  contains  CO  the  mixture  be- 
comes immediately  turbid,  at  first  whitish,  then  bright  red; 
after  some  time  red  flocks  separate  and  float  on  surface  of 
rose-colored  liquid.  Normal  blood  is  colored  a  dirty-brown 
by  NaOH. 

Salkowsky  (CHOLESTERIN).  Dissolve  a  few  Ctg.  substance  in 
2  Cc.  chloroform  and  shake  solut.  with  2  Cc.  of  cone.  H2SO4. 
In  presence  of  cholesterin  the  chloroform  becomes  blood-red 
and  the  acid  exhibits  greenish  fluorescence.  If  test  is  applied 
as  a  zone  reaction,  a  brownish-red  zone  appears.  Breathing 
on  chloroform  solut.  is  said  to  change  the  red  color  to  blue, 
green,  and  yellow. 

Salkowsky  (CREATININE).     See  WeyVs  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  265 

Salkowsky  (HEMATOPORPHYRIN).  Ppt.  urine  with  a  solut.  of  Ba 
(OH)2,  wash  ppt.,  extract  with  alcohol  containing  i%  HC1,  and 
examine  spectroscopically.  Two  characteristic  bands  are  seen. 

Salkowsky  (!NDOL).     See  Bayer's  test. 

Salkowsky  (OXALIC  ACID).  Make  100  Cc.  urine  alkaline  with 
Ca(OH)2,  add  CaCl2,  evaporate  partially,  add  alcohol,  wash 
ppt.  with  some  alcohol  and  hot  water,  then  dissolve  in  HC1. 
Next  add  NH3  and  acetic  acid.  Octahedral  crystals  of  cal- 
cium oxalate  are  thus  obtained. 

Salkowsky  (PEPTONE  IN  URINE).  Acidulate  50  Cc.  urine  with 
HC1,  and  ppt.  with  phosphotungstic  or  phosphomolybdic  acid. 
Wash  ppt.,  warm  on  water-bath,  dissolve  with  a  little  NaOH, 
and  add  a  few  drops  i-  to  2-%  CuSO4  solut.  In  presence  of 
peptone,  a  red  color  appears.  The  author  amends  this  test, 
since  he  finds  that  the  presence  of  urobilin  may  occasion  a  ppt. 
and  give  the  biuret  reaction  like  albumose;  if,  therefore, 
urobilin  present,  it  must  first  be  removed  from  the  phospho- 
molybdic ppt.  before  the  biuret  reaction  is  applied. 

Salkowsky. (PHENOL).  Phenol  solut.  is  colored  blue  or  greenish 
by  NH3  and  a  few  drops  chlorinated-lime  solut.,  and  heating 
gently. 

Salkowsky  (POTASSIUM  IN  URINE).  Evaporate  100  to  150  Cc. 
urine  to  12  to  18  Cc.,  filter  when  cold,  and  add  cone,  solut.  tar- 
taric  acid — potassium  bitartrate  deposits. 

Salkowsky  (SULPHUROUS  ACID  IN  URINE).  Add  10  Cc.  HC1 
(sp.  gr.  1.12)  to  100  Cc.  urine,  and  evaporate  to  25  or  30  Cc. 
in  a  tube — a  bluish  or  yellowish  white  ppt.  forms  on  upper 
portion  of  cool  tube. 

Salkowsky-Kitasato  (!NDOL  IN  BACTERIAL  CULTURE).  See 
Kitasato-Salkowsky. 

Salkowsky-Leubes  (MuciN  IN  URINE).  Treat  urine  with  2 
vol.  absolute  alcohol,  collect  ppt.  and  re-dissolve  in  water. 
The  solut.  gives  a  turbidity  with  acetic  acid  insoluble  in  ex- 
cess, but  soluble  in  HC1  or  HNO3. 

Salomon  (XANTHIN;  PARAXANTHIN;  HETEROXANTHIN).  NaOH 
or  KOH  ppts.  paraxanthin  and  heteroxanthin,  the  former  as 
right-angled  prisms  and  planes,  the  latter  as  acute  or  obtuse- 
angled,  often  double,  crystals. 

Salzer  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).     The  same  as  Puscher's. 


266  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS 

Sandlund  (IODINE  IN  URINE).  Treat  5  Cc.  urine  with  i  Cc~ 
H2SO4  (1:5)  and  2  or  3  drops  sodium-nitrate  solut.  (i  Gm.  in 
500  Cc.),  then  shake  up  with  carbon  disulphide — this  becomes 
colored  if  iodine  present  (up  to  0.001%). 

Sankey  (STAINING  NERVE-CENTERS).  Stain  in  a  0.5-%  solut. 
aniline  blue-black,  and  in  order  to  obtain  a  differential  stain, 
wash  out  for  20  to  30  minutes  in  chloral-hydrate  solut. 

Sargent  (BLEACHING  METHOD).  Soak  insects  to  be  bleached 
for  a  day  or  two  in  a  mixture  of  HC1  10  drops,  potassium  chlo- 
rate 30  grains,  water  i  fl.  ounce.  Wash  well. 

Sattler  (SILVER  STAINING).  Preparations  stained  with  AgNO3 
are  exposed  to  light  for  a  few  minutes  in  water  acidulated 
with  acetic  or  formic  acid. 

Saul  (ESERINE).  If  a  solut.  of  eserine,  or  one  of  its  salts,  be 
heated  to  boiling,  and  a  few  drops  of  strong  HNO3  added,  an 
orange-colored  liquid  is  obtained,  which,  on  adding  NaOH 
in  excess,  yields  an  intensely  violet  solut.  The  violet  color  is 
changed  to  pale-orange  by  acids,  and  restored  by  alkalies. 

Saul  (TANNIN).  To  about  0.015  Gm.  tannin  in  3  Cc.  water  add 
3  drops  of  20-%  alcoholic  solut.  thymol,  and  then  3  Cc.  strong 
H2SO4 — gallotannic  acid  yields  a  turbid  rose-colored  solut.; 
gallic  acid  remains  practically  uncolored. 

Savalle  (FUSEL  OIL  IN  ALCOHOL).  Heat  alcohol  with  an  equal 
vol.  cone.  H2SO4  until  boiling  commences  —  fusel  oil  is 
indicated  by  the  formation  of  a  brown  color;  all  aldehydes 
and  even  higher  alcohols  give  this  reaction.  If  the  latter  are 
to  be  tested  for,  the  aldehydes  may  be  removed  by  heating  for 
half  an  hour  with  a  little  metaphenylenediamine  hydrochlo- 
rate  and  subsequent  distillation ;  the  distillate  thus  freed  from 
aldehydes  is  tested  with  H2SO4.  If  the  quantity  of  fusel  oil  is 
slight,  10  to  20  drops  of  a  i :  1,000  solut.  furfurol  maybe  added, 
and  then  a  pink  color  is  developed,  if  higher  alcohols  present, 
on  heating  with  H2SO4.  Test  may  be  employed  quantitatively 
for  the  colorimetric  determination  of  fusel  oil. 

Schaal  (INDICATOR).  Alizarine  is  colored  yellow  by  acids,  and 
rose-red  by  alkalies. 

Schacht  (BENZOIC  ACID).  The  acid  from  Siam  benzoin  decol- 
orizes an  alkaline  solut.  KMnO4,  but  that  from  other  sources 
merely  alters  the  color  to  green. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  267 

Schack  (PEPPERMINT  OIL).  A  blue-green  color  is  given  with 
fused  salicylic  acid;  on  dissolving  mixture  in  alcohol  the 
solut.  is  blue  by  transmitted,  and  red  by  reflected,  light. 

Schaefer  (CINCHONIDINE  IN  QUININE  SULPHATE).  Dissolve  i 
Gm.  quinine  sulphate  in  9  Gm.  absolute  alcohol  and  3  Gm. 
5-%  H2SO4.  After  standing  for  a  day  with  occasional  shak- 
ing, any  cinchonidine  present  will  have  pptd.  as  tetrasulphater 
that  salt  being  only  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol^  By  dissolving 
in  water  and  pptng.  again  with  NaOH,  the  cinchonidine  can- 
be  obtained  pure  (m.p.  199°  C.). 

Schaefer  (MARTIUS'  YELLOW  IN  PASTRY).  Heat  200  Gm.  pas- 
try with  50-  to  6o-%  alcohol,  concentrate  by  evaporation, 
and  add  HC1 — if  Martius'  yellow  present,  a  whitish,  floccu- 
lent  ppt.  of  dinitro-alphanaphtol  forms,  soluble  in  ether  with 
yellow  color.  If  naphtol-yellow  (a  sulpho-derivative  of 
Martius'  yellow)  present  HC1  gives  no  ppt.,  but  NaOH  does. 

Schaefer  (NAPHTOL-YELLOW  IN  PASTRY).  10  to  20  Gm.  ma- 
terial to  be  tested  are  broken  up  into  crumbs  and  warmed 
with  40  Cc.  alcohol  (50  to  60%  by  vol.) — naphtol-yellow  colors 
the  alcohol  yellow;  on  adding  HC1  this  color  disappears, 
while  that  produced  by  saffron  would  remain ;  metanil-yellow 
is  colored  red. 

Schaefer  (NITRITES  IN  URINE).  Decolorize  3  or  4  Cc.  urine  with 
animal  charcoal,  then  treat  with  an  equal  volume  acetic  acid 
(i  :  10),  and  2  drops  5-%  potassium  ferrocyanide  solut. — 
nitrites  cause  a  yellow  color. 

Schaefer  (QUININE  SULPHATE).  Oxalate  test.  Dissolve  i  Gm. 
crystallized  (or  0.85  Gm.  anhydrous)  quinine  sulphate  in  35 
Cc.  boiling  water,  add  a  solut.  of  0.3  Gm.  crystallized  neutral 
potassium  oxalate  in  5  Cc.  water,  and  distilled  water  to  make 
up  41.3  Gm.  Place  the  vessel  in  a  water-bath  heated  to  20° 
C.  for  half  an  hour,  shaking  occasionally,  and  filter  through 
glass  wool.  On  adding  a  drop  NaOH  solut.  to  10  Cc.  filtrate 
no  turbidity  is  produced  if  the  quinine  sulphate  is  free  from 
allied  alkaloids. 

Schaeffer  (DIFFERENTIATING  BOILED  FROM  UNBOILED  MILK). 
Add  i  drop  0.2-%  H2O2  and  2  drops  2-%  solut.  paraphenylene- 
diamine  to  10  Cc.  milk,  and  shake — unboiled  milk  is  imme- 
diately colored  blue. 


268  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Schaellibaum  (SERIAL  SECTIONS).  Attach  sections  to  slides  by 
the  aid  of  a  mixture  of  i  part  collodion  and  3  or  4  parts  clove 
or  lavender  oil;  spread  thinly  with  a  small  brush.  After 
arranging  the  sections,  heat  gently  until  the  oil  has  evap- 
orated. 

Schaer  (BLOOD).     See  Huehnef eld's  turpentine  solution. 

Schaer-van  Ankum  (CHLORAL  ALCOHOLATE  IN  CHLORAL  HY- 
DRATE). Treat  i  Gm.  chloral  hydrate  with  i  Cc.  HNO3  (sp. 
gr.  1.38) — no  yellow  color  or  vapors  should  result  at  ordinary 
temperature  or  on  heating,  in  the  course  of  10  minutes. 

Schaerge  (COCAINE).  Dissolve  0.02  Gm.  substance  in  i  drop 
water,  and  add  i  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4.  To  this  add  i  drop  potas- 
sium chromate  or  bichromate  solut. — a  rapidly  disappearing 
ppt.  forms;  on  heating,  the  yellowish-red  solut.  becomes 
green. 

Schaffgot  (MAGNESIA).  By  using  a  solut.  of  235  Gm.  ammo- 
nium carbonate  and  180  Cc.  NH3  (sp.  gr.  0.92)  in  i  liter, 
magnesia  can  be  pptd.  without  addition  of  fixed  alkalies. 

Scheele  (ARSENOUS  ACID).  A  solut.  copper  sulphate  in  excess 
of  NH3  affords  a  light-green  ppt.  with  an  arsenite.. 

Scheibler  (ALKALOIDS).  Phosphotungstic  acid  or  its  sodium 
salt  affords  ppts.  similar  to  those  thrown  down  by  phospho- 
molybdic  acid.  Prepare  reagent  by  adding  100  Gm.  sodium 
tungstate  to  60  to  80  Gm.  sodium  phosphate  in  500  Cc.  water 
acidulated  with  HNO3.  Otto  simply  adds  phosphoric  acid  to 
a  solut.  sodium  tungstate.  See  Sonnenschein' s ,  Jungman's, 
and  De  Vrifs  tests. 

Schell  (COCAINE).  Mix  cocaine  hydrochlorate  with  calomel,  and 
moisten  or  breathe  on  mixture — latter  is  blackened  by  partial 
reduction  of  calomel.  See  Lenz's  reaction  for  pilocarpine. 

Schenk  (CARBOLIC  FUCHSINE).  Stain  is  prepared  by  dissolving 
i  Gm.  fuchsine  and  5  Gm.  crystallized  carbolic  acid  in  10  Gm. 
alcohol  and  100  Gm.  dist.  water.  Or,  a  5-%  aqueous  solut.  of 
carbolic  acid  may  be  saturated  with  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  fuch- 
sine, saturation  being  indicated  by  formation  of  a  metallic- 
looking  pellicle  on  surface  of  the  liquid.  The  stain  is  washed 
out  with  alcohol  followed  by  clove  oil. 

Schenk  (FIXING  FLUID).  Solut.  uranium  acetate  is  used,  its 
properties  resembling  those  of  picric  acid.  It  has  a  mild  fix- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  269 

ing  action  and  a  high  degree  of  penetration,  and  may  be  com- 
bined with  methyl  green. 

Scherer  (HYDROGEN  PHOSPHIDE).  Test  for  PH3  in  excreta  in 
phosphorus  poisoning  depends  upon  Hager's  test  (q.  v.),  by 
means  of  silver-nitrate  paper. 

Scherer  (!NOSITE).  Evaporate  aqueous  solut.  almost  to  dryness 
with  HNO3,  and  treat  residue  with  NH3  and  a  trace  of  CaCl2. 
On  further  concentration  a  rose-red  solut.  results. 

Scherer  (LEUCINE).  Carefully  evaporate  leucine  with  HNO3  to 
dryness  on  platinum  foil,  and  warm  residue  with  NaOH — a 
yellow  liquid  remains,  which  on  further  heating  contracts  to 
an  oily,  non-adhering  drop. 

Scherer  (PHOSPHORUS).  A  black  stain  forms  on  heating  the  sub- 
stance to  30  to  40°  C.,  and  exposing  a  slip  of  silver-nitrate 
test-paper  to  the  vapors  given  off.  See  Hager's  test  for  phos- 
phorus. 

Scherer  (TYROSIN).  i. — On  evaporating  substance  carefully 
with  HNO3  there  form  oxalic  acid  and  nitrotyrosin ;  latter  is 
colored  deep  red-brown  by  KOH  and  NH3.  2. — On  heating 
tyrosin  on  platinum  foil  with  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.2),  tyrosin  dis- 
solves with  bright  orange-yellow  color,  and  on  evaporating 
leaves  a  shining,  transparent,  deep-yellow  residue,  soluble  in 
NaOH  with  reddish-yellow  color.  This  solut.  on  evaporation 
leaves  a  deep  blackish-brown  residue. 

Schering  (ALKALOIDS).  Phospho-tungstic  acid  is  used  as  a  pre- 
cipitant. See  Scheibler's  test. 

Schering  (!ODATES  IN  IODIDES).  A  yellow  zone  forms  on  add- 
ing to  the  solut.  a  crystal  of  tartaric  acid. 

Schering  (UROTROPIN  IN  URINE).  Urotropin  affords  a  char- 
acteristic reaction  with  a  saturated  bromine  solution  (bromine 
10  parts  and  distilled  water  90  parts).  Several  drops  of  this. 
solution  added  to  a  non-albuminous  urine  containing  uro- 
tropin,  develops  an  orange-yellow  ppt.  which  is  dissipated  on 
lightly  striking  the  test-tube,  and  reforms  with  an  excess  of 
reagent.  The  test  must  be  carried  out  in  the  cold;  when 
warm,  the  precipitate  is  not  produced  with  an  excess  of  bro- 
mine water.  The  urine  may  be  filtered  through  animal  char- 
coal before  testing  for  urotropin.  Albuminous  urine  gives 
with  bromine  water  a  precipitate  which  becomes  yellowish 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

with  a  large  excess  of  reagent ;  this  precipitate  might  be  con- 
founded with  that  caused  by  urotropin,  with  which  it  presents 
certain  analogy.  It  is  hence  important  to  first  remove  the 
albumin  before  making  the  test.  Furthermore,  a  precipitate 
caused  by  urotropin  is  soluble  on  heating;  that  caused  by 
albumin  coagulates. 

:Schermer  (SANTONIN).  Slowly  heat  together  a  few  granules 
santonin  and  a  few  Mg.  powd.  potass,  cyanide,  in  a  porcelain 
capsule — when  mass  melts,  a  red  color  develops  which  rapidly 
changes  to  brownish-yellow.  With  water  the  fused  mass 
gives  a  fluorescent  solut.,  brown  by  transmitted  and  green  by 
reflected  light. 

Schiefferdecker  (DIGESTION  FLUID).  Macerate  pieces  of  tissue 
epidermis  for  3  or  4  hours  at  about  37°  C.  in  a  sat.  aqueous 
solut.  of  pancreatin. 

Schiefferdecker  (METHYL  MIXTURE).  Methyl  alcohol,  5  Cc.; 
glycerin,  50  Cc.;  distilled  water,  100  Cc.  Mixture  is  used  as 
a  dissociating  fluid  for  retina  and  central  nervous  svstem. 
Several  days  are  required  for  complete  dissociation. 

Schiff  (ALDEHYDES).  Reagent  employed  is  fuchsine-sulphurous 
acid.  See  Guy  on' s  test. 

Schiff  (CHOLESTERIN).  i. — A  red  color  appears  on  treating 
cholesterin  with  cone.  H2SO4,  or  evaporating  with  HNO3 
and  then  adding  NH3.  2. — A  violet  color  develops  on 
adding  a  mixture  of  2  vol.  H2SO4  or  HC1  and  i  vol.  of  dil. 
Fe2Cl6  solut.  and  heating.  On  evaporating,  a  violet  residue  is 
left. 

'Schiff  (GLUCOSE  AND  CARBOHYDRATES).  Saturate  papers  with 
a  mixture  of  equal  volumes  acetic  acid  and  xylidin  with  a 
very  little  alcohol.  Heat  substance  to  be  tested  with  H2SO4 — 
if  glucose  present  furfurol  forms,  the  vapors  of  which  color 
the  test-paper  red. 

Schiff  (SULPHUROUS  ACID).  A  gray  stain  appears  on  exposing 
mercurous-nitrate  test-paper  to  vapor  of  H2SO3. 

Schiff  (TEST-PAPER  FOR  PHOSPHORUS,  ARSENIC,  CHROMATES, 
AND  URIC  ACID).  Paper  impregnated  with  silver-nitrate 
gives  a  black  color  with  phosphorus,  a  red  with  chromates,  a 
yellow  with  arsenic,  and  a  brown  with  uric  acid. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  271 

•Schiff  (UREA).  Treat  a  solut.  of  urea  (urine)  with  furfurol  and 
HC1 — a  violet  color  develops,  and  later  an  insoluble  brown 
mass  deposits. 

Schiff  (URic  ACID).  An  alkaline  uric-acid  solut.  reduces  AgNO3 
or  Ag2CO3.  Moisten  filter-paper  with  AgNO3  solut.,  touch 
moistened  spot  first  with  a  little  dil.  NaCO3  solut.,  and  then 
with  the  solut.  to  be  tested — a  yellow  spot  appears  if  uric  acid 
present. 

'Schimmel  (CORIANDER  OIL).  This  oil  must  afford  a  clear  solut. 
with  3  parts  70-%  alcohol  (by  volume);  oil  cedar,  turpentine, 
etc.,  are  insoluble  in  alcohol  of  this  strength. 

iSchimmel  (LEMON  OIL),  i  part  oil  must  give  with  10  parts 
80- %  alcohol  (by  volume)  a  clear  or  at  most  slightly  opal- 
escent solut.  which  should  not  deposit  even  on  long  standing. 
If  fatty  oils  present,  mixture  will  be  cloudy,  and  oil  drops  will 
deposit  in  about  12  hours;  if  petroleum  or  kerosene  present, 
these  will  settle  to  the  bottom. 

••Schimmel  (MENTHOL  IN  PEPPERMINT  OIL).  Heat  about  20 
Gm.  oil  and  30  Cc.  normal  alcoholic  NaOH  solut.  in  a  flask 
with  reflux  condenser  for  i  hour,  then  titrate  uncombined 
alkali  with  normal  H2SO4,  using  phenolphtalein  as  an  indi- 
•cator.  Each  Cc.  of  alkali  used  equals  0.156  Gm.  menthol 
(which  exists  as  ester,  i.  e.,  combined  menthol).  The  saponi- 
fied oil  is  then  washed  with  water  till  free  from  alkali,  and 
.next  boiled  for  i  hour  with  an  equal  vol.  acetic  anhydride, 
and  2  Gm.  anhydrous  sodium  acetate.  The  product  is 
washed  first  with  water,  then  with  very  dilute  NaOH  solut., 
dried  with  anhydrous  sodium  sulphate,  and  filtered.  From 
8  to  10  Gm.  of  this  acetylized  oil  then  saponified  with  50  Cc. 
alcoholic  NaOH  as  before,  and  the  uncombined  alkali  titrated 
with  normal  H2SO4.  Then,  if  S  =  weight  of  acetylized  oil, 
A=  the  number  of  Cc.  NaOH  solut.  used,  P  =  %  of  total 
menthol, 

P  = 


S-(AXo.o42)' 

-Schindelmeiser  (NICOTINE).  Add  a  few  drops  30-%  formalde- 
hyde free  from  formic  acid  to  non-resinified  nicotine,  then  add 
i  drop  cone.  HNO3 — solut.  acquires  an  intense,  pink  color. 


272  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

If   much    nicotine    present,    solut.    is    dark-red;    if  nicotine 

resinified,  color  is  blood-red. 

Schlagdenhauffen  (ALKALOIDS).     A  black  color  forms  on  treat- 
ing alkaloids  with  an  aqueous  solut.  pyrogallic  acid  to  which 

an  alcoholic  solut.  of  HgCl2  has  been  added. 
Schlagdenhauffen  (DISTINGUISHING  ALKALOIDS    FROM    GLUCO- 

SIDES).     Equal  parts  of  3-%  guaiac-resin  solut.  and  a  sat. 

solut.  HgCl2.     Only  alkaloids  give  a  ppt.  with  this  reagent  in 

the  cold,  or,  at  from  60°  to  79°  C.,  a  blue  color. 
Schlagdenhauffen  (MAGNESIUM  SALTS).     A  brownish-red  color 

or  ppt.  forms  on  adding  a  golden-yellow  solut.  of  iodine  in  2-% 

NaOH  or  KOH. 
Schlickum  (ARSENIC).     Overlay  suspected  solut.  upon  a  solut. 

0.02  Gm.  sodium  sulphite  and  0.4  Gm.   stannous  chloride  in 

3  to  4  Gm.  of  cone.  HC1 — a  yellow  zone  forms  if  arsenic  present. 
Schlickum   (INDICATOR).     Cochineal  tincture  is   recommended 

as  an  indicator  in  titrating  phosphoric  acid. 
Schlienkamp    (Nux  VOMICA).     A   crimson   color,   disappearing 

on  cooling,  develops  on  adding  a  little  H2SO4  and  evaporating. 
Schlossberger  (TEXTILE  FIBERS).     Cone,  ammoniacal  solut.  of 

freshly  pptd.  and  still  moist  nickelous-hydroxide.     The  solut. 

dissolves  silk,  but  neither  wool  nor  cotton.     Compare  with 

Persons  test. 
Schmans  (STAINING  NERVOUS  TISSUE).     Use  English  blue-black 

in  0.25-%  solut.  in  50-%  alcohol,  with  addition   of  a  little 

picric  acid.     Stain  sections  for  an  hour. 
Schmatolla  (TIN).     Dip  a  glass  or  porcelain  rod  into  a  solut.  of 

tin  in  cone.  HC1,  and  introduce  into  a  colorless  Bunsen  flame — 

an  intense  bluish- white  flame  denotes  presence  of  tin.     Sb  does 

not  interfere  with  reaction.     As,  if  present  in  more  than  equal 

quantity,  prevents  the  color  and  leaves  the  rod  coated  with  a 

dark  layer  of  As  and  Sn. 
Schmid  (METALLIC  SALTS).     A  solut.  of  phosphorus  in  carbon 

disulphide    throws    down   colored   ppts.   when   shaken   with 

aqueous  solut.  of  the  salts. 
Schmidt  (GLUCOSE).     Ammoniacal  lead-acetate  solut.  causes  a 

brownish-red  ppt.  upon  warming  with  diabetic  urine  or  other 

glucose  solutions.     Cane  sugar  does  not  cause  the  reduction. 

See  Runner's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  273 

Schmidt  (NITRIC  ACID).  Mix  solut.  to  be  tested  with  an  equal 
vol.  of  solut.  of  20  drops  aniline,  10  Gm.  dil.  H2SO4,  and  90 
Gm.  water,  and  overlay  this  mixture  upon  cone.  H2SO4 — if 
HNO3  present,  a  light-  to  dark-red  zone  forms. 

Schmidt  (SACCHARIN).  Shake  out  strongly  acidulated  liquid 
three  times  with  a  mixture  of  equal  vol.  ether  and  petroleum 
ether,  treat  extracts  with  NaOH,  evaporate  to  dryness,  and 
heat  residue  for  half  an  hour  to  250°  C.  Then  dissolve  mass 
in  water,  acidulate  with  H2SO4  and  shake  out  with  ether.  If 
saccharin  present  it  is  found  in  the  ethereal  extract  as  salicylic 
acid,  which,  after  evaporation  of  the  ether,  can  be  identified 
by  means  of  Fe2Cl6. 

Schmidt-Donath  (RESIN  IN  WAX).     See  Donath-Schmidt. 

Schmiedeberg  (GLUCOSE).  CuSO4,  34.634  Gm.;  water,'  200  Cc. 
mannite,  15  Gm.;  water,  100  Cc.  NaOH  solut.  (sp.  gr.  1.145), 
400  Gm.  Mix  solutions,  and  add  water  to  make  1,000  Gm. 
Used  like  Fehling's  solut. 

Schneider  (ACETO-CARMINE).  Add  carmine  to  boiling  45-% 
acetic  acid  until  saturated,  and  filter.  A  drop  of  the  cone, 
solut.  may  be  added  to  a  fresh  preparation  under  the  cover- 
glass,  but  for  slow  staining  dilute  to  i-%  strength. 

Schneider  (ALKALOIDS).  Mix  a  few  Mg.  of  substance  with  6  to 
8  parts  sugar  on  a  porcelain  plate  and  add  i  drop  of  cone. 
H2SO4 — morphine  or  codeine  causes  a  fine  purple-red  to  violet- 
green  color,  which  gradually  changes  to  dingy  yellow.  Addi- 
tion of  water  causes  rapid  decoloration.  Aconitine  is  the  only 
other  alkaloid  that  may  be  mistaken  for  morphine  or  codeine 
by  this  test.  Reaction  depends  on  formation  of  furfurol,  and 
may  hence  be  obtained  by  use  of  furfurol  and  H2SO4. 

Schneider  (ARSENIC).  Separate  arsenic  as  arsenous  chloride, 
by  distillation  with  HC1  and  Fe2Cl6,  then  identify  by  Marsh's 
test. 

Schneider  (BENZOIC  ACID).     Same  as  Schacht's  test. 

Schneider  (BISMUTH).  3  parts  tartaric  acid  and  i  part  stannous 
chloride  dissolved  in  sufficient  KOH  solut.  gives  a  black  ppt. 
upon  warming  with  a  bismuth  salt. 

Schneider  (CODEINE).  Dissolve  codeine  in  cone.  H2SO4,  warm 
lightly,  and  add  2  or  3  drops  cone,  solut.  cane  sugar — a  purple- 

1      red  color  develops. 


274  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Schneider  (FOREIGN  [CRUCIFEROUS]  OILS  IN  OLIVE  OIL).  Dis- 
solve oil  in  2  parts  of  ether,  add  5  Cc.  sat.  alcoholic  solut. 
AgNO3,  set  mixture  aside  for  12  hours  in  a  dark  place — if  oils 
containing  sulphur  are  present,  the  mixture  darkens. 

Schneider  (POTASSIUM  CYANATE  IN  POTASSIUM  CYANIDE). 
Test  depends  upon  the  formation  of  the  ultramarine-blue 
coblat  cyanate.  From  the  potassium-cyanide  solut.,  as  cone, 
as  possible,  the  HCN  is  removed  by  means  of  CO2,  the  K2CO3 
pptd.  by  the  addition  of  alcohol,  and  the  nitrate  then  tested 
with  cobalt-acetate  solut. 

Schoenbein  (BLOOD).  Tincture  of  guaiac  resin  and  oil  turpen- 
tine. See  Almen's  test. 

Schoenbein  (COPPER).  A  solut.  of  a  copper  salt  yields  a  blue 
color  on  adding  potassium  cyanide  and  tincture  of  guaiac. 

Schoenbein  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID),  i. — Filter-paper  dipped  in 
10%  tincture  guaiac  and  dried,  then  moistened  with  o.i-% 
CuSO4  solut.,  turns  blue  in  the  presence  of  HCN.  See  Payer's 
test.  2. — Mix  suspected  liquid  with  5  parts  fresh,  defibrinated 
blood  and  45  parts  water,  then  add  a  little  H2O2.  In  the  pres- 
ence of  HCN  the  red  color  is  changed  to  brown. 

Schoenbein  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE),  i. — A  blue  color  appears 
on  adding  a  little  cadmium-iodide  starch  paste  and  a  little 
ferrous  sulphate.  See  Boettger's  test.  2. — Freshly  prepared 
tincture  of  guaiac  and  a  few  drops  cold  prepared  infusion  of 
malt  give  a  blue  color.  3. — A  mixture  of  Fe2Cl6  and  potas- 
sium ferricyanide  solut.  also  produces  a  blue  color. 

Schoenbein  (NITROUS  ACID),  i. — On  adding  to  potable  water 
containing  nitrous  acid,  a  solut.  of  pyrogallic  acid  and  a  little 
dil.  H2SO4,  a  brown  color  forms.  2. — Add  to  water  sufficient 
indigo  solut.  to  color  it  deep  blue  and  a  little  HC1,  then  while 
stirring  add  sufficient  potassium  pentasulphide  to  cause  the 
blue  color  to  disappear,  and  filter.  On  adding  the  suspected 
water  or  solut.  of  nitrite,  the  blue  color  reappears. 

Schoenbein  (NITRIC  AND  NITROUS  ACIDS  IN  URINE),  i. — Po- 
tassium-iodide starch  paste  faintly  acidtilated  with  H2SO4  is 
colored  deep  blue  by  slightest  trace  of  nitrous  acid.  2. — An 
acidulated  solut.  containing  pyrogallic  acid  is  colored  deep 
blue  by  nitrous  acid,  with  evolution  of  nitrogen  oxide  gas.  If 
test  is  carried  out  in  a  flask,  the  gas  is  converted  into  hypo- 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  275 

nitrous  acid  on  contact  with  air,  and  would  color  potassium- 
iodide  starch  paper  blue,  or  would  decolorize  indigo  paper. 

Schoenbein  (OZONE  TEST-PAPER).  Filter-paper  saturated  with 
potassium-iodide  starch  paste  (10  parts  starch,  200  parts 
water,  and  i  part  potassium  iodide).  Ozone  turns  this  paper 
blue. 

Schoenbein- Pagenstecher  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  See  Schoen- 
bein1 s  test. 

Schoenn  (COBALT).  Neutral  sodium-sulphocyanide  solut.  gives 
a  blue  color. 

Schoenn  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  A  yellow  to  deep-red  color 
develops  on  adding  titanic  acid  solut. 

Schoenn  (MOLYBDIC  ACID).  A  blue  color  develops  on  heating 
with  H2SO4  and  cooling. 

Schoenn  (PHOSPHORUS).  PH3  is  evolved  on  heating  the  dry 
substance  with  magnesium  and  adding  water. 

Schoenn  (SULPHUR).  A  red  color  appears  on  heating  with  so- 
dium, dissolving  in  water  and  adding  solut.  sodium  nitro- 
prusside. 

Schoenvogel  (DIFFERENTIATING  ANIMAL  FROM  VEGETABLE 
OILS).  Upon  shaking  with  6  Cc.  cone,  solut.  borax  the  vege- 
table oils,  olive  oil  excepted,  are  said  to  form  emulsions,  while 
the  former  separate  out  sharply  upon  standing. 

Schoenvogel  (FOREIGN  FATS  IN  BUTTER).  Shake  together  6 
Cc.  of  a  sat.  borax  solut.  and  5  drops  butter  at  room  tem- 
perature, or  warm  to  melting-point  of  the  fat.  Butter,  beef 
tallow,  olive  oil,  and  mutton  tallow  are  said  not  to  emulsify 
when  so  treated;  all  other  fats  do. 

Schonteten  (ALOES).  A  cone,  solut.  borax  gives  a  distinct  green 
fluorescence  with  extract  aloes,  barbaloin,  capaloin,  and  soca- 
loin,  but  not  with  nataloin. 

Schott  (WHITE-LEAD  PAPER  [POLKA-PAPER]).  A  sized  paper 
coated  with  white  lead,  used  as  an  indicator  in  titrating  solu- 
tions of  metallic  salts  with  sodium  sulphide. 

Schotten-Baumann  (ALCOHOLS  AND  AMINES).  Reagent  is  ben- 
zoyl  chloride.  See  Baumann's  test. 

Schramm  (OILS).  When  fixed  oils  are  mixed  with  essential 
oils,  a  characteristic  odor  is  given  off  on  burning  with  a  wick 
and  blowing  out  the  flame. 


276  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Schreiber  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Cupric  sulphate,  2;  sodium  sal- 
icylate,  2;  sodium  carbonate,  2;  dist.  water,  88.  On  boil- 
ing 5  Cc.  reagent  in  test-tube  the  ppt.  formed  is  gray  to  black;, 
on  boiling  with  equal  quantity  saccharine  urine,  ppt.  is  dirty 
green  with  yellowish  deposit  on  sides  of  tube.  If  more  urine 
added,  reduction  is  completed,  and  the  whole  precipitate  is, 
yellow. 

Schreiner-Kremers  (SPEARMINT  OIL).  Treat  oil  with  hydroxyl- 
amine,  drive  off  volatile  matter  with  steam,  and  dry  and 
weigh  resulting  carvoxime.  Reaction  is  as  follows:  C10H14O 
+  H2NOH  =  C10H14 .  N  -  OH  +  H2O.  See  also  Kremers-Schreiner. 

Schreiter  (GLUCOSE).  A  red  ppt.  is  thrown  down  on  adding  a 
mixture  of  2  parts  sodium  salicylate,  2  copper  sulphate,  10 
soda  (?  caustic),  and  40  water. 

Schroeder  (ACETANILID  IN  THE  PHENACETIN).  Boil  0.5  Gm. 
phenacetin  with  6  to  8  Cc.  water,  cool,  filter  off  the  crystallized 
phenacetin,  boil  filtrate  after  adding  KNO3  and  dil.  HNO3,  add 
a  few  drops  Plngge's  reagent,  and  boil  again.  If  acetanilid 
present,  a  red  color  appears. 

Schuchardt  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  THE  GASTRIC  JUICE). 
Reagent  is  a  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  tropaeolin.  See  also  Van  der 
Velden's  test. 

Schuetzenberger  (ANTHRAQUINONE).  A  red  color  develops  on: 
adding  an  alkaline  solut.  of  sodium  thiosulphate. 

Schulten-Wetzlar  (URIC  ACID).  NH3  ppts.  uric  acid  so  com- 
pletely from  urine  that  addition  of  an  acid  gives  no  further  ppt. 

Schultze  (ALKALOIDAL  REAGENT).  Phosphoantimonic  acid. 
Prepared  by  dropping  antimonic  chloride  into  aqueous  phos- 
phoric acid,  or  by  mixing  4  parts  of  a  sat.  sodium-phosphate 
solut.  with  i  part  of  antimonic  chloride.  With  alkaloids,  this 
reagent,  like  phosphomolybdic  and  phosphotungstic  acids, 
yields  white  ppts.  generally.  See  Jungmann's,  Scheibler' s , . 
Sonnenschein's,  and  De  Vrij's  tests. 

Schultze  (ALBUMIN).  Upon  adding  a  trace  of  sugar  to  a  solut. 
albumin  in  moderately  cone.  H2SO4  and  warming  to  60°  C., 
a  beautiful  bluish-red  color  appears  (furfurol  reaction).  See 
RaspaH's  reaction. 

Schultze  (AMMONIA).  Chlorinated-lime  solut.  and  carbolic  acid: 
produce  a  green  color. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  277 

Schultze  (CELLULOSE),  i. — Dissolve  25  parts  anhydrous  zinc 
chloride  and  8  parts  KI  in  8.5  parts  water,  then  add  as  much 
iodine  as  will  dissolve  on  slightly  warming.  2. — Squire's 
formula:  Evaporate  100  Cc.  solut.  zinc  chloride  B.P.,  to  70 
Cc.,  and  dissolve  in  it  10  Gm.  KI;  then  add  0.2  Gm.  iodine 
and  shake  at  intervals  till  saturated.  3. — Dissolve  zinc  in 
pure  HC1,  evaporate  in  presence  of  metallic  zinc  to  syrupy 
consistency,  then  saturate  with  KI  and  I.  Pure  cellulose  is 
colored  blue  with  this  reagent. 

Schultze  (IODIZED  SERUM).  To  the  fresh  amniotic  liquid  of 
mammals  add  iodine  and  agitate  frequently  during  some  days. 
Or,  mix  serum  with  a  large  proportion  tincture  iodine  and 
filter.  Add  a  little  of  this  every  2  or  3  days  to  the  serum 
intended  for  use. 

Schultze  (MACERATING  MIXTURE).  Place  sections  in  HNO3 
(sp.  gr.  1.2)  and  add  2  to  3%  potassium  chlorate.  Leave  for 
several  hours  in  the  cold;  solution  of  the  middle  lamella  may 
also  be  attained  in  a  few  seconds  by  warming  gently  until 
gas  is  given  off  freely.  Afterwards  wash  tissue  in  water,  trans- 
fer to  a  slide,  and  complete  disintegration  with  needles. 

Schultze  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  A  nearly  sat.  aqueous  solut. 
potassium  acetate. 

Schultze  (STAINING  BACILLI).  Stain  sections  and  cover-glass 
preparations  for  some  hours  in  aqueous  methylene-blue  solut., 
differentiate  in  0.5-%  acetic  acid,  dehydrate  in  alcohol,  clear 
in  cedar  oil,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Schultzen  (STRYCHNINE  IN  URINE).  Evaporate  alcoholic  ex- 
tract of  concentrated  urine,  make  residue  alkaline  with  KOH, 
and  exhaust  with  ether.  Evaporate  ether,  and  test  crystals 
remaining  by  usual  tests  for  strychnine. 

Schulze  (GUANIDINE  SALTS).  Nessler's  reagent  (q.  v.)  gives  a 
pale-yellow  ppt.,  at  first  flocculent,  but  becoming  dense  later. 

Schulze  (NITRIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Fe2Cl6  and  HC1  develop 
nitrous  oxide  in  urine  containing  nitric  acid. 

Schulze  (SALICYLIC  ACID).  A  neutral  solut.  of  a  salicylate 
yields  a  green  color  with  CuSO4  solut. 

Schumpelitz  (VERATRINE).  Upon  evaporating  a  few  drops 
solut.  fused  zinc  chloride  in  dil.  HC1  to  dryness  with  veratrine, 
a  red  color  results. 


278  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Schunke-Mulder  (ALOES).  Concentrate  mixture  of  i  part  sub- 
stance and  8  to  10  parts  cone.  HNO3  with  gentle  heat,  and  col- 
lect yellow  ppt.  (of  aloetic  and  chrysammic  acids).  Extract 
aloetic  acid  with  strong  boiling  alcohol.  It  is  insol.  in  cold 
alcohol,  is  orange-colored  and  crystalline,  and  dissolves  in 
KOH  with  red  color;  in  NH3  with  violet.  Chrysammic  acid 
is  yellow,  amorphous  or  crystalline,  gives  off  yellow  vapors  on 
being  rapidly  heated,  and  dissolves  in  boiling  water  with 
purple-red  color;  in  KOH  it  dissolves  with  decomposition, 
giving  a  black-brown  solut.  Its  alkali  salts  have  a  gold- green, 
metallic  color;  its  barium  salt  is  red. 

Schuster  (COLORING-MATTER  IN  BEER).  Pure  beer  is  said  to 
be  decolorized  by  tannin  solut.,  while  beer  colored  with  cara- 
mel is  not  decolorized. 

Schuttleworth  (GOLD  IN  SILVER  NITRATE).  Ppt.  AgNO3  with 
HC1,  and  add  potassium  rhodanide  to  filtrate — if  gold  present, 
an  orange-red  color  develops. 

Schtitz  (ALKALINE  METHYLENE  BLUE).  Equal  parts  cone, 
alcoholic  solut.  methylene  blue  and  o.oi-%  solut.  KOH. 

Schiitz  (BACTERIA  STAIN).  Stain  in  mixture  of  equal  parts 
i :  10,000  KOH  solut.  and  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  methylene  blue 
for  24  hours.  Rinse  in  water  containing  4  drops  acetic  acid, 
then  place  in  50-%  alcohol  for  5  min.,  then  in  absol.  alcohol 
15  min.,  then  in  cedar  oil,  and  finally  mount  in  Canada  balsam. 

Schiitz  (GoNOCOCCUS  STAIN).  Stain  5  to  10  minutes  in  a  cold, 
sat.  solut.  methylene  blue  in  5-%  filtered  carbolic  water;  wash 
with  water,  dip  in  acetic-acid  water  (5  drops  dil.  acetic  acid 
in  20  Cc.  dist.  water).  Double  stain  with  very  dilute  solut. 
safranin.  Gonococci  stain  blue;  pus-cells  and  their  nuclei 
stain  salmon-colored. 

Schuyten  (NITROUS  ACID).  Antipyrine,  i;  acetic  acid,  10. 
Dilute  10  Cc.  of  the  solut.  with  90  Cc.  water,  and  to  5  Cc. 
of  the  solut.  so  obtained  add  5  Cc.  solut.  to  be  tested — if 
nitrous  acid  present  a  green  color  develops.  Also  known  as 
Curtmann's  reagent. 

Schwabe  (QUININE).  Potassium-cyanide  solut.  produces  a 
crimson  color. 

Schwanda  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Evaporate  urine  to  dryness 
on  water-bath,  exhaust  residue  with  water,  filter  extract, 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  279 

wash  and  dry  filter-paper,  and  exhaust  latter  repeatedly  with 
warm  chloroform.  Then  test  chloroformic  golden-yellow 
solut.  for  bilirubin  with  HNO3  or  bromine  water. 

Schwartz  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Heat  to  boiling  10  Cc.  urine  and 
add  5  Cc.  io-%  neutral  lead-acetate  solut.;  again  boil  and 
filter  while  hot.  Solut.  NaOH  is  then  added  in  sufficient  ex- 
cess to  dissolve  the  ppt.  first  formed,  followed  by  a  few  grains 
of  phenylhydrazine.  The  liquid  is  boiled  for  some  minutes, 
strongly  acidulated  with  acetic  acid,  and  allowed  to  cool.  If 
much  sugar  present  an  immediate  ppt.  is  formed;  if  only 
traces,  a  turbidity  appears  on  standing. 

Schwarz  (SULFONAL).  The  odor  of  mercaptan  is  developed 
upon  heating  with  charcoal. 

Schwarzenbach-Delf  (REAGENT).     Potassium  platinic  chloride. 

Schwarzenbach-Delf  (ALKALOIDS).  Characteristic  color  reac- 
tions result  on  treating  alkaloids  with  HNO3  and  subse- 
quently with  NH3. 

Schwarzenberg  (ALKALOIDS).     See  Schwarzenbach-Delf. 

Schwanert  (URIC  ACID).  NH3  ppts.  a  further  quantity  of  uric 
acid  in  urine  from  which  uric  acid  has  been  previously  pptd. 
by  HC1. 

Schweiger-Seidel  (Acio  CARMINE  SOLUTION).  Saturate  am- 
moniacal  carmine  solut.  with  acetic  acid  and  filter.  Stain 
particularly  adapted  for  coloring  cell  nuclei;  after  staining, 
macerate  sections  in  glycerin  containing  0.5%  HC1,  then  wash 
with  acetic  acid,  and  finally  in  water.  Mount  preparations 
in  glycerin.  Only  cell-nuclei  are  stained. 

Schweissinger  (ALKALIES).  A  solut.  of  equal  parts  of  iodine  and 
tannin  in  absolute  alcohol  produces  a  red  color,  even  in  very 
dilute  aqueous  solut.  of  alkalies  or  alkaline  carbonates. 

Schweitzer  (SOAP  IN  LUBRICATING  OILS).  In  presence  of  soap, 
the  ethereal  solut.  of  the  oil  yields  a  white  ppt.  when  treated 
with  sat.  solut.  metaphosphoric  acid  in  absolute  alcohol. 

Schweitzer  (TEXTILE  FIBERS  AND  CELLULOSE),  i. — Freshly 
pptd.,  washed,  and  still  moist  cupric  hydroxide  or  carbonate 
is  shaken  with  20-%  NH3  until  a  saturated  solut.  results. 
2. — Dissolve  10  parts  CuSO4  in  100  water,  and  add  a  solut. 
of  5  parts  of  KOH  in  50  water;  then  wash  the  ppt.  and  dis- 
solve in  20-%  NH3  until  saturated.  This  solut.  dissolves 


280  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

cotton,  linen,  and  silk,  but  not  wool.  Reagent  is  especially 
useful  in  microscopy,  as  it  rapidly  dissolves  cellulose,  but  has 
no  action  on  lignin.  According  to  Boettger,  reagent  can  be 
prepared  by  allowing  stronger  NH3  to  repeatedly  run  in  a  thin 
stream  over  copper  foil.  Wiesner  prepares  it  by  keeping 
copper  turnings  in  contact  with  a  13-  to  16-%  NH3  in  an  open 
bottle. 

Schwicker  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  The  first  fraction  of  distillate 
from  sample  is  mixed  with  a  few  drops  cone.  NH3,  and  a  few 
drops  decinormal  iodine  solution  are  added.  A  black  ppt.  of 
nitrogen  iodide  at  first  appears,  but  disappears  on  warming, 
and  if  acetone  present,  iodoform  is  formed. 

Scivoletto  (HYDRIODIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Dip  filter-paper  into 
starch  paste,  dry,  sprinkle  with  urine,  and  hang  in  upper  part 
of  a  flask  containing  fuming  HNO3 — a  blue  color  develops 
on  paper. 

Sclavo  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Leave  preparations  for  i  minute 
in  a  solut.  i  Gm.  tannin  in  100  Cc.  50-%  alcohol;  wash  in  dis- 
tilled water;  transfer  for  i  minute  to  50-%  phosphomolybdic 
acid;  again  wash,  and  stain  for  3  to  5  minutes  in  a  hot  sat. 
solut.  fuchsine  in  aniline  water.  Then  wash  in  water,  dry  on 
filter-paper,  and  mount  in  balsam. 

Scudder-Mulliken  (METHYL  ALCOHOL).     See  Mulliken-Scudder. 

Seaman  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Dissolve  isinglass  in  water  so  as 
to  make  a  jelly  that  remains  stiff  at  the  ordinary  temperature 
of  the  room,  and  add  one-tenth  part  glycerin,  together  with  a 
little  solut.  borax,  carbolic  acid,  or  camphor  water.  Filter 
through  muslin  whilst  warm,  and  add  a  little  alcohol. 

Sedgwick  (ALKALOIDS).     Best  isolated  as  iodosulphates. 

Seegen  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Filter  urine  several  times  through 
animal  charcoal  (to  remove  coloring  matter,' uric  acid,  etc.), 
then  apply  Fehling's  solut.  See  also  Trammer's  test. 

Seidel  (!NOSITE).  Evaporate  the  solut.  to  dryness  with  HNO3 
and  treat  residue  with  strontium-acetate  solut.  A  violet 
color  develops  with  inosite. 

Seller  (ALCOHOL  BALSAM).  Heat  Canada  balsam  until  it  be- 
comes brittle  when  cold,  then  dissolve  in  warm  absolute 
alcohol  and  filter  through  absorbent  cotton.  This  is  chiefly 
useful  as  a  mounting  medium  for  objects  stained  with  carmine. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  281 

'Seller  (CLEANING  GLASS  SLIDES).  New  slides  or  covers  for 
microscopic  objects  are  placed  for  a  few  hours  in  a  mixture 
of  3  oz.  potassium  bichromate,  3  fl.  oz.  H2SO4,  and  25  fl.  oz. 
water.  Subsequently  wash  with  water  and  wipe  dry  with  a 
linen  rag,  after  draining  off  excess  of  moisture.  Covers  that 
have  been  used  should  be  previously  immersed  for  a  few  days 
in  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  alcohol  and  HC1.  Old  slides  must 
be  scraped  free  of  the  mounting  medium  before  immersing  in 
bichromate  solution. 

Seller  (DOUBLE  STAIN).  Stain  objects  with  borax-carmine, 
wash  out  in  acidulated  alcohol,  then  in  alcohol  only,  and  after- 
stain  with  extremely  dilute  solut.  indigo-carmine,  prepared 
by  adding  2  drops  sat.  aqueous  solut.  of  stain  to  i  fl.  oz.  alcohol, 
and  filtering. 

Seivolete  (IODINE  IN  URINE).  Moisten  strips  of  paper  satu- 
rated with  starch  paste,  and  expose  to  vapors  of  fuming  HNO3 
— if  iodine  present  in  urine,  paper  becomes  blue,  o.ooooi 
Gm.  KI  may  be  detected  by  evaporating  urine  from  paper 
until  the  latter  only  damp  and  exposing  to  i  or  2  drops  acid. 

Selden  (SOLVENT  FOR  URINARY  SEDIMENT).  Reagent  for  dis- 
solving urinary  sediment  in  examining  for  tubercle  bacilli  is 
a  solut.  of  4  parts  borax  and  4  parts  boric  acid  in  100  parts 
water.  See  Daiber's  lt  Mikroskopie  des  Harns,"  p.  40. 

Seligsohn-Bill  (CINCHONINE).     See  Bill-Seligsohn. 

Seliwanoff  (FRUCTOSE  OR  LEVULOSE).  An  aqueous  solut.  of 
resorcin  and  fructose  becomes  red  on  being  heated  with  HC1, 
and  furnishes  a  ppt.  which  dissolves  in  alcohol  with  red  color. 
Cane  sugar,  invert  sugar,  and  mellitose  behave  similarly. 
See  Conradi's  test. 

Selle  (AMMONIA).  Filter-paper  dipped  in  a  tincture  of  blue 
hyacinth  flowers  and  dried  is  colored  green  when  exposed  to 
NH3  vapor. 

Selmi  (ALKALOIDS).  Two  reagents  are  employed:  i. — A  sat. 
solut.  iodic  acid  in  cone.  H2SO4  is  diluted  with  6  times  its  vol- 
ume of  the  same  acid.  2. — Lead  peroxide  is  dissolved  in  cone. 
HC1,  or  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  the  solut.  filtered. 

Selmi  (BLOOD).  The  object  stained  with  blood  is  extracted 
with  NH3  and  the  liquid  filtered,  after  which  the  filtrate  is  pptd. 
with  sodium  tungstate  and  acetic  acid.  Next  wash  ppt.,  treat 


282  TESTS  AKD  REAGENTS, 

with  a  mixture  of  i  volume  NH3  and  8  volumes  absolute 
alcohol,  and  filter.  On  evaporating  off  the  alcohol  and  treat- 
ing residue  with  NaCl  and  acetic  acid,  hemin  crystals  will 
appear  upon  microscopical  examination. 

Selmi  (MORPHINE),  i. — Dissolve  lead  peroxide  in  cone.  HC1 
or  glacial  acetic  acid,  and  filter.  To  i  drop  solut.  add  2  drops 
morphine  solut.  and  evaporate  very  gently.  The  mixture 
changes  from  slightly  yellow  to  bright-yellow,  dark-yellow, 
and  violet.  2. — Morphine  dissolved  in  H2SO4  gives  a  violet 
color,  which  changes  to  green  on  saturating  with  NaHCO^ 
and  adding  tincture  iodine. 

Selmi  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  A  green  flame  color  is  caused  on 
applying  a  drop  of  liquid,  or  dry  substance  moistened  with 
H2SO4,  on  a  platinum  loop,  close  to  the  lower  part  of  a  hydro- 
gen flame. 

Selmi  (STRYCHNINE).  Dilute  a  sat.  solut.  iodic  acid  in  cone. 
H2SO4  with  6  volumes  of  the  same  acid.  Strychnine  moist- 
ened with  reagent  is  colored  yellow,  brick-red,  and  violet-red. 

Senator-Lehmann  (GLOBULIN  IN  URINE).  Dilute  urine  with 
water  to  a  sp.  gr.  of  1.002-1.003,  then  add  very  dilute  acetic 
acid,  carefully  avoiding  an  excess — globulin  is  pptd. 

Senier  (GLYCERIN).  A  borax  bead  is  colored  green  on  dipping 
into  a  slightly  alkaline  liquid  containing  glycerin,  and  expos- 
ing to  the  Bunsen  flame. 

Serullas  (MORPHINE).     Iodic  acid  causes  a  red  color. 

Seyda  (TANNIN).  Gold  salts  develop  in  dilute  solut.  tannin  a. 
purple  color;  in  very  dilute  solut.  the  color  is  reddish.  Reac- 
tion best  observed  in  neutral  and  faintly  acid  solut. 

Seyler-Hoppe.     See  Hoppe-Seyler. 

Shimer  (Gun  AND  GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Mix  equal  parts  glycerin 
jelly  (FoVs  second  formula),  Farrant's  medium,  and  glycerin. 

Short- Duns  tan.     See  Dunstan-Short. 

Sieben  (KETOSES  AND  ALDOSES).  Boiled  for  3  hours  with  7.5-% 
HC1,  the  ketoses  (fructose,  sorbose),  are  decomposed  with 
formation  of  humic  acid,  while  the  aldoses  (glucose,  mannose, 
galactose),  are  not  affected. 

Siebold  (ALBUMIN).  Add  to  urine  containing  albumin  a  slight 
excess  of  NH3,  and  then  a  slight  excess  acetic  acid — solut. 
becomes  cloudy  on  heating  to  boiling. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  283 

Siebold  (ALCOHOL  IN  CHLOROFORM).  Purple  color  of  "a  solut.  iodine 
in  pure  chloroform  is  changed  to  reddish-brown  by  alcohol. 

Siebold  (ARSENIC  IN  GLYCERIN).  To  1.5  Cc.  glycerin  in  a; 
test-tube,  add  5  Cc.  HC1  (i  :  7),  i  Gm.  pure  zinc,  and  a  few 
drops  solut.  iodine  to  give  a  very  slight  yellow  color.  Plug  the. 
tube  with  cotton-wool,  and  cover  with  filter-paper,  on  which  a 
drop  mercuric-chloride  solut.  has  been  dried.  This  should  not 
show  a  yellow  stain  in  15  minutes. 

Siebold  (MORPHINE).  A  brown  color  develops  on  heating  with 
H2SO4  and  adding  potassium  perchlorate  free  from  chlorate. 

Siebold-Bradbur^  (SALICYLIC  ACID  IN  URINE).  Add  K2COS 
to  slight  alkalinity,  then  excess  of  lead-nitrate  solut.;  shake, 
filter,  and  add  a  very  dil.  solut.  Fe2Cl6 — a  violet  color  will  form. 

Siewer  (MOTOR  ACTIVITY  OF  STOMACH).  Administer  2  Gm, 
salol  in  capsule  or  wafer  with  meal.  In  £  to  i  hour,  normally, 
urine  will  react  for  salicyluric  acid  with  ferric  chloride. 

Siewert  (MOLYBDIC  ACID).  To  a  solut.  molybdic  acid  in  HNO3, 
add  an  aqueous  solut.  potassium  ethylsulpho-carbonate.  A 
yellow  to  flesh-colored  ppt.  forms  which  soon  changes  to  violet. 

Silbermann  (ALBUMIN).  Albumin  freed  from  fats  gives  a  violet 
color  upon  heating  with  fuming  HC1. 

Silva,  Da-  (ESERINE).     See  Da  Silva. 

Simon  (CINNAMIC  ACID).  Nitrobenzene  is  formed  on  adding 
potassium  bichromate  and  H2SO4. 

Simon  (INDICATOR).  Iron  isopyrotritarate  gives  with  water  a 
solut.  the  red  color  of  which  is  changed  to  violet  by  acids,  dis- 
charged by  an  excess  of  acid,  and  changed  to  yellow  by  alkalies. 
The  color  changes  are  very  sharp.  For  details  see  MERCK'S. 
REPORT,  x,  p.  91. 

Simon  (GLYCOGEN  IN  URINE).  Add  10  Cc.  of  40-%  KOH  to 
90  Cc.  urine,  filter,  and  to  the  filtrate  add  10  Gm.  KI  and  50 
Cc.  96-%  alcohol.  Glycogen  is  pptd.  as  a  flocculent  mass. 

Simon  (XANTHIN).  Dissolve  substance  in  KOH  or  NaOH  and 
add  NaCl  or  CaCl2 — nitrogen  is  evolved,  and  solut.  becomes 
blue,  then  brown,  and  finally  yellow. 

Simons-Cramp  ton  (CARAMEL  IN  LIQUOR  AND  VINEGAR).  See 
Crampton-Simons . 

Siringo  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Introduce 
5  Cc.  gastric  juice  into  a  graduated  cylinder  filled  with  mer- 


284  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

ctury  and  dipping  into  a  mercury  bath,  and  then  introduce  a 
small  piece  sodium-nitrohydroxylamine.  From  the  NO  liber- 
ated the  HC1  is  calculated.  The  reaction  is  as  follows: 


Skey  (COBALT).     A  dark-red  color  develops  on  adding  citric  or 

tartaric  acid,  NH3  in  excess,  and  potassium  ferricyanide. 
Skraup  (THALLIN).     An  emerald-green  color  develops  on  treating 

thallin  with  oxidizers  (CrO3,  Br,  I,  Hg(NO3)2,  Fe2Cl6). 
Slater  (STRYCHNINE).     A  maroon-red  color  develops  on  treat- 

ment with  H2SO4  and  KC1O3. 
Smith  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     Modification  of  MarechaVs  test, 

in  which  tincture  of  iodine  is  carefully  overlaid  on  urine,  and 

thq  zone  reaction  observed.     A  greenish  color  develops. 
Smith  (FREE  ACIDS).     AgCl  is  pptd.  from  a  solut.  of  freshly 

pptd.  chloride  dissolved  in  NH3. 
Smith  (SANTONIN).     A  greenish-yellow  color  develops  on  heat- 

ing with  HNO3,  and  changes  to  deep-red  with  alkalies. 
Smith,    Hopewell   (DECALCIFICATION  OF  TEETH).     Place  teeth 

in  24  parts  io-%  HC1;  after  15  hours  add  3  parts  HNO3,  and 

after  48  hours  add  3  parts  more  of  the  latter.     After  75  to  80 

hours  remove  the  teeth  and  wash  for  half  an  hour  in  a  solut. 

of  5  Gm.  lithium  carbonate  in  i  oz.  watsr. 
Smith-Chapman  (TARTARIC  AND  CITRIC  ACIDS).     See  Chapman- 

Smith. 
Smith-Chapman    (UREA).     Urea    in    alkaline    solut.    strongly 

resists,  at  ordinary  temperatures,  oxidizing  action  of  potass. 

permanganate;  in  HC1,  however,  it  decomposes,  more  readily 

on  warming,  into  CO2  and  NH3. 

Smithson-Gmelin  (MERCURY).     See  Gmelin-Smithson. 
Snelling  (EMETINE).     An  orange-red  color,  changing  to  violet, 

forms  on  pouring  a  few  drops  HC1  upon  a  little  KC1O3  and 

adding  a  drop  of  suspected  liquid. 
Snow  (COLCHICINE).     Shake  out  with  a  mixture  of  18  Cc.  chlo- 

roform, 2  Cc.  alcohol,  80  Cc.  of  petroleum  ether,  and  10  to  15 

drops  NH3. 
Soldaini  (GLUCOSE).     Dissolve  15  Gm.  cupric  carbonate  in  1,400 

Gm.  water  with  the  aid  of  416   Gm.  KHCO3.     Upon  boiling 

this  solution  with  glucose,  cuprous  oxide  separates  out.     See 

Ost's  copper  reaction. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  285. 

Sollas  (GELATIN  IMBEDDING).  Transfer  the  tissue  from  water 
to  melted  gelatin  jelly  (prepared  by  melting  gelatin  after  it 
has  absorbed  as  much  water  as  it  can  take  up),  and  allow  it 
to  remain  until  well  permeated.  Then  let  mass  set,  and  cut 
section,  which  should  be  transferred  to  a  slide  as  soon  as  cut, 
and  covered  with  a  drop  of  glycerin.  A  cover  is  then  put  on 
and  the  mouth  closed  with  some  suitable  cement.  The  gly- 
cerin gradually  permeates  the  gelatin  mass  and  converts  it 
into  glycerin  jelly,  the  change  being  hastened  by  placing  the 
slide  in  an  oven  kept  at  20°  to  30°  C. 

Sollman  (SUGAR).  Modified  Fehling's  solut.,  in  which  copper 
salt  is  replaced  by  a  cobalt  or  nickel  salt.  With  a  nickel  salt, 
the  apple-green  solut.  gives  a  canary-yellow  color  change;  with 
cobalt,  the  bluish-green  solut.  becomes  reddish-brown.  An 
excess  of  metal  does  not  hinder  reactions,  as  the  latter  occur 
only  on  boiling. 

Soltsiens  (SESAME  OIL).  Melt  2  to  3  parts  of  fat  to  be  exam- 
ined in  a  test-tube  on  a  boiling  water-bath,  add  a  solut.  stan- 
nous  chloride  in  HC1  (i :  19)  i  part,  shake  well,  and  replace  on 
the  water-bath.  Presence  of  sesame  oil  is  shown  by  a  rasp- 
berry or  wine-red  color  in  the  stannous-chloride  solut.  Reac- 
tion will  detect  i%  sesame  oil. 

Sonnenschein  (ALKALOIDS),  i. — Suspend  cerous  hydroxide  in 
KOH  solut.  and  pass  Cl  gas  through  the  mixture  until  forma- 
tion of  brownish-yellow  eerie  hydroxide  is  complete.  Collect, 
wash,  and  dry  the  hydroxide,  and  add  a  trace  to  a  solut.  of  the 
alkaloid  in  H2SO4.  For  particulars  of  color  reactions  see 
Hager,  "Pharm.  Praxis,"  1886,  I,  207.  2. — Ppt.  a  solut.  of  am- 
monium molybdate  in  HNO3  with  H3PO4,  wash  ppt.,  boil  with 
nitro-hydrochloric  acid  to  drive  off  NH3,  evaporate  to  dry- 
ness,  and  dissolve  residue  in  io-%  HNO3.  Weak  acid 
solut.  of  alkaloidal  salts  give  yellow  ppts.  with  this  reagent, 
as  do  also  NH3  and  some  other  bases.  Compare  Jungmann's 
reaction. 

Sonnenschein  (BLOOD).  On  extracting  blood  stains  with  dis- 
tilled water  and  pptng.  with  sodium-tungstate  solut.  strongly 
acidified  with  acetic  acid,  a  reddish-green  fluorescence  appears, 
on  adding  NH3. 


286  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Sonnenschein  (PROTEIN).  A  ppt.  forms  on  adding  a  sat.  solut. 
sodium  tungstate,  strongly  acidulated  with  acetic  or  phos- 
phoric acid. 

Sonstadt  (CALCIUM).  Sodium  tungstate  gives  a  ppt.  with 
calcium  salts. 

Souchere  (PEANUT  OIL).  Separate  the  free  fatty  acids  from 
the  suspected  oil  and  dissolve  them  in  boiling  alcohol.  In 
the  presence  of  peanut  oil  arachic  acid  separates  out  in  form 
of  characteristic  pearly  crystals  on  cooling. 

Soulier  (MACERATING  MIXTURES).  Solut.  of  ammonium  or 
potassium  sulphocyanide  containing  10,  5,  2.5,  or  1.25  per 
cent,  are  mixed  with  Ripart-Petit  preservative  fluid,  in  the 
proportions  of  20  Cc.  to  20  Cc.,  30  Cc.  to  10  Cc.,  35  Cc.  to  5  Cc., 
36  Cc.  to  4  Cc.,  37  Cc.  to  3  Cc.,  38  Cc.  to  2  Cc.,  39  Cc.  to  i  Cc., 
or  39.5  Cc.  to  0.5  Cc.,  the  best  results  being  obtained  with  the 
2.5  per  cent,  sulphocyanide  solut.  Or  the  Ripart-Petit  fluid 
is  mixed  with  Kroneker's  artificial  serum,  or  with  pepsin, 
javelle  water,  io-%  sodium- sulphate  solut.,  or  1.5-%  NaOH 
solut.  Solutions  of  NaCl,  KOH,  or  NaOH  may  also  be  mixed 
with  any  of  the  usual  fixing  agents. 

Source  (URIC  ACID).     See  Magnier  de  la  Source. 

Southey  (OPIUM).  A  blue  color  appears  on  adding  sulpho- 
molybdic  acid. 

Souza,  De-  (PYRIDINE  FOR  HARDENING).  Pyridine  is  recom- 
mended for  hardening,  dehydrating,  and  clearing  tissues  at  the 
same  time.  They  may  be  stained  after  hardening  by  means  of 
aniline  dyes  dissolved  in  the  pyridine,  or  passed  through  water 
and  stained  by  the  usual  processes.  It  is  said  to  harden 
quickly,  and  to  give  particularly  good  results  with  brain. 

Soxhlet  (MARGARINE  IN  FATS),  i  Gm.  phenolphtalein  added 
to  100  kilos  of  fat,  will  afford  a  red  color  if  margarine  present. 

Spasski  (BENZALDEHYDE  IN  BITTER-ALMOND  WATER).  A 
bitter-almond  water  made  from  benzaldehyde  and  hydrocy- 
anic acid  may  be  recognized  by  its  chlorine  content  (commer- 
cial benzaldehyde  is  prepared  from  benzyl  chloride,  traces 
of  which  adhere  even  to  the  purified  benzaldehyde).  The 
chlorine  may  be  dectected  in  the  fused  mass  obtained  by  mix- 
ing 20  Cc.  suspected  liquid  with  40  to  50  Cc.  H2O2  and  6  to  7 
<rm.  NaOH,  evaporating,  and  finally  fusing. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  287 

Spee,  Graf  (PREPARED  PARAFFIN).  To  prepare  a  mass  par- 
ticularly favorable  for  ribbon-section  cutting,  heat  paraffin 
(m.  p.  50°  C.)  in  a  porcelain  capsule  until  disagreeable  white 
vapors  are  given  off  and  the  mass  shrinks  a  little.  In  about 
i  to  6  hours,  according  to  the  quality  of  the  paraffin,  the  mass 
becomes  brownish-yellow,  and,  after  cooling,  shows  a  soapy 
surface  on  being  cut.  Its  m.  p.  will  have  risen  several  degrees. 

Spence-Esilman  (MINERAL  ACIDS).  Free  mineral  acids  dis- 
charge the  color  of  very  dilute  aqueous  solut.  of  Fe2Cl6. 

.Spica  (SACCHARIN).  Shake  substance  in  a  separatory  funnel 
with  ether-petroleum  ether,  filter  through  a  dry  filter-paper, 
and  divide  filtrate  into  2  parts,  i. — To  one  part  add  some 
CaO,  heat  until  incipient  brown  color,  add  a  few  Cc.  water, 
then  heat  to  boiling,  allow  to  settle,  pour  liquid  into  another 
test-tube,  and  evolve  H  by  adding  HC1  and  metallic  zinc. 
When  evolution  has  proceeded  for  about  20  min.,  pour  liquid 
into  another  test-tube  and  add  to  it  a  few  drops  solut.  KNO2 
and  delta-naphtylamine  hydrochlorate — if  slightest  trace  of 
saccharin  is  present,  a  carmine-red  color  develops  in  a  few 
minutes.  2. — To  the  second  part  add  a  few  drops  H2SO4  and 
a  few  crystals  KMnO4,  heat  gently,  then  decompose  residual 
KMnO4  by  oxalic  acid  or  H2SO3,  add  a  few  Cc.  to  the  liquid, 
pipette  off  a  few  Cc.  of  the  lower  layer  of  liquid,  and  add  to  this 
a  few  drops  of  solut.  diphenylamine  in  cone.  H2SO4 — if  sac- 
charin present,  a  characteristic  blue  ring  forms. 

Spicea  (SALICYLIC  ACID  IN  WINE).  Warm  residue  from  an 
ethereal  extract  of  the  wine  with  cone.  HNO3,  then  super- 
saturate with  NH3.  If  salicylic  acid  present,  it  is  by  this 
treatment  converted  into  picric  acid,  which  can  readily  be 
identified  by  the  yellow  color  a  woollen  fiber  acquires  when 
dipped  into  the  solut. 

Spiegel  (INDICATOR).  Paranitrophenol  gives  a  very  distinct 
yellow  color  with  alkalies;  color  is  discharged  by  acids. 

.Spiegel  (NITRITES).  Shake  guaiacol  with  water  and  filter. 
This  solut.  gives  with  a  solut.  containing  o.oooi  Gm.  nitrite 
solut.  an  immediate  orange  color  on  adding  a  few  drops  dil. 
H2SO4.  With  a  o.ooooi  Gm.  nitrite  solut.  the  color  develops  in 
-J-  to  i  hour.  Oxidizing  agents  and  iron  salts  in  reasonable 
^quantity  have  no  influence  on  reaction. 


288  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Spiegler's  (ALBUMIN),  i. — 8  Gm.  HgCl2,  4  Gm.  of  tartaric  acid,, 
200  Gm.  water,  and  20  Gm.  sugar.  2. — Tartaric  acid,  i; 
HgCl2,  2;  glycerin,  20;  water,  50.  The  suspected  urine  is 
acidulated  with  acetic  acid,  filtered  from  any  ppt.  (mucin),, 
and  the  reagent  then  overlaid  upon  the  nitrate.  In  the  pres- 
ence of  albumin,  a  white  zone  will  appear.  If  urine  contained 
iodine,  a  yellow  flocculent  ppt.,  soluble  in  alcohol,  will  form  at 
the  point  of  contact.  The  delicacy  of  Spiegler's  test  depends 
upon  amount  of  chlorides  in  the  urine.  Rafaele  therefore 
proposed  hydrochloric  instead  of  acetic  acid  in  order  to  form 
chlorides.  See  also  Jolle's  test. 

Sprengel  (NITRIC  ACID).  Dissolve  phenol,  i,  in  cone.  H2SO4,  4, 
and  water,  2.  One  to  2  drops  of  this  solut.  gives,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  HNO3,  a  reddish-brown  color,  sometimes  green,  which 
changes  to  yellow  on  adding  NH3.  Hager  recommends  dis- 
solving a  small  volume  of  the  sample  in  cone.  H2SO4,  the 
introduction  of  a  crystal  of  phenol  and  gentle  heating.  HC1 
may  be  used  instead  of  H2SO4,  but  in  this  case  the  heating  must 
be  carried  to  80°  or  90°  C.  Grandval  and  Lajouoc  base  a 
colorimetric  test  for  HNO3  on  Sprengel's  reaction. 

Squire  (ACIDULATED  ALCOHOL).  Add  0.5  to  i%  HC1  of  sp. 
gr.  1. 1 6  to  70-%  alcohol. 

Squire  (ACIDULATED  GLYCERIN).  Mix  equal  parts  glycerin  and 
water,  and  add  i%  glacial  acetic  acid,  if  sections  are  to  be 
mounted  in  Farrant's  medium,  or  i%  formic  acid  (sp.  gr. 
1.2),  if  glycerin  is  the  mounting  medium. 

Squire  (ACTINOMYCOSIS).     See  Plant's  method. 

Squire  (BLUING  SECTIONS).  After  staining  with  hematoxylin, 
treat  for  a  few  seconds  with  a  solut.  of  NaHCO3  (i :  1,000)  in 
distilled  water. 

Squire  (CANADA  BALSAM).  Dry  the  balsam  on  a  water-bath 
until  brittle  when  cooled,  then  to  each  200  Gm.  add  100  Cc. 
benzene  or  rather  less  xylene. 

Squire  (DAMMAR  SOLUTION),  i. — Dissolve  100  Gm.  dammar 
in  100  Cc.  of  benzene.  2. — Dissolve  100  Gm.  dammar  in  200 
Cc.  turpentine  oil,  and  add  50  Gm.  mastic  dissolved  in  200  Cc. 
chloroform. 

Squire  (DECALCIPICATION  FLUID),  i. — Mix  95  parts  glycerin 
with  5  parts  HC1;  used  for  softening  teeth.  2. — Use  a  4-% 


ITY 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  289 


aqueous  solut.  of  arsenic  acid  at  a  temperature  of  30°  to  40°  C. 
After  softening  tissues  in  this  solut.,  keep  them  in  alcohol. 

Squire  (FARRANT'S  MEDIUM).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  arsenous  acid  and 
130  Gm.  acacia  in  200  Cc.  distilled  water,  then  add  100  Cc. 
glycerin.  Filter  through  fine  Swedish  filter-paper  upon  which 
has  been  deposited  a  thin  layer  of  talc. 

Squire  (GLYCERIN  AND  GUM).  Dissolve  130  Gm.  acacia  in  200 
Cc.  chloroform  water  (i  in  200),  then  add  100  Cc.  glycerin 
and  filter. 

Squire  (GLYCERIN  JELLY).  Soak  100  Gm.  French  gelatin  in 
chloroform  water,  drain  when  soft,  and  dissolve  with  heat 
in  750  Gm.  glycerin.  .Add  400  Gm.  chloroform  water  with 
which  has  been  incorporated  about  50  Gm.  fresh  egg  albumin, 
mix  thoroughly,  and  heat  to  boiling  point  or  about  5  minutes. 
Make  up  the  total  weight  to  1,550  Gm.  with  chloroform  water 
and  filter  in  a  warm  room. 

Squire  (HEMATOXYLIN  STAIN).  Dissolve  0.4  Gm.  NH3(CO3)2 
and  2  Gm.  hematoxylin  in  40  Cc.  dilute  alcohol,  and  expose  to 
the  air  in  a  shallow  dish  for  24  hours;  make  up  the  volume  to 
40  Cc.  with  dilute  alcohol,  warming,  if  necessary,  to  dissolve 
any  separated  crystals,  and  add  2  Gm.  ammonia  alum  dis- 
solved in  80  Cc.  distilled  water,  together  with  100  Cc.  glycerin 
80  Cc.  alcohol,  and  10  Cc.  of  glacial  acetic  acid.  Dilute  i  part 
of  this  solut.  with  9  parts  distilled  water  when  required 
for  use. 

Squire  (PICRO-CARMINE).  i.  —  Dissolve  i  Gm.  carmine  with  a 
gentle  heat  in  3  Cc.  strong  NH3  and  5  Cc.  distilled  water,  then 
add  200  Cc.  of  sat.  aqueous  solut.  picric  acid,  heat  to  boiling,  and 
filter.  2.  —  Dissolve  10  Gm.  carmine  in  a  solut.  of  i  Gm.  NaOH 
in  1000  Cc.  distilled  water;  boil,  filter,  and  make  up  to  1000 
Cc.  with  water.  Mix  the  solut.  with  an  equal  quantity  water  ? 
and  add  i-%  aqueous  solut.  picric  acid  so  long  as  the  turbidity 
produced  disappears  on  agitation. 

Squire  (POTASSIUM-ACETATE  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  250  Gm. 
potassium  acetate  in  100  Cc.  water,  by  the  aid  of  gentle  heat, 
and  filter.  This  is  used  as  a  mounting  medium. 

Squire  (STRENGTHS  OF  ALCOHOL).  The  useful  formulas  for 
different  strengths  of  alcohol  published  by  Squire  are  suffi- 
ciently exact  for  all  practical  purposes.  Absolute  alcohol 


290  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

(sp.  gr.  0.797)  containing  about  98%  ethylic  alcohol  is  taken 
as  the  basis  in  most  instances.  Alcohol  of  90%  (sp.  gr. 
0.823)  is  prepared  by  mixing  14  volumes  absolute  alcohol  and 
i  volume  of  distilled  water;  84-%  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  0.838)  is 
rectified  spirit,  B.  P.;  70-%  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  0.872)  may  be 
obtained  by  adding  i  volume  distilled  water  to  3  volumes 
absolute  alcohol,  6  volumes  rectified  spirit,  or  4  volumes 
methylated  spirit;  50-%  alcohol  (sp.  gr.  0.918)  is  prepared 
by  adding  4  volumes  distilled  water  to  5  volumes  absolute 
alcohol,  3  volumes  of  water  to  5  volumes  of  rectified  spirit,  or 
3.5  volumes  water  to  5  volumes  methylated  spirit.  Absolute 
alcohol,  75  Cc.,  mixed  with  acetic  acid,  25  Cc.,  serves  as  an 
excellent  fixing  agent  for  nuclei.  Immerse  tissues  in  it  for  6 
to  12  hours,  then  transfer  to  90-%  alcohol  until  hardened, 
afterward  preserving  in  70-%  alcohol  till  wanted. 

Squire  (TREATMENT  OF  SECTIONS).  Imbed  tissues  to  be  cut 
in  paraffin  melting  between  45°  and  50°  C.,  according  to  the 
temperature  of  the  room  and  the  nature  of  the  material.  Af- 
terward preserve  sections,  prior  to  staining  and  mounting 
in  50-%  alcohol,  or  in  a  mixture  of  equal  volumes  glycerin 
and  thymol  water  (i  in  1,500).  Sections  may  be  conveniently 
washed  in  alcohol,  dehydrated,  and  cleared,  in  small  wide- 
mouthed  bottles. 

Stadthagen  (URIC  ACID).  Warm  substance  with  alkaline  solut. 
arsenous  acid,  and  add  solut.  CuSO4 — a  ppt.  of  red  cuprous 
oxide  or  white  copper  urate  forms. 

Staedeler  (CHLOROFORM).  On  dissolving  bilirubin  in  pure 
chloroform  a  yellow  color  develops.  A  green  color  indicates 
decomposition. 

Staedeler-Piria  (TYROSIN).     See  Piria-Staedeler. 

Stahl  (TEST-PAPER).  Filter-paper  saturated  with  a  i-  to  5-% 
solut.  of  cobaltous  chloride  is  blue  when  dry,  but  assumes  a 
reddish  color  in  moist  air.  See  Mer get's  test. 

Stahre  (CITRIC  ACID).  On  oxidizing  citric  acid  with  KMnO4 
and  adding  bromine  water,  a  white  ppt.  soluble  in  ether  forms. 
In  this  citric-acid  reaction  there  is  formed  acetone-dicarbonic 
acid  which  reacts  with  bromine  water  to  form  penta-brom- 
acetone,  as  a  white  ppt.  The  acetone-dicarbonic  acid  melts 
at  73°  C.,  and  gradually  decomposes  into  acetone  and  carbonic 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  291 

acid,  but  more  quickly  on  heating.  Oxalic  acid  occurs  as  a 
secondary  oxidation  product. 

Standford  (IODINE).  A  violet  color  develops  on  adding  carbon 
disulphide  and  i  drop  of  nitro-sulphuric  acid,  prepared  by 
saturating  H2SO4  (sp.  gr.  1.843)  with  gaseous  nitrous  anhy- 
dride. 

Stas-Otto  (ALKALOIDS).  Alkaloids  are  divided  into  three  groups 
according  to  their  property  (i)  of  being  taken  up  by  ether  from 
acid  solutions;  (2)  of  being  taken  up  by  ether  from  alkaline 
solutions;  (3)  of  not  being  taken  up  by  ether  from  alkaline 
solutions  (morphine).  See  also  Otto-Stas. 

Steenbuch  (FLOUR).  To  examine  flour  remove  starch  by  the 
action  of  diastase,  pour  into  water,  and  remove  albuminous 
matter  with  a  weak  solution  of  soda,  then  examine  residue 
under  the  microscope. 

Stefanelli  (ALCOHOL  IN  ETHER).  Aniline  violet  is  insoluble  in 
pure  ether,  but  is  soluble  in  alcohol. 

Stein  (NARCEINE).  A  blue  color  results  on  adding  to  a  liquid 
containing  narceine  a  solut.  zinc  and  potassium  iodides,  to- 
gether with  a  drop  of  aqueous  solut.  iodine. 

Stein  (NITRIC  ACID).  On  heating  a  nitrate  with  litharge  and  ex- 
posing filter-paper  moistened  with  an  acid  solut.  of  ferrous  sul- 
phate to  the  gas  evolved,  the  paper  is  colored  yellow  to  brown. 

Steinschneider-Galewski  (GONOCOCCI  STAIN).  To  differentiate 
from  other  diplococci,  place  preparation  in  aniline  gentian- 
violet  for  25  to  30  minutes  and  wash;  then  place  in  solut. 
KI  for  i  to  5  minutes;  then  in  alcohol  until  decolorized. 
Again  wash  and  dry,  and  after-stain  several  seconds  in 
LoefHer's  methylene-blue  solut.  Gonococci  are  stained 
lightly;  other  diplococci  darkly. 

Stenhouse  (CAFFEINE).  Upon  heating  caffeine  for  a  few  min- 
utes with  fuming  HNO3,  evaporating  the  yellow  solut.  to  dry- 
ness,  and  moistening  residue  with  NH3,  a  purple  color  similar 
to  that  of  murexid  forms,  and  disappears  on  adding  KOH 
(the  murexid  color  is  changed  to  blue). 

Stephenson  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  A  solut.  HgI2  in  KI  solut., 
of  specific  gravity  3.02. 

Sterling  (STAIN).  Gentian  violet  10  Gm.;  aniline,  4  Gm.;  95-% 
alcohol,  20  Gm. ;  water,  176  Cc.  Add  the  aniline  to  the 


292  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

alcohol,  and  dissolve  the  Gentian  violet  in  the  water.  Add 
the  latter  solut.  gradually  to  the  aniline  solut.,  shaking  well 
after  each  addition,  and  then  filter. 

Sternberg  (ACETONE).  On  adding  a  few  drops  H3PO4,  some 
CuSO4  and  KI  to  a  solut.  of  acetone,  and  warming,  a  volumin- 
ous, grayish-white  ppt.  forms,  the  liquid  becoming  decolor- 
ized. Reaction  very  sensitive.  Normal  urine  gives  the  reac- 
tion, but  test  may  be  carried  out  with  urine  distillate. 

Stevenin  (!NDICTOR).  A  glycerin  extract  of  the  petals  of  violet 
or  mallow  flowers  is  turned  red  by  acids  and  green  by  alkalies. 

Stevenson  (HEMOGLOBIN  IN  URINE).  Add  i  drop  tincture 
guaiac  and  a  few  drops  ozonized  ether  to  i  or  2  drops  urine, 
shake,  and  let  ozonized  ether  settle — latter  acquires  a  blue 
color.  Modified  Mahomed's  test. 

Stieda  (CEMENTS),  i. — Rub  up  zinc  oxide  with  turpentine, 
and  for  each  dram  of  oxide  add  i  oz.  thick  solut.  dammar  in 
turpentine.  2. — Replace  zinc  oxide  by  vermilion  and  add 

1  oz.  of  dammar  solut.  for  each  2  drams. 

Stile  (DOUBLE-STAINING  SECTIONS).  First  bleach  in  a  solut. 
chlorinated  lime,  then  wash  with  solut.  sodium  thiosulphate 
(1:4).  Make  the  red  stain  from  rosaniline  acetate,  \  grain, 
and  alcohol,  i  fl.  oz.  For  blue  stain,  dissolve  soluble  blue, 
-J-  grain,  in  i  fl.  dram  distilled  water,  10  minims  dil.  HNO3,  and 

2  fl.  drams  alcohol.     Immerse  section  first  in  the  red  stain  for 
2  to  40  minutes,  then  wash  with  alcohol;  next  immerse  in  blue 
stain,  and  again  wash  out,  and  drain.     Clear  in  oil  cajuput, 
transfer  to  turpentine,  and  mount  in  balsam.     By  clearing 
in  xylene,  section  may  be  transferred  direct  to  xylene  balsam. 
Bleaching  may  also  be  effected  by  treating  sections  with  H2O2. 

Stillingfleet- Johnson  (CEATININE  IN  URINE).  This  is  a  modi- 
fication of  Marly 's  separation  process.  A  large  volume  of 
urine  is  treated  with  5  %  of  its  volume  sat.  aqueous  solut.  sodium 
acetate  and  25%  sat.  solut.  HgCl2.  The  ppt.  is  filtered  imme- 
diately and  the  filtrate  left  for  48  hours.  The  creatinine 
separates  in  microscopic  spherical  masses  of  mercuric-chloride 
compound,  and  is  collected,  washed  with  cold  water,  and 
decomposed  by  H2S.  The  liquid  is  decolorized  with  animal 
charcoal  and  evaporated  over  H2SO4,  when  creatinine  hydro- 
chlorate  crystallizes  out.  This  salt  is  decomposed  with  excess 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  293 

of  lead  hydrate,  and  the  filtrate,  evaporated  over  H2SO4,  gives 
effloresced  crystals   of  creatinine. 

Stirling  (DISSOCIATING  MEDIUM).  io-%  solut.  of  ammonium- 
or  potassium  sulphocyanide.  Macerate  small  pieces  of  epi- 
thelium in  solut.  for  24  to  48  hours. 

Stock  (ACETONE  IN  URINE).  A.  Frohner  employs  chlorinated- 
lime  solution  instead  of  bromine  water  and  pyridine. 

Stoddart  (MEDIUM  FOR  TYPHOID  BACILLI).  Mix  equal  parts  of 
ordinary  meat-infusion,  peptone-agar-agar  (i-%  agar-agar), 
and  meat-infusion-peptone-gelatin  (io-%  gelatin).  The  pro- 
portion of  agar-agar  present  is,  obviously,  0.5%,  and  that  of 
the  gelatin,  5%.  These  quantities  just  suffice  to  keep  the 
medium  solid  at  35°  C. 

Stoeder  (ALOES).  Solut.  CuSO4  added  to  aloes  triturated  with 
water,  develops  a  canary-yellow  color,  changed  to  cherry-red 
on  adding  very  dilute  HCN.  According  to  Heuberger,  Barba- 
does  aloes  thus  treated  gives  a  reddish- violet,  while  Natal 
aloes  gives  a  pale  orange. 

Stoeder  (DIFFERENTIATING  EXTRACTS  OF  BELLADONNA  AND 
HENBANE).  Shake  a  solut.  of  o.i  Gm.  extract  in  2  Cc.  water, 
with  10  Cc.  ether,  which  then  shake  with  5  Cc.  water  and  2 
drops  NH3 — with  extract  belladonna  a  blue  fluorescence  is 
observed  in  the  ammoniacal  liquid. 

Stolba  (POTASSIUM  SALTS).  Sodium-  or  ammonium  fluobo- 
ride  gives  a  crystalline  ppt.  with  potassium  salts,  which  colors 
a  Bunsen  flame  green,  then  violet. 

Stolba  (STANDARDIZING  PERMANGANATE  SOLUTIONS).  Lead 
oxalate  is  used  like  oxalic  acid  for  standardizing  permanga- 
nate solutions,  the  salt  being  first  warmed  with  H2SO4.  One 
Gm.  lead  oxalate  =0.428  Gm.  oxalic  acid. 

Storch  (INDICATOR),  i. — Benzopurpurine  B.  Gives  a  brown- 
ish-red color  with  alkalies  and  bluish- violet  with  acids.  2. — 
Curcumin  W.  Gives  a  red  color  with  alkalies  and  a  greenish- 
yellow  with  acids. 

Storch  (RosiN  OIL  IN  OIL  MIXTURES).  From  i  to  2  Cc.  oil  are 
shaken  with  i  Cc.  acetic  anhydride,  allowed  to  stand,  and  the 
acetic  anhydride,  separated  by  means  of  a  pipette,  treated 
with  a  drop  of  cone.  H2SO4.  In  the  presence  of  rosin  oil  a 


294  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

violet-red  color  appears.     Morawski  recommends  H2SO4  of 
specific  gravity  1.53. 

Storch-Morawski  ( ROSIN  OIL  AND  RESIN).  Dissolve  out  resin 
in  acetic  anhydride,  and  mix  with  H2SO4  (sp.  gr.  1.53) — a  red 
color  indicates  addition  of  resin  to  fats  and  varnishes.  Copals 
give  a  brown  color  reaction  with  this  test. 

Storer  (CHROMIC  ACID).  An  intense  blue  is  given  with  an 
ethereal  solut.  H2O2. 

Strassburg  (BILIARY  ACIDS).     See  Pettenkofer's  test. 

Strecker  (XANTHIN).  Evaporate  to  dryness  with  HNO3,  add 
NaOH  or  KOH — a  yellow  residue  results,  turning  reddish- 
yellow  on  adding  KOH  or  NaOH,  and  becoming  reddish- 
violet  on  subsequent  warming.  Reaction  not  obtained  with 
NH3 — distinction  from  uric  acid. 

Streng  (SODIUM  SALTS).  Minute,  yellow  crystals  form  on  add- 
ing solut.  uranium  acetate.  Crystals  may  be  examined  by 
polarized  light  under  microscope. 

Strieker  (IMBEDDING  MASS).  Prepare  objects  in  alcohol,  and 
imbed  in  cone,  solut.  acacia  in  a  paper  case,  then  immerse 
whole  in  alcohol,  and  cut  after  2  or  3  days. 

Strobel  (ACETANILID).  Acetanilid  heated  with  zinc  chloride 
gives  off  aromatic  vapors  which  color  wood  shavings  yellow; 
residue  is  also  yellow. 

Strobel  (ANTINERVIN).     Behaves  like  acetanilid  (see  above). 

Strobel  (ANTIPYRINE).  Vapors  evolved  on  heating  antipyrine 
with  zinc  chloride  have  an  odor  like  that  of  methylamine  or 
cacodyl,  and  color  wood  shavings  cherry-red,  the  residue  being 
reddish-yellow  with  greenish,  fluorescence  by  reflected  light. 

Strobel  (MIGRANIN).     Behaves  like  antipyrine  (see  above). 

Strobel  (PHENACETIN).  Vapors  of  phenacetin  heated  with  zinc 
chloride  color  wood  shavings  yellow,  but  residue  is  reddish- 
yellow  (with  acetanilid  it  is  yellow). 

Strobel  (SALIPYRINE).     Behaves  like  antipyrine  (see  above). 

Strobel  (SALOL).  Salol,  on  heating  with  zinc  chloride,  decom- 
poses into  phenol  and  a  salicylate,  and  the  vapors  evolved 
color  paper  moistened  with  Fe2Cl6  solut.  a  dirty  green,  changed 
to  violet  on  washing  with  water. 

Strobel  (SULFONAL).  Sulfonal  heated  with  zinc  chloride  devel- 
ops odor  of  mercaptan  and  partially  sublimes. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  295 

Strohl  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  If  free  mineral  acid 
present  in  vinegar,  no  ppt.  forms  on  adding  ammonium  oxa- 
late  and  calcium  chloride. 

Stroppa- Vital!  (CONIINE).  i. — Stir  coniine  or  one  of  its  salts 
with  a  few  drops  solut.  of  i  potassium  permanganate  in  200 
cone.  H2SO4 — green  color  of  solut.  changes  to  violet.  2. — 
Carefully  evaporate  small  quantity  coniine  with  cone.  HNO3 
— a  dark-yellow  residue  remains  which,  on  treatment  with 
KOH,  yields  a  reddish-brown  oil  having  a  characteristic  hem- 
lock odor,  and  which,  on  evaporation  to  dryness,  gives  a 
brownish-black  residue  soluble  in  cone.  H2SO  to  an  almost 
colorless  solut.  changed  by  a  little  water  and  excess  of  NH,  to 
yellow. 

Struve  (BLOOD).  Extract  suspected  stains  with  dilute  caustic- 
potassa  solut.,  filter,  and  add  tannin.  A  reddish-brown  color 
indicates  presence  of  blood;  and,  on  acidulating  with  acetic 
acid,  a  ppt.  develops,  which  will  yield  hemin  crystals  after 
washing  and  treatment  with  acetic  acid  and  NaCl.  See  also 
Selmi's  test  for  blood,  and  Teichmann's  hemin  crystals. 
Urine  containing  blood  yields  a  reddish  ppt.  upon  adding 
caustic  soda  and  tannin,  and  subsequently  acidulating  with 
acetic  acid. 

Struve  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  treat- 
ing with  an  alkaline  solution  of  litharge  and  a  dilute  solut.  lead 
subacetate,  then  testing  with  KI  starch  paste  and  acetic  acid. 
The  reaction  requires  several  hours. 

Strzyzowski  (ALKALOIDS).  Various  reactions  are  afforded  with 
chloral,  bromal,  paraldehyde,  furfurol,  and  ortho-nitrophenyl 
propiolic  acid.  For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  vii.,  p.  534. 

Stuart  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  lodoform  is  formed 
on  distilling  off  the  alcohol,  and  adding  compound  tinct. 
iodine  (U.S. P.,  1890),  together  with  potassa  solut. 

Studenski  (UROBILIN  IN  URINE).  Treat  20  Cc.  urine  with  2 
Cc.  of  sat.  solut.  CuSO4,  saturate  mixture  with  crystallized 
(NH4)2SO4,  add  10  Cc.  chloroform,  and  shake  mixture  for 
some  minutes.  The  chloroform  is  then  separated,  evaporated, 
and  the  residue  weighed. 

Stutz  (ALBUMIN).  Fill  capsules  with  Fuerbringer's  reagent, 
which  see. 


296  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Suchannek  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Mix  equal  parts  of  Venice 
turpentine  and  absolute  alcohol,  agitate  frequently,  and  keep 
in  a  stove  until  clear. 

Sulzer  (ALCOHOL  IN  ESSENTIAL  OILS).  SeeSalzer;  also  Puscher's 
test. 

Svanberg  (PHOSPHORIC  ACID).  A  yellow  ppt.  forms  on  adding 
ammonium-molybdate  solut.  in  large  excess. 

Symons  (SODIUM  IN  LITHIUM  CARBONATE).  Dissolve  10  Gm. 
lithium  carbonate  in  a  tared  flask  containing  100  Cc.  water, 
boil,  and  bring  weight  of  liquid  to  100  Gm. ;  then  take  50  Gm., 
evaporate  to  dryness.  treat  with  15  Cc.  HC1  in  which  NaCl 
has  been  dissolved  to  saturation.  Throw  insoluble  residue 
on  a  filter,  and  wash,  first  with  10  Cc.  of  the  salted  acid,  then 
with  10  Cc.  pure  acid.  Then  place  insol.  residue  in  a  tared 
dish,  dry,  and  weigh.  The  weight  multiplied  by  20  equals 
the  percentage  of  NaCl. 

Szabo  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Mixture  of 
equal  volumes  0.5-%  solutions  of  ammonium  rhodanate  and 
sodium  ferrit  art  rate.  Reagent  is  colored  brown  by  free  HC1. 
See  Mohr's  test. 

Szobolew  (SAFRANINE  STAIN).  Immerse  sections  for  2  to  5  min- 
utes in  diluted  Flemming's  solut.  (10  to  15  drops  to  5  Cc.  water) 
wash  with  water,  stain  in  sat.  aqueous  solut.  safranine,  and 
mount  as  usual. 

Tafel  (STRYCHNINE).  Add  an  excess  HC1  to  solut.  strychnine, 
then  add  a  small  fragment  zinc,  or  sodium  amalgam.  When 
evolution  of  gas  ceases,  add  a  little  Fe2Cl6 — a  yellowish-red 
color  develops,  permanent  even  in  boiling  solut. 

Taguchi  (!NK  INJECTION).  Rub  Chinese  ink  well  with  water 
until  resulting  fluid  does  not  run  when  dropped  on  thin 
blotting-paper  or  form  a  gray  ring  round  the  drop.  The 
preparation  is  injected  with  this  fluid  until  it  appears  quite 
black,  and  it  is  then  thrown  into  some  hardening  liquid. 

Tambon  (SESAME  OIL).  Shake  i  vol.  of  a  solut.  of  3  to  4  parts 
pure  crystalline  glucose  in  100  parts  HC1,  with  2  vol.  oil,  for  2 
to  3  minutes,  then  warm  emulsion  over  a  spirit  flame  to  boil- 
ing and  agitate — if  least  trace  of  sesame  oil  is  present  a  fine 
rose  color  with  violet  tint,  passing  to  cherry-red,  develops. 
Pure  olive  oil  gives  no  reaction;  if  i  to  5%  sesame  oil  is 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  297 

present,  color  develops  in  a  few  minutes;  if  10%  present,  color 
is  immediate.  , 

Tangl  (ALUM  CARMINE).  Boil  powdered  carmine  in  sat.  solut. 
alum  for  10  minutes  and  filter  resulting  solut. 

Tanret  (ALBUMIN).  Dissolve  3.32  Gm.  KC1  and  1.35  Gm. 
HgCl2  in  20  Cc.  of  acetic  acid,  then  dilute  with  water  to  60 
Cc.  With  albuminous  urine  reagent  yields  a  white  ppt.  in- 
soluble in  acetic  acid.  Peptones  cause  precipitates  which 
redissolve  on  boiling;  alkaloids  give  ppts.  soluble  in  alcohol. 
Compare  Mayer's  reagent. 

Tartuferi  (SILVER  IMPREGNATION  METHOD).  Place  a  cornea 
for  3  days  or  more  in  a  solut.  of  15  Gm.  Na2S2O3  in  100  Cc. 
dist.  water,  kept  at  a  temperature  of  about  26°  C.,  then  re- 
move for  2  days  into  water  containing  very  finely  divided 
AgCl  in  suspension. 

Tassinari- Piazza  (NITRIC  ACID).  On  treatment  with  potassa 
and  zinc  dust  NH3  forms. 

Tattersall  (COBALT).  A  blood-red  color  develops  on  adding 
KCN  solut.  till  the  ppt.  formed  is  redissolved,  then  adding  a 
few  drops  yellow  ammonium-sulphide  solut. 

Tattersall  (DELPHININE).  An  orange  color,  changing  to  pink 
and  violet,  develops  on  rubbing  with  malic  acid,  and  then 
with  a  few  drops  H2SO4. 

Tattersall  (MORPHINE,  CODEINE,  AND  PAPAVERINE).  A  dirty- 
violet  color,  changing  to  sea-green,  develops  on  dissolving 
morphine  in  cone.  H2SO4  and  adding  a  little  sodium  arsenate. 
Codeine  yields  a  blue  color  when  similarly  treated,  and  this 
changes  to  orange  on  adding  water  and  excess  of  soda.  Pa- 
paverine  gives  a  red  to  violet  color  on  treatment  as  above  and 
heating,  while  the  addition  of  water  and  excess  of  soda  turns 
the  color  nearly  black. 

Teichmann  (BLOOD).  Treat  2  or  3  Cc.  of  a  not  too  dilute  aqueous 
solut.  of  blood  with  a  few  drops  glacial  acetic  acid  and  about 
o.o i  Gm.  NaCl.  On  evaporating  a  few  drops  of  mixture  on  a 
cover-glass  and  examining  under  the  microscope,  dark-brown 
rhombic  needles  or  plates  of  hemin  will  be  visible.  See  also 
Struve's  and  Selmi's  tests. 

Teichmann-Heller  (BLOOD  IN  URINE).     See  Heller-Teichmann. 


298  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Terreill  (CELLULOSE).  A  blue  color  appears  on  dipping  into  a 
i-%  KI  solut.,  then  drying,  immersing  in  H2SO4,  and  rinsing 
in  water. 

Tessier  (IODINE).  In  the  presence  of  tannin,  iodine  is  liberated 
by  adding  tinct.  ferric  chloride,  and  produces  a  blue  color  on 
testing  with  starch  paper. 

Teubner  (MERCURY).  If  mercury  be  present,  a  white  stain  is 
produced  on  heating  substance  in  a  crucible  and  allowing  the 
vapors  given  off  to  strike  a  small  spot  on  a  cold  gold 
plate. 

The*nard  (ALUMINIUM).  On  igniting  with  cobalt  salts,  alumin- 
ium oxide — separated  from  compounds  by  igniting  on  char- 
coal, with  the  addition  of  sodium  carbonate  if  necessary — is 
converted  into  Thenard's  blue. 

Thiersch  (BORAX  CARMINE).  Carmine,  0.5  Gm.;  borax,  2  Gm.; 
water,  28  Cc.;  absolute  alcohol,  60  Cc.  Filter.  Soak  sec- 
tions in  boric-acid  solut.  before  staining. 

Thiersch  (CARMINE  INJECTION  MASS).  Dissolve  i  part  car- 
mine in  i  part  strong  solut.  ammonia  and  3  parts  of  water* 
and  filter.  Then  dissolve  i  part  gelatin  in  2  parts  water, 
warm  to  3i°C.  on  a  water-bath,  and  add  i  part  carmine  solut. 
to  3  or  4  parts  gelatin  solut.  Next  add  acetic  acid,  drop  by 
drop,  stirring  continually,  until  the  ammonia  is  neutralized; 
or  drive  off  the  ammonia  by  heating  to  31°  to  38°  C.  Inject 
at  a  temperature  not  exceeding  44°  C.,  then  cool  the  prepa- 
ration on  ice,  and  subsequently  harden  in  alcohol. 

Thiersch  (GREEN  INJECTION  MASS).  The  Prussian-blue  and 
lead-chromate  masses  are  mixed  in  varying  proportions. 

Thiersch  (LEAD-CHROMATE  INJECTION  MASS).  Mix  4  parts 
aqueous  gelatin  solut.  (i  '.2)  with  2  parts  aqueous  lead-nitrate 
solut.  (i  :n),  and  a  similar  quantity  with  i  part  aqueous 
potassium-chromate  solut.  (i  :  n).  Heat  both  mixtures  to 
31°  C.,  then  mix  together  with  continual  stirring  until  all  lead 
chromate  is  pptd.,  after  which  heat  on  a  water-bath  to  88°  C., 
and  filter  through  flannel.  This  mass  will  not  keep,  as  the 
gelatin  gradually  becomes  insoluble. 

Thiersch  (LILAC  BORAX  CARMINE).  Dissolve  i  part  carmine 
and  4  parts  borax  in  56  parts  dist.  water;  to  each  vol.  of  solut. 
add  2  vol.  absolute  alcohol,  and  filter. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  299 

Thiersch  (OxALic-AciD  CARMINE),  i. — Dissolve  i  part  carmine 
in  i  of  strong  solut.  ammonia  and  3  parts  water;  to  each  vol. 
of  solution  add  8  vol.  of  an  aqueous  solut.  oxalic  acid  (i :  22), 
then  add  12  vol.  absolute  alcohol,  and  filter.  2. — Carmine,  i 
Gm. ;  ammonia,  i  Cc.;  water,  3  Cc.  Mix  with  solut.  oxalic 
acid  8  Gm.  in  water  175  Gm.,  then  add  16  Cc.  absolute  alcohol, 
and  filter.  The  addition  of  oxalic  acid  causes  filtrate  to 
assume  an  orange  hue,  while  ammonia  changes  it  to  violet. 

Thiersch  (OxALic-AciD  INDIGO  CARMINE).  Make  a  sat.  solut. 
of  commercial  indigo-carmine  in  aqueous  solut.  oxalic  acid 
(i :  22  to  30),  and  dilute,  if  required,  with  alcohol. 

Thiersch  (PRUSSIAN-BLUE  INJECTION  MASS).  Mix  12  Cc.  sat. 
aqueous  solut.  ferrous  sulphate  with  28  Gm.  aqueous  gelatin 
solut.  (i  in  2)  at  31°  C.,  then  mix  at  same  temperature  24. 
Cc.  sat.  aqueous  solut.  potassium  ferricyanide  with  56  Gm 
gelatin  solut.  To  the  second  mixture  add  24  Cc.  sat.  aqueous 
solut.  oxalic  acid,  stir  well,  then  add  first  mixture.  Stir  con- 
tinually, keeping  temperature  at  25°  to  31°  C.,  until  all  the 
Prussian  blue  is  pptd.  Finally,  heat  on  a  water-bath  to 
about  88°  C.,  and  filter  through  flannel. 

Thoma  (DECALCIFICATION  METHOD).  Place  bones  in  a  mixture 
of  5  vol.  95-%  alcohol  and  i  vol.  pure  cone.  HNO3,  and  change 
the  liquid  every  2  or  3  days  for  2  or  3  weeks.  When  decalci- 
fication  complete,  wash  out  every  trace  of  acid  in  95-%  alcohol 
containing  an  excess  of  pptd.  chalk.  This  may  take  8  to  14 
days,  after  which  the  tissues  may  be  stained  and  otherwise 
treated  as  desired. 

Thomas  (STRYCHNINE  AND  MORPHINE).  In  the  presence  of 
morphine,  strychnine  can  be  separated  by  dissolving  it  in 
chloroform;  potassa  solut.  dissolves  morphine,  but  not 
strychnine. 

Thompson  (THEINE).  A  blood-red  residue  remains  on  passing 
a  current  of  hypochlorous  acid  gas  through  a  solut.  of  theine 
and  evaporating. 

Thorns  (COPPER  SULPHATE).  Traces  of  copper  sulphate  give  a 
blue  color  of  with  a  solut.  of  KI  mixed  with  a  little  starch. 

Thorns  (IODINE  IN  COMPOUNDS).  Heat  substance  (organic  or 
inorganic)  with  cone.  H2SO4— this  liberates  iodine,  which  may 
be  recognized  by  its  violet-blue  vapors.  If  iodine  present  as 


300  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

iodic  acid,  add  a  little  zinc  dust  to  substance  before  heating 
with  H2SO4. 

Thorns  (PHENOLS,  ETC.).  Formaldehyde-sulphuric  acid  affords 
reactions  with  different  methods,  etc.,  as  follows: 

Salicylic  acid — immediate  pink  to  bright  rose-red,  becoming 
purple-red  on  heating.  Carbolic  acid — purple-red.  Resorcin 
— yellow,  then  reddish,  finally,  orange  (cold  or  hot).  Phloro- 
glucin  (trioxybenzene)  —  red.  Benzoic  acid  —  no  reaction. 
Cinnamic  acid — cold:  reddish-brown;  heated:  dark-brown. 
Creosote — dark  blood-red,  finally  blackish-red.  Naphtol — 
cold:  yellow,  changing  to  dirty-green.  Naphtalin — heated: 
a  steel-grayish-blue  pellicle.  Acetone — brown.  Thymol — cold: 
yellow;  heated:  pink.  Benzene — brown  ppt.  Toluene — dark- 
brown  ppt.  Xylene — orange-red  ppt.  Benzin — no  reaction. 

Thomson  (IODINE).  A  blue  color  develops  on  passing  chlorine 
through  the  solut.  and  testing  with  starch  paste. 

Thormaehlen  (MELANIN  IN  URINE).  Urine  containing  melanin 
is  colored  deep-blue  on  adding  sodium  nitroprussiate,  caustic 
potassa,  and  acetic  acid. 

Thoulet  (LIQUID).  A  solut.  of  i  part  KI  and  1.239  HgCl2  in 
water,  and  evaporating  until  it  has  a  specific  gravity  of  3.196, 
is  used  for  mechanical  preparation  of  powdered  minerals. 
Compare  Klein's  liquid. 

Thresh  (ALCOHOL).  Convert  alcohol  into  aldehyde  by  distilling 
off  20  Cc.  from  100  Cc.  of  suspected  liquid,  mixed  with  2  Cc. 
of  sat.  potassium-bichromate  solut.  and  8  Cc.  dil.  H2SO4  (i :  i). 
On  adding  3  Cc.  soda  solut.,  boiling  for  a  few  seconds  and  cool- 
ing, a  yellow  color  develops. 

Thresh  (ALKALOIDS),  i. — Solut.  of  1.8  Gm.  KI  in  45  Cc.  HC1 
and  30  Cc.  bismuth  solut.  (Liq.  Bism.  et  Amm.  Citr.,  B.  P.) 
prepared  as  follows:  2.5  Gm.  bismuth  are  dissolved  in  70  Gm. 
HNO3,  60  Gm.  citric  acid  added,  then  enough  NH3  to  faint 
alkalinity,  and  enough  water  to  make  600  Cc.  Reagent 
gives  reddish-brown  colors  and  ppts.  with  alkaloids.  2. — 
According  to  another  formula,  dissolve  4.68  Gm.  bismuth 
oxide  in  80  Cc.  HC1,  and  add  water  to  300  Cc. ;  then  dissolve 
20  Gm.  KI  in  water  to  make  700  Cc.,  and  mix  two  solutions. 

Thresh  (BISMUTH).  An  orange-red  to  yellow  color  develops  on 
adding  a  little  HC1  to  the  suspected  liquid,  followed  by  KI. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3O1 

Thresh  (SULPHURIC-  ACID).  When  a  known  quantity  of  BaCl2 
solut.  is  added  to  a  solut.  (vinegar)  containing  sulphates  and 
free  H2SO4,  on  evaporating  the  liquid  and  igniting  there  will 
be  a  loss  of  chlorine  equivalent  to  the  free  H2SO4  present. 

Thudichum  (CREATININE).  Add  substance  to  a  dil.  solut. 
Fe2Cl6 — dark-red  color  develops,  increased  by  heating. 

Thudichum  (EGG  COLORING  MATTER).  Coloring  matter  of  egg- 
yolk,  extracted  by  ether,  alcohol,  or  chloroform,  is  colored  by 
HNO3,  first  blue,  then  yellow,  and  gives  characteristic  ab- 
sorption spectra.  Commercial  products  cannot  be  tested  by 
this  reaction,  as  the  coloring  matter  in  them  is  decomposed. 

Thwaites  (PRESERVATIVE  FLUID).  Saturate  i  fl.  oz.  alcohol  with 
creosote,  mix  with  chalk  in  a  mortar,  and  gradually  add  16  fl. 
oz.  water.  Next  add  16  fl.  oz.  camphor  water,  allow  mixture 
to  stand  for  a  few  days,  and  filter.  Compare  Beetle's  modifi- 
cation. 

Tidy  (ALBUMIN),  i. — A  white  ppt.  forms  on  adding  equal  vol- 
umes carbolic  and  glacial  acetic  acids.  2. — Add  to  suspected 
urine  15  drops  alcohol,  followed  by  15  drops  of  carbolic  acid. 

Tidy  (OXYGEN  PROCESS),  i. — Acid  solution:  H2SO4,  i  vol.; 
water,  3  vol.;  KMnO4,  sufficient  to  give  pinkish  tint.  2. — 
Standard  permanganate  solution:  KMnO4,  0.395  Gm. ;  water, 
i  liter,  i  Cc.  =  0.0001  Gm.  oxygen.  3. — Solution  of  sodium 
thiosulphate :  i  Gm.  in  i  liter  of  water.  4. — Solut.  KI,  io-%. 
Wash  out  the  flask  with  strong  H2SO4.  Take  250  Cc.  water 
to  be  examined,  warm  to  176°  C.,  add  10  Cc.  permanganate 
solution  and  10  Cc.  acid  solution,  allow  to  stand  in  the  dark 
at  176°  for  4  hours.  If  color  fades  materially  before  that  time, 
add  another  10  Cc.  Then  add  a  few  drops  KI  and  titrate  with 
Na2S2O3  solut.,  using  starch  at  end.  Titrate  a  blank  experi- 
ment with  250  Cc.  of  distilled  water;  the  difference  indicates 
the  oxygen  absorbed. 

Tiedemann-Gmelin  (BILE  PIGMENTS).  See  Gmelin  (Heintz's 
modification). 

Tilden  (ALOIN).  To  aloin  or  powdered  aloes  on  white  porcelain 
add  HNO3;  no  color-change  indicates  socaloin;  crimson  color, 
nataloin  or  barbaloin.  To  another  portion  add  H2SO4  and 
expose  to  fumes  of  HNO3 — a  blue  color  indicates  nataloin, 
and  no  blue  color  barbaloin. 


302  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Til  den  (IODINE).  KMnO4  liberates  iodine  from  its  combina- 
tions, and  it  may  then  be  tested  for  as  most  convenient. 

Tizzoni  (I RON  IN  TISSUES).  Treat  section  of  tissue  with  2-% 
solut.  potass,  ferrocyanide,  then  with  0.5-%  HC1 — a  blue  color 
develops. 

Tocher  (SESAME  OIL  IN  OTHER  OILS).  The  following  tests 
are  said  to  detect  presence  of  even  i%:  i. — Ammonium- 
vanadate  test:  2  Gm.  ammonium  vanadate,  50  Cc.  water,  and 
100  Cc.  H2SO4.  Shaken  with  this  reagent,  sesame  oil  gives 
an  immediate  green,  rapidly  changing  to  a  greenish-black. 
Other  oils  give  at  first  no  reaction,  but  only  later  a  blackish 
color.  2. — Formaldehyde  test:  100  Cc.  H2SO4,  50  Cc.  water, 
and  10  Cc.  cone,  formaldehyde.  Shaken  with  an  equal  vol.  of 
reagent,  sesame  oil  gives  an  emulsion  acquiring  gradually  an 
intense,  permanent  bluish-black  color.  3. — Resorcin  test: 
Mix  2  Cc.  each  of  oil  and  benzin,  saturate  with  resorcin,  and 
add  2  Cc.  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.38)  free  from  nitrous  acid.  Sesame 
oil  gives  immediately  an  intense,,  bluish- violet  color.  For  de- 
tails, see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  ix.,  p.  161.  4. — Tocher's  modi- 
fication of  Baudouin's  test :  2  Gm.  pyrogallol  are  dissolved  in 
30  Cc.  HC1  (sp.  gr.  1.19?),  and  15  Gm.  of  this  solut.  shaken 
with  an  equal  volume  oil.  After  allowing  two  layers  to  form, 
the  acid  solut.  is  removed  with  a  pipette  and  warmed  for  five 
minutes.  In  the  presence  of  benne  oil,  a  bluish-red  color 
forms. 

Toepfer  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  To  5  Cc. 
filtrate  from  gastric  juice  add  i  drop  i-%  solut.  phenolphtalein 
and  i  drop  0.5-%  solut.  dimethylamidoazobenzene ;  then  add 
decinormal  NaOH  until  red  color  disappears,  and  solut.  turns 
yellow.  The  number  of  Cc.  NaOH  solut.  used  multiplied  by 
20  gives  free  HC1  present.  Continue  to  add  NaOH  until  a  red 
color  appears.  The  total  Cc.  then  used  multiplied  by  20 
equals  total  acidity. 

Toison  (BLOOD  STAIN).  Methyl  violet  5B,  0.25;  sodium 
chloride,  i;  sodium  sulphate,  8;  glycerin  (30°  Be.),  30  Cc. ; 
dist.  water,  160  Cc.  Dissolve  methyl  violet  in  glycerin  with 
half  the  water,  and  add  to  solut.  of  the  two  salts  in  balance 
of  water.  White  corpuscles  stain  in  this  in  5  to  10  minutes; 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  303 

maximum  coloration  attained  in  20  to  30  minutes.  White 
corpuscles,  violet;  red  corpuscles,  greenish. 

Tollens  (ALDEHYDE).  Test  depends  upon  the  reduction  of  a 
solut.  of  3  parts  AgNO3  in  30  parts  of  NH3,  to  which  a  solut. 
3  parts  caustic  soda  in  30  parts  water  has  been  added.  A 
silver  mirror  forms. 

Tollens  (GLUCOSE).  Ppt.  AgNO3  solut.  with  potassa  and  add 
just  enough  NH3  to  dissolve  the  ppt.  formed.  Solution  is  re- 
duced by  glucose. 

Tollens  (PENTOSE).  Pentoses  are  colored  cherry-red  on  being 
heated  with  HC1  and  phloroglucin. 

Tommasi  (CARBOLIC  ACID).  A  shaving  is  colored  blue  on  first 
dipping  into  carbolic  acid  and  then  into  a  mixture  of  50  Gm. 
HC1,  50  Gm.  water,  and  0.2  Gm.  potassium  chlorate.  See 
Hoppe-Seyler's  test. 

Topping  (IMBEDDING  SOLUTION  FOR  MICROSCOPICAL  PREPARA- 
TIONS), i  part  of  absolute  alcohol  and  5  parts  water;  in  place 
of  the  latter,  4  parts  water  and  i  part  aluminium  acetate  may 
be  taken.  The  solut.  is  mixed  with  an  equal  vol.  of  glycerin 
before  using. 

Tortelli-Ruggieri  (COTTONSEED  OIL).  Modified  Bechi's  test.  In 
this  test  the  oil  is  first  saponified,  then  converted  into  a  lead 
soap.  This  is  then  treated  with  ether,  the  ethereal  solut. 
washed  with  HC1,  the  solvent  then  evaporated,  and  the  residue 
treated  with  silver-nitrate  solut.  For  details,  see  MERCK'S 
REPORT,  vn.,  p.  403. 

Tourneux-Hermann  (SILVER  STAINING  METHOD).  The  tissues 
are  left  in  silver-nitrate  bath  (3 :  i  ,000)  for  i  hour,  then  washed 
out  with  30-%  alcohol. 

Trapp  (VERATRINE).  A  dark-red  to  violet  or  purple  color  de- 
velops on  heating  cautiously  with  HC1. 

Traub  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  Add  to  6  Cc.  of  the  liquid  a  little 
H2SO4,  some  zinc-iodide-starch  paste,  2  drops  2-%  solut. 
CuSO4,  and,  finally,  a  little  0.5-%  ferrous-sulphate  solut. — if 
H2O2  present,  a  blue  color  forms. 

Trenkmann  (MACERATING  FLUID),  i. — Solut.  containing  i% 
tannin  and  0.5%  HC1.  2. — Sat.  solut.  catechu  (from  soaking 
catechu  powd.  in  water  several  days  and  filtering),  4  parts; 
sat.  aqueous  solut.  carbolic  acid,  i  part. 


304  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Trenkmann  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Mordant  for  2  to  12  hours 
at  normal  temperature  in  a  i-%  solut.  tannin  in  0.5-%  HC1. 
Then  wash  in  water,  stain  2  to  4  hours  with  a  mixture  of  2 
drops  saturated  alcoholic  solut.  fuchsine  and  20  drops  i-% 
carbolic  acid,  and  again  wash. 

Tr£trop  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE).  Heat  4  to  5  Cc.  of  non-alka- 
line urine  in  a  test-tube  to  near  boiling,  then  stop  heating, 
and  add  a  few  drops  strong  formaldehyde.  If  the  urine  con- 
tains any  albumin  this  coagulates,  the  -flocculent  mass  collect- 
ing on  the  surface  of  the  urine  and  adhering  to  the  walls  of 
the  tube.  The  albumin  may  be  determined  by  weighing. 
Certain  urines  when  strongly  albuminous  are  said  to  give  a 
reaction  in  the  cold. 

Treumann  (THEOBROMINE).  A  purple  color  develops  on  evap- 
orating to  dryness  a  mixture  of  theobromine  and  chlorine 
water,  and  then  adding  ammonia. 

Triollet  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Improved  Gmelin's  test.  Mix  50 
Cc.  urine  and  40  to  50  Gm.  ammonium  sulphate,  filter  through 
cotton,  and  treat  latter  (which  retained  the  pptd.  pigments) 
with  hot  chloroform.  Then  evaporate  chloroformic  solut. 
of  bilirubin.  Next  treat  cotton  with  hot  alcohol,  which  dis- 
solves out  the  biliverdin  and  biliprasin.  Evaporate  alcohol, 
mix  the  two  residues  and  extract  with  boiling  water,  then  over- 
lay the  solut.  on  fuming  HNO3 — 2  zones  appear,  one  a  bright - 
red,  the  other  yellow.  After  15  minutes  a  blue  color  develops 
between  the  two  zones. 

Trommer  (GLUCOSE).  Add  i  or  2  drops  solut.  CuSO4  and  4  to 
5  Cc.  NaOH  solut.  to  a  dilute  grape-sugar  solut. — ppt.  formed 
will  redissolve,  and  upon  heating,  yield  cuprous  oxide.  (Com- 
pare with  Fehling's  solution.)  In  examining  urine,  the  latter 
is  rendered  alkaline  with  NaOH,  and  then  CuSO4  solut.  added 
by  drops  until  a  permanent  ppt.  appears.  If  glucose  present, 
yellow  cuprous  oxide  forms  on  heating.  Focke  recommends 
also,  in  order  to  remove  other  reducing  agents  that  might  be 
present,  to  first  boil  10  Cc.  urine  with  5  Cc.  CuSO4  solut.  (i :  10), 
2  Cc.  Na2CO3  solut.  (i:  10)  being  added  to  the  cooled  filtrate, 
the  solut.  filtered  after  standing,  and  the  filtrate  tested  accord- 
ing to  Trammer's  test.  See  Johnson's  reaction. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3°5 

Trommsdorf  (NITROUS  ACID).     A  blue  color  is  developed  with 

H2SO4  and  potassium-iodide  starch  paste. 

Troost  (BROMINE).  Fluorescein  is  added  to  the  solut.,  and  is 
thus  converted  into  eosine  or  the  tetrabrom  derivative.  If 
fluorescein  paper  be  used,  o.ooi  Gm.,  of  an  alkali  bromide 
in  5  to  10  Gm.  NaCl  is  detected  with  certainty.  The  paper 
needs  but  be  moistened.  Test  not  applicable,  however,  in  a 
mixture  of  free  bromine  and  iodine. 

Trotarelli  (ALKALOID).  Evaporate  with  cone.  HNO3,  and  sub- 
sequently treat  residue  with  alcoholic  KOH  solut. — various 
alkaloids  yield  characteristic  color  reactions.  Compare  with 
Vitali's  test. 

Trotarelli    (PTOMAINES).     Add   sodium   nitro-ferricyanide    and 

subsequently  palladium  nitrate  to  the  sulphuric-acid  salts  of 

ptomaines — various    color    reactions    occur.     Compare    with 

Vitali's  test. 

Trousseau- Dumontpallier   (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     See   Dumont- 

pallier-  Trousseau. 

Tscheppe  (ALCOHOL).  70-%  HNO3  is  overlaid  on  liquid  to  be 
tested.  If  alcohol  present,  a  green  color  forms  at  the  zone 
of  contact ;  after  some  time  gas  will  be  evolved  and  the  odor 
of  ethyl  nitrite  become  apparent. 

Tschirch  (COPPER  IN  PRESERVES),  i. — Evaporate  alcoholic 
extract  of  substance  to  dry  ness,  wash  residue  with  H2O,  and 
treat  with  cone.  HC1.  Pure>  chlorophyll  gives  a  deep-blue 
solut.  and  a  residue  soluble  in  ether  with  brown  color.  If 
copper  present,  residue  dissolves  in  alcohol  with  green  color. 
2. — Add  HC1  to  alcoholic  extract — if  green  color  develops, 
copper  is  present. 

Tschugaeff  (CHOLESTERIN).     On  dissolving  cholesterin  in  glacial 
acetic  acid,  adding  an  excess  acetyl  chloride,  and  then  a  small 
fragment  ZnCl2,  and  finally  warming  for  5  minutes,  the  fluid 
acquires  a  red  or  pink  color  with  a  greenish-yellow  fluores- 
cence.   Coloration  still  visible  in  a  i :  80,000  solut.  cholesterin. 
Tuchen  (ETHEREAL  OILS).   Many  ethereal  oils  fulminate  when  4  to 
6  drops  of  the  oil  are  brought  into  contact  with  o.i  Gm.  iodine. 
Tucholka  (BISABOL  MYRRH).     Mix  6  drops  of  a  i :  15  ethereal  ex- 
tract of  sample  with  3  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid  in  a  test-tube,  and 
overlay  on  3  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4.  At  contact-line  a  pink  zone  devel- 


3o6  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

ops  immediately,  gradually  spreading  to  the  acetic-acid  layer, 
and  remaining  some  time.  Herabol  myrrh  gives  only  a  very 
slight  pink  color,  the  zone  being  first  green,  then  changing  to 
brown  with  green  fluorescence  after  standing  some  time. 

Tullberg  (NARCOTIZATION  METHOD).  For  actinias,  slowly  add  to 
the  water  containing  the  expanded  animal  a  33-%  solut. 
MgCl2,  until  the  vessel  contains  i%  salt,  i.e.,  add  33  Cc.  solu- 
tion for  each  liter  sea- water.  The  operation  should  be  finished 
within  half  an  hour,  and  the  animal  may  be  fixed  half  an 
hour  later.  For  terrestrial  and  fresh- water  invertebrates,  use 
rather  stronger  solutions. 

Turner  (BORAX).  Borax  gives  a  green  color  on  being  heated  in 
the  blowpipe  flame  with  a  mixture  of  9  parts  potassium  bisul- 
phate  and  i  part  fluorspar. 

Tyson  (HETERO-ALBUMOSE  IN  URINE).  Acidulate  a  little  urine 
with  acetic  acid,  mix  with  one-sixth  its  volume  sat.  solut. 
NaCl,  then  boil  and  filter.  Albumin  and  globulin  are  pptd.; 
if  the  filtrate  on  cooling  gives  a  ppt.  on  adding  more  brine, 
then  albumose  is  present. 

Udransky  (BILIARY  ACIDS).  Mix  i  Cc.  aqueous  or  alcoholic 
solut.  with  i  drop  o.i-%  aqueous  furfurol  solut.,  and  overlay 
on  i  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4 — if  biliary  acids  present  a  violet-red  zone 
forms. 

Udransky  (TYROSIN).  To  i  Cc.  of  dissolved  substance  add  i 
drop  0.5-%  solut.  furfurol,  and  overlay  on  i  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4 — 
a  pink  zone  forms. 

Udransky  (UREA).  To  cone,  solut.  of  substance  add  benzoyl 
chloride  and  an  excess  of  NaOH — benzoyl-urea  forms  and  ppts. 

Udransky-Baumann  (GLYCERIN  AND  CARBOHYDRATES).  Tests 
depends  upon  Baumann's  reaction  with  benzoyl  chloride  and 
NaOH.  Diamines  also  give  this  reaction,  hence  the  presence 
of  the  first-mentioned  compounds  must  be  confirmed  by  means 
of  the  furfurol  reaction.  See  Molisch's  reaction. 

Uffelmann  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE). 
Test-paper  prepared  from  an  amy lie- alcohol  extract  of  huckle- 
berries is  changed  in  color  from  a  grayish-blue  to  a  pink  by 
HC1  in  gastric  juice. 

Uffelmann  (FREE  ACIDS  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE),  i. — i  drop  solut. 
Fe2Cl6,  0.4  Gm.  alcohol,  and  100  Gm.  water.  2. — 3  drops 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3°7 

solut.  Fe2Cl6,  3  drops  cone,  solut.  carbolic  acid,  and  20  Cc. 
water.  HC1  decolorizes  this  reagent,  lactic  acid  colors  it 
yellow,  and  butyric  acid  causes  a  milky  turbidity. 

Uffelmann  (LACTIC  ACID).  Phenol  solut.,  colored  by  ferric 
chloride,  is  colored  yellow  by  lactic  acid.  Butyric  acid  gives 
a  similar  reaction. 

Uffelmann  (NITRIC  ACID).  On  adding  3  or  4  drops  of  liquid  to 
be  tested  to  1.5  Cc.  H2SO4  colored  pale-pink  by  a  small  frag- 
ment diphenylamine,  a  blue  color  develops. 

Ultzmann  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  Shake  10  Cc.  urine  with  3  to  4 
Cc.  KOH  solut.  (1:3)  and  treat  with  excess  pure  HC1 — if 
biliary  pigments  present,  the  mixture  acquires  a  beautiful 
emerald-green  color. 

Ultzmann- Hoffmann  (BILIFUSCIN).     See  Hoffmann-Ultzmann. 

Umikoff  (WOMAN'S  MILK).  Mix  5  Cc.  milk  with  2.5  Cc.  io-% 
NH3,  and  heat  15  or  20  minutes  on  water-bath  at  60°  C.  If 
milk  is  that  of  a  woman  it  acquires  a  violet-red  color,  the  more 
intense  the  longer  the  period  since  the  beginning  of  lactation. 
The  milk  of  cows  or  other  graminivorous  animals,  under  simi- 
lar treatment,  acquires  a  yellowish  or  at  most  yellowish-brown 
color. 

Underwood  (GOLD  STAINING  PROCESS).  Wash  sections  of  decal- 
cified teeth  in  NaHCO3  solut.,  then  treat  for  half  to  one  hour 
with  i-%  neutral  solut.  gold  chloride,  wash  in  water,  and  re- 
duce in  i-%  formic  acid,  kept  fairly  hot  on  a  water-bath  in 
the  dark.  They  will  turn  crimson  in  about  an  hour,  arid 
should  then  be  washed  for  half  an  hour  in  cold  water  and 
mounted  in  glycerin  jelly. 

Unna  (BLEACHING  CHROMIC  OBJECTS).  The  brownish-green 
color  is  removed  by  treating  with  H2O2. 

Unna  (HEMATOXYLIN  STAIN).  "Over-ripening"  of  hematoxy- 
lin  stains,  brought  about  by  excessive  oxidation,  is  prevented 
by  adding  a  reducing  agent,  like  sulphur.  Dissolve  i  part 
hematoxylin  in  100  parts  alcohol,  and  add  to  a  solut.  of  10 
parts  alum  in  200  parts  water.  In  2  or  3  days,  when  the  solut- 
has  become  somewhat  strongly  blue,  add  2  parts  sublimed  sul- 
phur. This  fixes  the  stage  of  oxidation  attained  by  the  solut., 
and  the  latter  may  be  used  at  once  for  staining.  It  does  not 
give  so  energetic  a  stain  as  a  solut.  totally  and  instantaneously 


308  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

ripened  with  H2O2,  and  does  not  keep  so  well  as  a  solut.  con- 
taining  glycerin.  See  Mayer's  glychemalum. 

Unna  (LEPRA-BACILLUS  DOUBLE  STAIN:  DRY  METHOD).  Stain 
in  aniline-water  fuchsine  12  to  24  hours.  Differentiate  in 
10-  to  20-%  aqueous  solut.  HNO3  till  section  is  yellowish,  then 
place  in  dil.  alcohol  several  seconds  till  red  color  returns,  wash 
out  acid  with  prolonged  rinsing  in  dist.  water  or  by  dipping 
once  in  weak  NH3.  Remove  excess  of  water  from  object-glass 
with  blotting-paper  or  by  careful  heating  over  flame  i  or  2 
minutes  till  section  absolutely  dry,  and  immediately  mount 
in  chloroform  balsam. 

Unna  (STAIN  FOR  SMOOTH  MUSCLE).  Stain  sections  for  10  min- 
utes in  polychromatic  methylene-blue  solut.,  rinse  in  water, 
and  place  for  10  minutes  in  i-%  solut.  potassium  ferricyanide, 
which  fixes  the  color.  Next  differentiate  with  alcohol  con- 
taining i%  HC1,  and  after  the  collagen  ground  comes  out 
white  (about  10  minutes),  pass  the  sections  into  absolute 
alcohol  prior  to  clearing  and  mounting  in  balsam. 

Unverdorben-Franchimont  (RESINS  AND  TERPENES).  Reagent 
is  a  cone,  aqueous  solut.  copper  acetate.  Sections  of  tissue  ex- 
posed for  several  days  to  the  action  of  the  solut.  have  their 
resinous  portions  colored  emerald  green. 

Upson  (GOLD  AND  IRON  METHOD).  Material  hardened  in  the 
dark  in  potassium-bichromate  solut.  (i-%,  gradually  in- 
creased to  2-  or  2.5-%)  for  4  to  6  months  is  washed  with  water, 
treated  for  2  or  3  days  with  50-%  alcohol,  which  is  changed  as 
often  as  necessary,  and  then  left  in  95-%  until  they  show  a 
decidedly  green  color  (2  to  4  weeks),  the  alcohol  being  changed 
as  often  as  precipitates  occur.  Cut  sections  under  water  or 
by  the  celloidin  process,  and  in  the  former  case  place  them 
in  alcohol  immediately  and  leave  them  there  for  2  to  3  days. 
Next  immerse  for  i  to  2  hours  in  a  i-%  solut.  gold  chloride 
acidulated  with  2-%  HC1,  rinse  in  water,  and  treat  for  half  a 
minute  with  a  solut.  of  about  0.2  Gm.  potassium  ferrocyanide 
in  5  Cc.  io-%  solut.  KOH.  Then  wash  for  half  a  minute  more 
in  simple  KOH  solut.,  and  afterward  for  some  time  in  distilled 
water.  The  reducing  solution  is  freshly  prepared  when  re- 
quired by  mixing  5  Cc.  sulphurous  acid  and  10  to  15  drops  3-% 
tincture  iodine,  and  adding  i  drop  solut.  Pe2Cl6.  A  section  is 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3°9 

placed  on  a  piece  filter-paper  in  a  watch-glass,  the  reducing 
mixture  quickly  poured  over  it,  and  as  soon  as  a  rose-red 
color  appears  the  section  is  removed  into  distilled  water. 
After  changing  the  water  once,  place  the  section  on  a  slide  and 
immerse  in  absolute  alcohol  for  5  to  15  minutes,  then  clear  with 
clove  oil  and  mount  in  balsam.  As  the  treatment  with  potas- 
sium ferrocyanide  may  cause  the  formation  of  Prussian-blue 
in  the  tissue  subsequently,  it  is  sometimes  omitted.  The 
sections  must  be  kept  in  the  dark. 

Upson  (GOLD  AND  VANADIUM  METHOD).  Sections  prepared  as 
for  Upson 's  gold  and  iron  method  are  placed  for  2  hours  in  a 
mixture  of  5  Cc.  of  i-%  gold-chloride  solut.,  10  drops  sat. 
solut.  ammonium  vanadate,  and  3  drops  HC1.  Then  wash 
with  dist.  water,  and  place  for  half  a  minute  or  so  in  a  mixture 
of  5  Cc.  io-%  KOH  solut.,  10  drops  io-%  potassium-per- 
manganate solut.,  and  a  trace  ammonium  vanadate.  Next 
rinse  in  dist.  water,  and  treat  until  they  become  red  with  the 
reducing  fluid.  This  is  prepared  by  mixing  15  drops  3-% 
tincture  iodine  to  which  tin  chloride  has  been  added  until  it 
becomes  white  or  yellowish,  3  Cc.  dist.  water,  and  3  to  5  drops 
sat.  aqueous  solut.  iron  phosphate.  At  the  moment  of  using 
add  3  Cc.  sulphurous  acid,  pour  the  mixture  over  the  section 
as  in  Upson 's  gold  and  iron  method,  and  finish  in  accordance 
with  that  method. 

Uschinsky  (CULTURE  SOLUTION  FOR  BACTERIA).  Glycerin,  30  to 
40  Gm.;  NaCl,  5  to  7  Gm.;  CaCl2,  o.i  Gm.;  MgSO4,  0.2  to  0.4 
Gm.;  potassium  phosphate,  2  to  2.5  Gm.;  ammonium  lactate, 
6  to  7  Gm.;  sodium  asparaginate,  3  to  4  Gm. 

Uslar-Erdmann  (ALKALOIDS).     See  Erdmann-Uslar. 

Valenta  (FATS).  Intimately  mix  equal  volumes  fat  and  glacial 
acetic  acid  (sp.  gr.  1.0562)  in  a  test-tube,  and  if  no  solution 
takes  place,  heat.  Three  classes  of  oils  are  distinguished, 
according  as  solution  results  at  ordinary  temperatures,  at 
temperatures  up  to  the  boiling-point  of  glacial  acetic  acid,  or 
whether  even  then,  solution  is  incomplete.  With  oils  dissolv- 
ing on  heating,  the  temperature  is  observed  at  which,  upon 
cooling,  turbidity  first  appears.  According  to  Bach,  the  same 
observations  made  with  David's  alcoholic  acetic  acid  (q.v.)  and 
the  free  fatty  acids  separated  from  the  fats,  give  good  results. 


3io  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Valentin  (FUCHSINE  TEST).  Upon  shaking  ether  with  a  solut. 
containing  fuchsine,  the  latter  is  not  dissolved  by  the  ether; 
upon  adding  ferrous  iodide,  however,  the  ether  is  colored 
violet. 

Valzer  (ALKALOIDS).  Modification  of  Mayer's  test.  KI,  49.8 
Gm. ;  water,  i  liter.  Shake  solut,  with  excess  of  HgI2  and 
filter. 

Van  Beneden  (SUBLIMATE  SOLUTION).  Sat.  solut.  of  HgCl2  in 
25~%  acetic  acid. 

Van  Beneden- Neyt  (ACETIC  ALCOHOL).  Equal  volumes  glacial 
acetic  acid  and  absolute  alcohol. 

Van  Deen  (BLOOD).  A  blue  color  results  on  adding  to  a  highly 
dil.  solut.  containing  blood  a  few  drops  freshly  prepared  tinc- 
ture guaiac  and  a  little  ozonized  turpentine  oil. 

Van  de  Vyvere-Franqui  (GLUCOSE).  See  Franqui-Van  de 
Vyvere. 

Van  der  Velden  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  See 
Maly's  test;  also  Schuchard's  test. 

Van  Ermengen  (STAINING  FLAGELLA).  Treat  cover-glass  prep- 
arations for  5  to  30  minutes  with  a  mordant  composed  of  i 
part  2-%  solut.  osmic  acid,  2  parts  10-  to  25-%  tannin  solut., 
and  4  or  5  drops  acetic  acid  to  every  100  Cc.  mixture.  Then 
wash  in  water  and  alcohol,  place  in  a  solut.  of  AgNO3,  and  trans- 
fer for  a  few  seconds  to  a  solut.  of  gallic  acid,  5  Gm. ;  tannin, 
3  Gm. ;  sodium  acetate,  10  Gm. ;  and  dist.  water,  330  Gm. 
After  again  placing  in  the  AgNO3  solution,  wash,  and  mount 
in  balsam. 

Van  Ermengen  (STAINING  CILIA  OF  BACTERIA).  See  Ermen- 
gen ,  Van-. 

Van  Gieson  (FORMALDEHYDE  FOR  HARDENING  BRAIN).  Solu- 
tions of  formaldehyde,  of  4-,  6-,  and  io-%  are  used  and  followed 
by  95-%  alcohol. 

Van  Heurck  (MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  This  is  naphtalin  mono 
bromide,  which  has  a  refractive  index  of  1.658. 

Van  Walsem  (PARAFFIN  MASS).  For  imbedding  large  objects, 
add  to  the  paraffin  5%  yellow  wax. 

Vaudin  (MILK).  Introduce  5  drops  1:1,000  solut.  indigo-car- 
mine into  a  loo-Cc.  flask,  fill  with  milk,  seal  with  a  cork  dipped 
in  paraffin,  and  set  aside.  Fresh  milk  will  not  discharge  the 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3" 

color  for  many  hours;  stale  milk  becomes  discolored  in  pro- 
portion to  the  time  it  has  been  kept. 

Vaughan-Novy  (TYROTOXICON).  Place  2  or  3  drops  each  of 
H2SO4  and  phenol  on  a  porcelain  surface,  and  add  a  few  drops 
of  aqueous  solut.  of  ethereal  residue  of  substance — a  yellow 
to  orange-red  color  develops  if  tyrotoxicon  present.  Test  is 
only  a  preliminary  one,  and  should  always  be  followed  by  the 
physiologic  test. 

Velden  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  See  Such- 
ard's  reagent. 

Ventre-Pacha  (SUGAR).  To  10  Cc.  of  the  saccharine  liquid,  fil- 
tered and  clarified  if  necessary,  add  12  drops  of  pure  H2SO4, 
then  5  drops  solut.  of  equal  parts  of  nitrobenzene  and  alcohol, 
and  finally  20  drops  of  a  sat.  solut.  ammonium  molybdate. 
Then  boil  for  three  minutes,  when  there  develops  a  blue  color, 
which  is  the  more  intense  the  greater  the  quantity  of  sugar 
present.  This  color  is  compared  with  that  afforded  by  a  sugar 
solution  of  known  strength.  This  test  is  stated  to  afford  a 
very  intense  color  with  a  i :  1,000  sugar  solut. ;  the  best  results 
are  obtained  with  solutions  of  i :  10,000.  An  appreciable  reac- 
tion is  also  obtained  with  a  i:  100,000  solut.,  and  even  with 
one  as  dilute  as  i :  1,000,000. 

Verven  (ALKALOIDS).     See  Marmes  reagent. 

Verworn  (NARCOTIZATION).  On  placing  Cristatella  for  a  few 
minutes  in  io-%  solut.  chloral  hydrate,  they  are  killed  and 
sooner  or  later  become  extended. 

Vetere,  Di-  (CASTOR-OIL).     See  Di-Vetere. 

Viallanes  (CELLOIDIN  IMBEDDING).  Celloidin  is  hardened  by 
immersing  imbedded  mass  in  chloroform  for  a  few  hours. 

Viallanes  (GOLD  METHOD).  Tissues  are  treated  with  i-%  osmic 
acid  until  they  begin  to  turn  brown,  then  with  25-%  formic 
acid  for  10  minutes.  Next  place  in  gold-chloride  solut. 
(i:  5,000  or  weaker)  for  24  hours,  in  the  dark,  and  afterward 
reduce  in  the  light  with  25-%  formic  acid. 

Vidan  (SUGAR).  A  pink  color  develops  on  heating  to  boiling 
point  equal  volumes  sesame  oil  and  HC1,  and  adding  suspected 
liquid. 

Vignal-Ranvier  (OSMIUM  MIXTURE).  Fixing  solution  is  a  mix- 
ture of  equal  volumes  i-%  osmic  acid  and  90-%  alcohol. 


312  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Objects  are  afterward  washed  out  in  8o-%  alcohol,  then 
washed  with  water,  and  stained  for  48  hours  in  picro-carmine 
or  hematoxylin.  This  method  has  been  applied  by  Viallanes 
to  the  histology  of  insects. 

Vignal-Ranvier  (PICRO-CARMINE).     See  Ranvier. 

Villa vecchia-Fabri  (SESAME  OIL).  This  modified  Baudouin's 
test  is  prepared  by  dissolving  2  Gm.  furfurol  in  100  Cc.  alcohol. 
On  shaking  10  Cc.  suspected  oil  for  half  a  minute  with  o.i  Cc. 
furfurol  solut.  and  10  Cc.  HC1  (sp.  gr.  1.19)  a  red  color  develops 
if  sesame  oil  present. 

Ville  (CARMINE  INJECTION  MASS).  Mass  is  prepared  exactly 
like  Ranvier1 s,  except  that  it  is  more  carefully  neutralized, 
dichroic  litmus  paper  being  employed  as  an  indicator. 

Villiers-Fayolle  (ALDEHYDES  AND  KETONES).  Reagent  is  pre- 
pared by  adding  just  enough  H2SO3  to  a  solut.  of  magenta  to 
decolorize  it  on  long  standing. 

Villiers-Fayolle  (HYDROBROMIC  ACID).  Add  to  liquid  (free 
from  HNO3)  an  excess  of  Fe2Cl6  solut.  free  from  free  chlorine. 
Iodine,  if  present,  separates  out  and  crystallizes,  and  is  vola- 
tilized on  evaporating  mixture  to  dryness  and  further  heating 
on  water-bath.  HBr  remains  unaffected.  Add  a  little  water 
to  residue,  ppt.  Fe  with  an  alkali,  add  excess  of  HC1  to  filtrate, 
then  add  chlorine  water  drop  by  drop,  shaking  the  liquid  with 
CS2 — latter  is  immediately  colored  yellow  by  liberated  Br. 

Villiers-Fayolle  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  AND  CHLORINE).  Even 
traces  of  chlorine  in  acid  aniline  solution  (400  Cc.  sat.  aqueous 
aniline  solut.,  and  100  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid)  yield  brownish 
to  black  ppts.;  aniline  solut.  containing  ortho-toluidine  (looCc. 
sat.  aqueous  aniline  solut.,  200  Cc.  sat.  aqueous  ortho-toluidine 
solut.,  and  30  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid),  yield  a  blue  color, 
changed  to  reddish- violet  on  applying  heat  or  cold.  Br  and  I 
give  no  color  reactions  with  above  mixtures,  although  Br 
yields  a  white  ppt.  To  apply  this  test  to  the  halogen  hy- 
dracids,  the  halogens  are  liberated  from  their  combinations  by 
heating  with  dil.  H2SO4  and  KMnO4. 

Villiers-Fayolle  (SUGARS,  ALDEHYDES,  AND  KETONES).  Re- 
agent is  a  solut.  rosaniline  decolorized  by  sulphurous  acid. 
The  solut.  again  becomes  red  on  adding  aldehydes,  grape  sugar, 
invert  sugar,  galactose,  and  reducing  dextrins,  but  remains 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3*3 

colorless  with  ketones,  levulin,  and  sorbin.  Cane  sugar  mal- 
tose and  lactose  give  at  first  no  color,  but  in  a  few  days  the 
red  color  develops  and  increases  in  intensity. 

Vincent  (DIFFERENTIATING  ALPHA-NAPHTOL  FROM  BETA-NAPH- 
TOL).  lodic  acid  gives  with  alpha-naphtol  a  flocculent, 
whitish-yellow  ppt.,  rapidly  becoming  violet;  with  beta- 
naphtol  the  ppt.  gradually  becomes  red,  and  after  a  time  the 
liquid  has  a  reddish  color,  while  the  ppt.  is  reddish-brown. 

Violette  (GLUCOSE).     Identical  with  Fehling's  solution  (q.  v.). 

Virchow  (CHROMIC  OBJECTS).  Ppt.  formed  on  the  surface  of 
preparations  treated  with  chromic  acid  or  a  chromate  and 
placed  in  alcohol  for  hardening  or  preservation,  is  entirely  pre- 
vented by  keeping  preparations  in  the  dark.  The  alcohol 
should  be  changed  as  it  becomes  yellow. 

Vital!  (ALKALOIDS).  Color  reactions  are  afforded:  i. — On 
evaporating  to  dryness  with  fuming  HNO3,  and  adding  i  drop 
alcoholic  KOH  solut.  2. — On  treating  with  H2SO4,  with  or 
without  KC1O3,  and  adding  an  alkaline  sulphide.  A  tr opine 
causes  a  violet  color,  changing  to  a  fine  red,  when  treated  by 
the  first  method.  Morphine  dissolved  in  H2SO4,  and  treated 
cautiously  after  adding  2  drops  of  Na2S  solut.  produces  a  flesh 
color,  changing  to  violet  and  then  to  dark-green. 

Vitali  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).  A  violet  color  develops  on  adding 
to  the  urine  a  solut.  quinine  bisulphate,  neutralizing  with  NH3, 
taking  up  with  H2SO4,  and  adding  a  crystal  of  sugar  with  a 
little  alcohol.  See  Gmelin's  reaction. 

Vitali  (BLOOD).  Extract  suspected  stain  with  KOH  solut., 
acidulate  solut.  with  acetic  acid,  and  add  tincture  guaiac.  If 
no  blue  color  appears  within  2  hours,  addition  of  turpentine 
or  eucalyptus  oil  will  immediately  develop  color  if  blood 
present. 

Vitali  (CHLORATES).  If  a  drop  of  aqueous  aniline-sulphate  solut. 
be  mixed  with  a  few  drops  cone.  H2SO4  and  added  to  a  solut. 
of  a  chlorate,  a  deep-blue  color  results,  intensified  on  diluting 
with  a  few  drops  water.  Reaction  is  not  given  by  nitrates. 

Vitali  (CHLOROFORM).  Pass  a  current  of  hydrogen  through 
water  and  ignite  as  it  escapes  through  a  jet  tipped  with  plati- 
num, i. — The  colorless  flame  becomes  blue  or  green  when  a 
fine  copper  wire  is  introduced  into  it,  if  a  liquid  containing 


3U  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

chloroform  or  any  other  volatile  chlorine  compound  be  poured 
into  the  water.  2 . — A  red  color  is  produced  on  passing  the  gas 
as  above  into  a  mixture  of  thymol  and  KOH  solut. 

Vital!  (DIFFERENTIATING  ATROPINE  FROM  STRYCHNINE),  i. — 
Air  opine  oxidized  with  HNO3  (particularly  immediately  after 
evaporating  the  acid)  develops  a  pleasant  odor  (like  haw- 
thorn); strychnine  does  not.  2. — Strychnine  turns  yellow 
during  oxidation,  and,  after  HNO3  is  evaporated,  residue  also 
is  yellow;  atr opine  gives  no  yellow  color  or  yellow  residue. 
3. — Add  alcoholic  KOH,  and  evaporate  alcohol — air  opine 
gives  a  violet  residue,  becoming  deeper  on  adding  more  KOH; 
strychnine  gives  a  yellow  or  reddish-yellow  residue,  becoming 
reddish- violet  on  adding  KOH.  4. — Add  water  after  adding 
alcoholic  KOH — with  atropine  the  color  will  disappear;  with 
strychnine  it  becomes  yellow.  5. — Oxidize  atropine  with 
HNO3,  evaporate  acid,  and  treat  residue  with  NH3 — little 
drops  appear  which  give  a  violet  color  with  alcoholic  KOH; 
with  strychnine  the  NH3  gives  a  reddish-orange  color,  and  the 
KOH  a  violet  one. 

Vital!  (DIFFERENTIATING  CHLORINE,  BROMINE,  AND  IODINE 
DERIVATIVES),  i. — On  adding  a  few  drops  solut.  of  a  bro- 
mine salt  to  a  solut.  of  manganous  sulphate  acidulated  with 
H2SO4,  a  violet  color  develops  (chlorine  and  iodine  give  none). 
2. — Hydroxylamine  sulphate  reduces  iodides  in  the  cold,  and 
bromides  with  heat,  but  chlorides  not  at  all,  hot  or  cold.  3. — 
Phenylhydrazine  sulphate  acts  like  hydroxylamine  sulphate, 
but  the  liberated  iodine  acts  on  the  phenylhydrazine  and  forms 
a  red  ppt.  KBr  affords  a  reddish-brown  ppt.  on  heating. 
Chlorides  give  no  ppt.  hot  or  cold.  4. — Hypophosphorous 
acid  reduces  iodides  in  the  cold,  bromides  on  warming,  and 
chlorides  not  at  all,  hot  or  cold. 

Vital!  (FUSEL  OIL).  Red  to  green  colors  are  produced  on  over- 
laying a  liquid  containing  fusel  oil  on  H2SO4. 

Vital!  (MARTIUS'  YELLOW  [NAPHTOL-YELLOW;  BUTTER-YELLOW] 
IN  URINE),  i. — Evaporate  ethereal  extract  of  suspected  liq- 
uid; the  residue  is  colored  red  upon  treatment  with  KCN  solu- 
tion if  Martius'  yellow  present.  If  the  ethereal  solution  is 
shaken  with  KOH  solut.,  and  the  latter  then  acidulated, 
woollen  fibers  mordanted  with  alum  will  be  tinged  yellow  when 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3J5 

dipped  into  the  acidulated  solution,  even  when  only  o.oooooi 
Gm.  naphtol-yellow  present.  2. — A  solut.  of  naphtol-yellow 
(even  in  urine)  gives  a  green  lake  with  cobalt  chloride  and 
KOH.  3. — The  same  solution,  with  SnCl2  and  subsequently 
with  NH3  yields  a  white  ppt.,  which  becomes  rose-red  on  add- 
ing more  NH3. 

Vital!  (QUININE  IN  URINE).  Make  alkaline  a  fairly  large  quan- 
tity of  urine,  and  shake  out  with  ether.  Add  a  few  drops  HC1 
to  ethereal  extract,  and  evaporate,  dissolve  residue  in  water, 
treat  solution  once  more  with  NH3  and  ether,  and,  after  evap- 
orating latter,  dissolve  residue  in  an  acid,  and  add  chlorine 
water  and  NH3 — an  intense  emerald-green  color  develops. 

Vital!  (THYMOL).  A  red  color  develops  on  distilling  and  pass- 
ing the  vapors  into  a  mixture  of  chloroform  and  KOH  solut. 

Vital!- Arnold  (ALKALOIDS).     See  Arnold-Vitali. 

Vitali-Stroppa  (CONIINE).  i. — Add  a  few  drops  of  a  1:200 
solut.  potassium  permanganate  in  cone.  H2SO4  to  coniine  or 
one  of  its  salts,  and  stir  with  a  glass  rod — the  green  color  of 
the  solut.  changes  to  violet.  2. — Carefully  evaporate  minute 
quantity  of  coniine  with  a  few  drops  cone.  HNO3 — a  dark- 
yellow  residue  remains,  and  which,  treated  with  a  few  drops 
KOH  solut.  yields  a  reddish-brown  oil  of  characteristic  hem- 
lock odor.  The  oil,  evaporated  to  dryness,  gives  a  brownish- 
black  residue,  yielding  with  cone.  H2SO4  an  almost  colorless 
solut.,  changed  to  yellow  by  water  and  excess  of  NH3. 

Vogel  (ALCOHOL).  A  blue  color  develops  on  shaking  chloroform 
containing  alcohol  with  KOH,  and  applying  to  a  piece  of  moist- 
ened red  litmus  paper. 

Vogel  (CARBON  BISULPHIDE).  A  lemon-yellow  ppt.  forms  on 
adding  to  a  liquid  containing  carbon  disulphide  an  alcoholic 
solut.  KOH,  followed  by  a  solut.  CuSO4. 

Vogel  (CHENOPODIUM  SEED  IN  FLOUR).  Chenopodium  seed  is 
indicated  by  a  rose-red  color  on  digesting  the  flour  for  a  few 
hours  with  alcoholic  HC1. 

Vogel  (FERRIC  SALTS).  A  violet  color  is  produced  with  salicylic 
acid  in  slightly  acid  solut. 

Vogel  (FLOUR).  Mixture  of  alcohol  (70-%),  95,  and  HC1,  5. 
Heat  a  small  sample  of  the  flour  to  boiling  in  the  test-tube  with 
the  reagent  after  shaking,  and  allow  to  subside.  If  the  flour  be 


3l6  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

pure,  the  fluid  is  colorless;  gruffs,  with  bran,  are  indicated  by  a 
straw-colored  tint.  Corn-cockle  flour  is  betrayed  by  an 
orange-yellow ;  vetches  by  a  pink ;  ergot  by  a  flesh  color ;  buck- 
wheat by  a  green  color. 

Vogel  (GLUCOSE).  A  modified  Mulder's  test  (q.  v.),  in  which 
litmus  is  used  instead  of  indigo. 

Vogel  (NARCEINE).  A  blood-red  color  develops  on  adding 
chlorine  water  and  a  few  drops  NH3,  and  does  not  disappear 
on  adding  excess  of  NH3. 

Vogel  (NITRIC  ACID).  Nitric  acid  in  water  is  indicated  by  a  red- 
violet  color  on  boiling  15  Cc.  water  with  a  little  gold  leaf  and  a 
few  drops  pure  HC1,  then  filtering  and  adding  SnCl2. 

Vogel  (QUININE),  i. — A  pink  or  red  color  develops  on  treating 
with  chlorine  water  and  adding  potassium  ferrocyanide  in  fine 
powder.  2. — If  potassium  ferrocyanide  and  bromine  water 
be  added  to  a  quinine  solution  until  a  faint  yellow  tint  results 
and  dil.  NH3  be  then  added,  a  red  color  develops.  Blaise  states 
that  the  potassium  ferrocyanide  is  not  essential  to  this  reac- 
tion, tending  only  to  render  the  color  more  permanent.  If 
strong  NH3  be  added  to  the  red  solut.,  the  color  changes  to 
green.  If  half-saturated  bromine  water  be  added  to  0.25-% 
solut.  quinine  until  the  commencement  of  a  yellow  reaction, 
and  if  i-  to  2-%  NH3  be  dropped  in  after  half  a  minute,  a  red 
color  is  obtained  which  changes  to  green  on  adding  cone.  NH3. 

Vogel  (SULPHURIC  ACID).  Chlorine  is  evolved  on  adding  KC103 
to  vinegar  containing  H2SO4. 

Vogel  (TANNIN).  Chlorine  water  and  a  few  drops  NH3  cause  a 
blood-red  color. 

Vogel  (TURPENTINE  OIL).  The  color  of  an  essential  oil  contain- 
ing turpentine  is  altered  on  mixing  5  drops  with  i  drop  of 
H2S04. 

Vohl  (SULPHUR).  A  black  color  develops  on  heating  substance 
with  the  clear  liquid  decanted  from  a  mixture  of  glycerin  and 
water  (2  :  i),  saturated  with  slaked  lime  and  freshly-prepared 
lead  hydroxide. 

Volhard  (SILVER  CHLORIDES,  IODIDES,  BROMIDES).  This  method 
of  determination  requires  four  solutions.  i. — Decinormal 
ammonic  thiocyanate,  made  by  dissolving  about  8  Gm.  ammo- 
nium thiocyanate  per  liter,  and  adjusting  to  decinormal 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3*7 

strength  with  decinormal  silver  nitrate.  2. — Decinormal  sil- 
ver solut.  3. — Sat.  solut.  of  iron  alum.  4. — Pure  nitric  acid. 
To  standardize  the  thiocyanate  solution,  place  50  Cc.  deci- 
normal silver  solut.  in  a  flask,  add  5  Cc.  ferric  indicator,  and 
10  Cc.  nitric  acid.  The  thiocyanate  is  then  run  in  until  a 
faint  brown  color  develops;  this  should  require  50  Cc.  To 
determine  chlorides,  the  difference  between  the  amounts  of 
silver  and  thiocyanate  solutions  added  indicates  the  silver 
used  up  by  the  salts. 

Vom  Rath  (PiCRO-OsMic  ACID).  200  Cc.  sat.  aqueous  solut.  picric 
acid,  12  Cc.  2-%  osmic  acid  solut.,  and  2  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid. 

Vom  Rath  (PICRO-PLATINIC  MIXTURE).  200  Cc.  sat.  aqueous 
solut.  picric  acid,  i  Gm.  platinic  chloride  dissolved  in  10  Cc. 
water,  and  2  Cc.  glacial  acetic  acid. 

Vom  Rath  (PiCRO-PLATiN-OsMic  MIXTURE).  Add  25  Cc.  2-% 
osmic-acid  solut.  to  the  picro-platinic  mixture. 

Vom  Rath  (PICRO-SUBLIMATE  MIXTURE),  i  part  cold  sat.  solut. 
picric  acid,  i  part  hot  sat.  sublimate  solut.,  and  0.5  to  i% 
glacial  acetic  acid.  Objects  are  fixed  in  this  for  several  hours 
and  then  brought  direct  into  alcohol. 

Vom  Rath  (PicRO-SuBLiMATE-OsMic  MIXTURE).  Add  10%  of 
2-%  osmic-acid  solut.  to  the  picro-sublimate  mixture. 

Von  Duyck  (INDICATOR).  Perezol;  Pipitzahoic  Acid.  Gives 
with  alkalies  a  pink  to  mauve  rose,  rendered  colorless  by 
acids. 

Von  Ebner  (DECALCIFICATION  MIXTURES),  i. — Mix  100  Cc.  cold 
sat.  aqueous  solut.  NaCl,  100  Cc.  water,  and  4  Cc.  HC1.  Prep- 
arations are  placed  in  this,  and  i  or  2  Cc.  HC1  added  daily 
until  they  are  soft.  2. — Mix  2.5  parts  HC1,  500  alcohol,  100 
water,  and  2.5  NaCl. 

Von  Koch  (COPAL  IMBEDDING  METHOD).  This  is  a  valuable 
method  for  the  study  of  corals  and  other  objects  in  which  hard 
and  soft  parts  are  intimately  combined.  Small  pieces  of  tissue 
are  stained  in  bulk  and  dehydrated  with  alcohol,  then  im- 
mersed in  a  thin  solut.  of  copal  in  chloroform,  prepared  by 
triturating  small  fragments  of  copal  with  fine  sand,  adding 
chloroform,  and  subsequently  filtering.  The  capsule  containing 
the  objects  and  the  copal  solut.  is  gently  heated  on  a  tile  by 
means  of  a  night-light  placed  beneath  it,  and  as  soon  as  the 


31 8  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

solut.  is  so  far  concentrated  as  to  draw  out  into  brittle  threads 
on  cooling,  the  objects  are  removed  from  the  capsule  and  left 
to  dry  for  a  few  days  on  the  tile.  When  they  have  attained 
such  a  degree  of  hardness  that  they  cannot  be  indented  by  a 
finger-nail,  sections  are  cut  from  them  by  means  of  a  fine  saw. 
These  are  then  rubbed  down  even  and  smooth  on  one  side  with 
a  hone,  and  cemented  with  the  smooth  sides  downward  on 
slides,  Canada  balsam  or  copal  solut.  being  employed  for  the 
purpose.  Leave  the  slides  for  a  few  days  on  the  warmed  tile, 
and,  as  soon  as  the  cement  is  perfectly  hard,  rub  down  the 
sections  on  a  grindstone,  then  on  a  hone,  to  the  requisite  thin- 
ness, and  polish.  Finally,  wash  with  water  and  mount  in 
balsam.  A  variation  of  this  plan  is  to  imbed  the  objects  un- 
stained, remove  the  copal  from  the  sections  by  soaking  in 
chloroform,  decalcify  if  necessary,  and  then  stain.  Or,  after 
removing  the  copal,  a  section  may  be  cemented  to  a  slide  by 
means  of  hard  Canada  balsam,  the  exposed  half  of  the  speci- 
men being  then  cautiously  decalcified  and  stained. 

Von  March!  (NERVE  STAIN).  Harden  the  nerves  for  a  week  in 
Muller's  solut.,  then  place  for  a  few  days  in  a  mixture  of  2  parts 
Muller's  solut.  and  i  part  of  i-%  osmic-acid  solut.  This 
method  gives  positive  images  of  the  degenerated  elements, 
whereas  that  of  Weigert  gives  negative  ones  only. 

Von  Mtiller  (INDICATOR),  i. — Tropaeolin  OO.  Gives  with 
alkalies  a  yellow  color ;  with  acids  a  yellowish-red  to  red.  2. — 
Tropaeolin  OOO  No.  2.  Gives  with  alkalies  a  red  color,  and 
with  acids  a  yellow. 

Von  Wistinghausen  (BLFING  SECTIONS).  For  neutralizing  or 
bluing  hematoxylin-stained  tissues,  add  3  to  5  drops  sat.  solut. 
NaHCO3  in  70-%  alcohol  to  a  watch-glass  filled  with  70-% 
alcohol,  in  which  the  tissues  are  soaking.  See  Squire's 
method. 

Vortmann  (HYDROCYANIC  ACID).  Add  first  a  few  drops  solut. 
potassium  nitrite,  then  2  to  4  drops  solut.  Fe2Cl6,  then  dil. 
H2SO4  until  light-yellow  color,  heat  to  boiling,  allow  to  cool, 
add  NH3,  filter,  and  to  filtrate  add  ammonium  sulphide — a 
bluish-green  to  violet-red  color  develops  if  HCN  present. 

Vosseler  (VENICE-TURPENTINE  MOUNTING  MEDIUM).  Mix 
commercial  Venice  turpentine  with  an  equal  volume  of  96-% 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  3X9 

alcohol  in  a  tall  cylinder  glass,  allow  to  stand  in  a  warm  place 
3  or  4  weeks,  and  then  decant.  Microscopic  preparations  may 
be  mounted  in  this  medium  without  previous  clearing  with 
essentials  oils,  etc.,  and  as  its  refractive  index  is  below  that  of 
Canada  balsam  or  dammer,  delicate  details  are  more  distinctly 
brought  out.  Stains  keep  well  in  the  medium.  See  also 
Suchannek's  formula. 

Vosseler  (WAX  FEET).  To  complete  dissociation  of  macerated 
tissue  the  plan  is  sometimes  adopted  of  placing  the  tissue  on 
a  slide,  covering  it  with  a  thin  glass-cover  supported  on  four 
little  feet  made  of  pellets  of  soft  wax,  and  tapping  the  cover 
with  a  needle  so  as  to  press  it  down  gradually  and  segregate 
the  cells  of  the  tissue  by  the  repeated  shocks.  When  the  seg- 
regation has  proceeded  far  enough,  mounting  medium  is  added 
and  the  mount  closed.  Vosseler  obtained  a  good  material  for 
making  the  wax  feet  by  melting  white  wax  and  stirring  into  it 
one-half  to  two-thirds  its  bulk  Venice  turpentine. 

Vreven  (DIFFERENTIATING  CREOSOTE  FROM  GUAIACOL).  Mix 
i  drop  liquid,  2  to  3  drops  ether,  and  i  to  2  drops  cone.  HNO3, 
add  2  drops  HC1,  and  shake  in  a  test-tube.  The  mixture, 
especially  the  ethereal  layer,  becomes  reddish-brown.  Let 
ether  evaporate  spontaneously — if  guaiacol  present  acicular 
crystals  soon  deposit;  in  the  case  of  creosote,  only  minute  oily 
drops  form.  Carbolic  acid  also  yields  crystals,  but  these  can 
be  readily  distinguished  from  those  obtained  from  guaiacol. 

Vreven  (TROPINE).  With  a  solut.  of  potassium-cadmium  iodide 
tropine  in  slightly  acid  solut.  gives  a  ppt.  of  well-defined  hex- 
agonal tablets,  very  soluble  in  water  (hence  a  cone,  slightly  acid 
solution  must  be  employed),  and  melting  at  200°  C.  With 
phosphomolybdic  acid  tropine  in  slightly  acid  solut.  gives  a 
yellowish  ppt.  forming  crystalline  needles. 

Vrij,  De  (ALKALOIDS).  Reagent  is  phosphomolybdic  acid. 
See  Sonnenschein's  reagent. 

Vrij,  De  (QUININE).     See  De  Vrij. 

Vulpius  (ACETANILID).  Boil  a  few  centigrammes  acetanilid  with 
i  Cc.  potassa  lye,  and  suspend  a  drop  filtered  chlorinated-lime 
solut.  on  a  glass  rod  over  the  hot  mixture.  The  drop  is  soon 
colored  yellow  (with  a  violet  tinge  by  reflected  light);  upon 
continued  heating  it  turns  violet. 


320  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Vulpius  (SULFONAL).  Upon  heating  sulfonal  with  KCN  the 
odor  of  mercaptan  develops.  The  fused  mass  yields  a  red  color 
when  treated  with  Fe2Cl6  (sulphocyanate  reaction). 

Waage  (BOMBAY  MACE).  3-  to  5-%  solut.  potassium  bichro- 
mate colors  secretion  of  mace  reddish-brown.  The  alcoholic 
mace  extract  may  either  be  examined,  or  microscopical  sec- 
tions may  be  warmed  with  reagent  and  the  colorations  pro- 
duced examined.  In  yellow  Bombay  mace  green  bodies  are 
observed  as  well  as  brown. 

Wachhausen  (IODINE).  Paraldehyde  liberates  iodine  from  its 
combinations  with  K,  Na,  and  Fe  much  more  completely,  al- 
though more  slowly,  than  other  reagents  (as  Cl,  Fe2Cl6, 
KMnO4,  etc.).  The  I  may  be  recognized  by  starch  paste. 

Waddington  (ARAB IN  FOR  SERIAL  SECTIONS).  Prepare  a  puri- 
fied gum  arabic  for  serial  section  mounting  by  dissolving  gum 
in  distilled  water,  filtering,  pouring  filtrate  into  alcohol,  and 
washing  the  white  pasty  mass  with  alcohol  until  washings  are 
free  from  water.  The  white  powder  obtained  on  drying  dis- 
solve in  distilled  water  and  filter  twice.  Slides  coated  with 
this  solut.  are  drained  and  dried,  and  may  then  be  preserved 
ready  for  use  indefinitely. 

Wade  (BORIC  ACID).  Boil  o.i  Gm.  substance  with  0.5  Cc.  HC1 
and  10  Cc.  methyl  alcohol,  and  continue  boiling  until  liquid 
evaporated  to  small  volume  (in  a  test-tube),  while  a  moist- 
ened piece  of  turmeric  paper  is  held  to  the  mouth  of  the  tube  in 
contact  with  vapors — if  boric  acid  present  the  characteristic 
red  color  develops  on  paper. 

Wagner  (ALKALOIDS).  A  solut.  of  I  and  KI  (decinormal  I  solut.) 
throws  down  brown  ppt.  with  aqueous  solut.  of  alkaloidal  salts. 

Wagner  (EOSINE).     The  color  is  discharged  by  collodion. 

Wagner- Fresenius  (SOLUTION).     Solut.  of  I  in  KI  solut. 

Waldeyer  (DECALCIFICATION  OF  BONE).  To  o.i-%  solut.  of 
palladium  chloride  add  one-tenth  its  volume  HC1. 

Wallach  (SESQUITERPENE).  Dissolve  ethereal  oil  to  be  exam- 
ined, or  a  fraction  of  it,  in  a  large  volume  glacial  acetic  acid, 
and  gradually  add  a  little  cone.  H2SO4;  a  green,  then  a  beauti- 
ful indigo-blue,  color  develops,  which  is  considered  to  indicate 
presence  of  a  sesquiterpene. 

Waller- Hue bl  (IODINE  SOLUTION).     See  Huebl-W aller . 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  321 

Walz  (FIXED  OILS  IN   ESSENTIAL  OILS).     Color  reactions  are 

produced  on  adding  a  syrupy  solut.  SbCl3. 

Wangerin  (APOMORPHINE  AND  MORPHINE).  A  solut.  of  0.3 
Gm.  each  of  uranium  acetate  and  sodium  acetate  in  100  Cc. 
water  gives  with  a  morphine  solution  a  hyacinth-red  to  orange- 
yellow  reaction,  but  with  apomorphine  solutions  it  gives  a 
brown  ppt.  which  is  dissolved  by  dilute  acids,  yielding  a  color- 
less solut.,  but  which  is  again  thrown  down  in  the  colorless 
liquid  on  adding  an  alkali.  As  the  toxins  and  most  other 
alkaloids  do  not  react  like  morphine  and  apomorphine,  this 
test  may  serve  for  identifying  these  two  alkaloids. 
Wanklyn  (ALKALINE  PERMANGANATE  SOLUTION).  KOH  .  200 
Gm.,  KMnO4  8  Gm.,  and  dist.  water  1,000  Cc.  Boil  off  about 
250  Cc.,  then  make  up  to  i  liter  with  ammonia-free  water. 
Wanklyn  (AMMONIUM-CHLORIDE  SOLUTIONS).  For  the  stronger 
solut.  dissolve  3.15  Gm.  NH4C1  in  1,000  Cc.  dist.  water;  i  Cc. 
equals  o.oi  Gm.  NH3.  For  the  weaker  solution  mix  10  Cc. 
stronger  solut.  with  990  Cc.  water;  i  Cc.  equals  o.ooi  Gm.  NH3. 
Wanklyn  (STANDARD  SOAP  SOLUTION).  Dissolve  10  Gm.  of 
Castile  soap  (containing  60%  oleic  acid)  in  i  liter  methylated 
alcohol  (35-%).  Standardized  against  solut.  of  i.n  Gm. 
pure  fused  CaCl2  in  i  ,000  Cc.  dist.  water. 

Wanklyn  (STANDARD  SILVER-NITRATE  SOLUTION).  Dissolve 
4.79  Gm.  AgNO3  in  1,000  Cc.  dist.  water;  i  Cc.  equals  o.ooi 
Gm.  Cl. 

Warburg  (EHRLICH-BIONDI  MIXTURE).  Ehrlich-Biondi  mix- 
ture is  acidified  by  diluting  2  Cc.  mixture  with  40  Cc.  dist. 
water  and  adding  3  Cc.  0.5-%  solut.  acid  fuchsine  and  0.2  Cc. 
0.2-%  acetic  acid. 

Warington  (CITRIC  ACID  IN  LIME  AND  LEMON  JUICE).  Ex- 
actly neutralize  15  to  20  Cc.  juice,  or  3  or  4  Cc.  of  cone,  juice, 
with  normal  NaOH  and  make  up  to  50  Cc.,  then  heat  to  boil- 
ing and  add  a  slight  excess  of  CaCl2  solut.  The  mixture  is 
boiled  for  30  minutes,  the  ppt.  collected  and  washed  with  hot 
water,  filtrate  and  washings  conc'd  to  about  15  Cc.  and  a  drop 
NH3  added,  the  ppt.  collected  on  a  small  filter  and  washed  with 
boiling  water.  Both  filters  with  their  ppts.  are  dried,  ignited 
at  a  low  red  heat,  and  the  ash  titrated  with  decinormal  acid, 
each  Cc.  of  which  equals  0.007  Gm.  citric  acid. 


322  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Warren  (GLUCOSE).     Like  Trommer's  test  (q.  v.). 

Wartha  (ANTHRAQUINONE).  A  green  to  bluish-purple  develops 
on  heating  anthraquinone  with  KOH  and  a  little  alcohol. 

Wartha  (SULPHUR  IN  ILLUMINATING  GAS).  A  red  color  develops 
on  adding  a  drop  sodium-nitroprusside  solut.  to  a  soda  bead 
that  has  been  passed  along  the  outer  part  of  the  gas-flame, 
then  held  for  a  minute  in  the  luminous  part  of  the  flame  and 
crushed. 

Wassilieff-Bogomolow  (ALBUMIN  AND  PEPTONES).  See  Bogo- 
molow-Wassilieff. 

Wasilewsky  (BELLADONNA  IN  MIXTURES).  Extract  with  very 
dil.  HC1,  evaporate  to  syrupy  consistency,  mix  with  alcohol, 
filter,  evaporate  off  the  alcohol,  shake  out  with  ether,  amylic 
alcohol,  benzene,  or  petroleum  ether,  make  alkaline  with  NH3, 
and  shake  out  with  chloroform.  The  residue  left  on  evaporat- 
ing the  chloroform  may  then  be  purified,  and  the  atropine 
tests  applied. 

Watson  (GALLIC  ACID).  A  red  color  develops  on  adding  NH3 
and  HC1  to  an  aqueous  solut.  gallic  acid. 

Watson  (PYROGALLIC  ACID).  A  lemon-yellow  color  develops  on 
adding  NH3  to  an  aqueous  solut.  pyrogallic  acid. 

Watson  (TANNIN).  A  purple  color  develops  on  adding  NH3  and 
HNO3  to  an  aqueous  solut.  tannin. 

Wayne  (GLUCOSE).  Dissolve  2  Gm.  of  CuSO4,  10  Gm.  KOH, 
and  10  Gm.  glycerin  in  200  Gm.  water.  Glucose  reduces  the 
diluted  solut.  upon  warming,  cuprous  oxide  separating 
out. 

Webb  (DEXTRIN  FREEZING  MASS).  A  thick  solut.  dextrin  (i  :4) 
in  aqueous  solut.  carbolic  acid  is  used  for  imbedding,  and 
subsequently  frozen. 

Weber  (BLOOD).  A  blue  color  results  on  treating  urine,  or  other 
liquid  containing  blood,  with  glacial  acetic  acid,  shaking  out 
with  ether  and  adding  to  the  separated  ethereal  layer  old 
resinified  turpentine  oil,  together  with  a  few  drops  of  freshly 
prepared  io-%  tincture  guaiac.  Compare  Almen's  test. 

Weber  (!NDICAN).  Heat  to  boiling  30  Cc.  urine  containing  indi- 
can  with  30  Cc.  HC1,  then  cool  and  shake  with  ether— a  blue 
foam  will  form,  whilst  the  ethereal  layer  will  be  colored  red. 
See  MacMunn's  test. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  323 

Wedl  (ORSEILLE  OR  ORCHELLA  STAIN).  Mix  5  Cc.  acetic  acid, 
20  Cc.  absolute  alcohol,  and  40  Cc.  dist.  water,  then  add  suffi- 
cient archil,  from  which  excess  of  NH3  has  been  driven  off,  to 
form  a  dark-reddish  fluid. 

Weichselbaum  (TUBERCLE  STAIN).  Stain  as  with  Ziehl-Neel- 
sen,  then,  after  rinsing  in  water,  place  directly  in  a  cone,  alco- 
holic solut.  methylene  blue,  where  cover-glass  is  allowed  to 
remain  until  evenly  stained  blue;,  then  rinse  in  water. 
Weidel  (XANTHINE  BODIES).  Dissolve  in  warm  Cl  water,  evap- 
orate on  water-bath,  and  treat  under  bell- jar  with  NH3 — a 
dark-pink  or  purple  develops,  changed  to  violet  by  KOH 
or  NaOH.  Reaction  afforded  by  xanthine,  heteroxanthine, 
paraxanthine,  and  carmine. 

Weigert  (AMMONIACAL  GENTIAN  VIOLET).  Stronger  ammonia, 
0.5  Gm.;  gentian  violet,  2  Gm.;  absolute  alcohol,  10  Gm. ; 
dist.  water,  90  Gm. 

Weigert  (BACTERIA  STAIN).  Treat  section  with  a  sat.  solut. 
gentian  violet  or  methylene  violet  in  aniline  water.  If  sec- 
tion is  stained  on  object-glass,  remove  excess  of  stain  with 
blotting-paper,  and  drop  solut.  KI  on  it.  In  this  case  allow 
stain  to  remain  in  contact  with  section  only  a  very  short  time. 
The  sections  stained  in  a  saucer  are  afterward  washed  in  a 
solut.  NaCl,  placed  upon  the  object-glass,  dried,  and  treated 
with  KI.  Afterward  dry  again  with  blotting-paper  and  drop 
on  it  aniline  several  times.  Then  remove  the  aniline  from  the 
now  transparent  section  with  xylene  and  mount  in  balsam. 
Weigert  (BACTERIA  STAINS).  Dissolve  2  to  4  Gm.  methylene 
blue  (or  2  Gm.  fuchsine  or  2  Gm.  victoria  blue)  in  15  Cc.  alco- 
hol, and  dilute  solut.  with  85  Cc.  water. 

Weigert  (CLEARING  CELLOIDIN  SECTIONS).  A  mixture  of  3  parts 
xylene  with  i  part  anhydrous  carbolic  acid  is  used.  As  this 
mixture  discolors  basic  aniline  stains,  replace  the  carbolic  acid 
with  xylene  when  they  are  employed. 

Weigert  (CORRECTING  PICRO-CARMINE).  Soluts.  of  unsatisfactory 
picro-carmine  are  treated  with  small  quantities  acetic  acid  until 
a  slight  ppt.  remains,  even  after  stirring;  then  place  on  one  side 
for  24  hours,  filter,  and  add  NH3,  drop  by  drop,  at  intervals 
of  24  hours,  until  solut.  becomes  clear.  If  the  solut.  stains 
too  yellow  add  acetic  acid ;  if  it  overstains  red  add  a  little  NH3. 


324  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Weigert  (FIBRIN  STAINS).  Stain  sections  of  alcohol  material 
in  a  sat.  solut.  gentian-  or  methyl  violet  in  aniline  water,  then 
place  on  a  slide,  remove  excess  of  stain  by  means  of  blotting- 
paper,  and  pour  Lugol's  solut.  on  to  them.  Next  remove 
excess  of  lugol  with  blotting-paper  and  add  a  drop  aniline  to 
differentiate  and  clear.  Change  aniline  once  or  twice  as  it 
becomes  dark,  then  remove  all  traces  of  it  by  means  of  xylene, 
and  mount  in  balsam.  In  the  modification  of  this  stain  used  as 
a  neuroglia  stain,  a  warm  saturated  solut.  methyl  violet  in  70- 
or  80- %  alcohol  is  decanted  after  cooling  and  5%  aqueous 
solut.  (?  sat.)  oxalic  acid  added.  Moreover,  the  pure  ani- 
line is  replaced  by  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  aniline  and 
xylene. 

Weigert  (GRAM'S  METHOD).  In  this  modification  aniline  is  sub- 
stituted for  alcohol  in  order  to  avoid  prolonged  washing  with 
the  latter,  and  the  process  is  conducted  on  a  slide.  The  sec- 
tion is  placed  on  a  slide  stained  with  a  few  drops  gentian 
violet  aniline- water  prepared  as  in  Gram's  method,  the  excess 
of  fluid  removed,  and  a  few  drops  of  Gram's  solut.  applied. 
Subsequently  remove  liquid  by  gently  blotting  it  off,  then 
wash  section  by  allowing  aniline  to  flow  backwards  and  for- 
wards over  it,  and  when  color  ceases  to  come  away  repeat 
operation  with  xylene  for  about  i  minute,  then  mount  in 
balsam. 

Weigert  (HEMATOXYLIN).  i. — Dissolve  i  part  of  hematoxylin 
in  10  parts  absolute  alcohol;  then  add  90  parts  dist.  water  and 
i  part  of  aqueous  solut.  (i :  70)  lithium  carbonate.  2. — One  Cc. 
cold  sat.  solut.  lithium  carbonate  is  added  to  100  Cc.  solut.  of 
0.75  to  i.o  Gm.  hematoxylin  in  10  Gm.  alcohol  and  90  Gm. 
water.  The  washing  of  the  stained  sections  is  done  with 
a  borax-potassium  ferricyanide  solut.  (borax,  2;  potassium 
ferricyanide,  2.5;  water,  100). 

Weigert  (NEUROGLIA  STAIN).  Pieces  of  tissue  0.5  Cm.  thick 
are  hardened  for  4  days  or  more  in  4-%  formaldehyde  solut. 
and  then  mordanted  for  8  days  at  normal  temperature  in  an 
aqueous  solut.  containing  5%  neutral  copper  acetate,  5%  acetic 
acid,  and  2.5%  chrome  alum;  prepare  solut.  by  adding  the 
alum  to  water,  raising  the  solut.  to  boiling-point,  and  adding 
the  acid  and  powdered  acetate.  Next  wash  tissues  in  water, 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  325 

dehydrate,  imbed  in  celloidin,  and  cut  sections.  Treat  sec- 
tions for  10  minutes  with  a  0.3-%  solut.  KMnO4,  wash  well  in 
water,  then  immerse  for  2  to  4  hours  in  a  solut.  prepared  by  dis- 
solving 5  %  each  of  ' '  chromogen ' '  and  formic  acid  in  water, 
filtering,  and  to  each  90  Cc.  adding  io.Cc.  io-%  sodium- 
sulphite  solut.  After  this  bath  leave  sections  for  24  hours 
in  a  5-%  solut.  of  chromogen,  then  carefully  wash,  and  s 
with  a  modification  of  Weigert's  fibrin  stain,  which  see. 

Weigert  (STAINING  BRAIN  TISSUE).  Pieces  of  brain  and  spinal 
cord  are  hardened  in  bichromate  solut.,  followed  by  alcohol, 
then  imbedded  in  celloidin  or  gum.  If  imbedded  in  celloidin, 
the  pieces  are  subsequently  taken  from  the  alcohol  and  placed 
for  i  or  2  days  in  sat.  aqueous  solut.  copper  acetate,  diluted  with 
an  equal  bulk  water,  the  mixture  being  kept  at  about  40°  C. 
Afterwards  transfer  pieces  to  80- %  alcohol  until  required  for 
cutting.  Or,  sections  can  be  cut  first,  and  then  treated  with 
copper  acetate.  To  stain  sections,  after  being  well  washed  in 
90-%  alcohol,  they  are  transferred  to  Weigert's  hematoxylin, 
and  left  for  a  few  hours  to  2  days,  according  to  differentia- 
tion required.  When  opaque  and  of  a  deep  blue-black  color, 
wash  well  for  2  or  3  days  in  distilled  water.  Next  decolorize 
for  0.5  to  2  hours  in  a  solut.  2  Gm.  borax  and  2.5  Gm.  potas- 
sium ferricyanide  in  200  Cc.  of  water.  As  soon  as  the  gray  and 
white  substances  are  sharply  defined,  again  wash  sections  in 
water  for  half  an  hour,  then  dehydrate,  clear,  and  mount  in 
balsam. 

Weigert  (STAINING  IN  ACTINOMYCOSIS).  Immerse  sections  for  i 
hour  in  WedVs  orseille  stain,  then  quickly  rinse  with  alcohol, 
and  counterstain  with  gentian  violet.  If  it  be  desired  to  stain 
mycelium  also,  afterwards  submit  sections  to  Weigert's  modi- 
fication of  Gram's  method. 

Weigert  (VARNISH  FOR  MOUNTING  SECTIONS).  Mount  large  sec- 
tions in  photographic  negative  varnish  without  cover-glasses. 

Weigert-Koch  (ANILINE-FUCHSINE  OR  METHYLENE-BLUE). 
Sat.  aniline  water,  100  Cc.;  cone,  alcoholic  solut.  methylene 
blue  (or  fuchsine),  n  Cc. ;  absolute  alcohol,  10  Cc.  This  solut. 
will  keep  10  to  12  days. 

Weil  (CANADA  BALSAM  FOR  IMBEDDING).  Heat  Canada  balsam 
till  it  becomes  brittle  when  cold,  then  dissolve  in  chloroform. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

Objects  to  be  imbedded  (bone  or  teeth)  are  heated  in  this  on  a 
water-bath.     See  J.  R.  M.  S.,  1888,  1042. 

Weil-Gilbert  (!NDICAN  IN  URINE).  Add  i  to  2  drops  solut. 
Fe2Cl6  and  2  drops  chloroform  to  5  Cc.  each  of  HC1  and  urine, 
and  shake  mixture — chloroform  becomes  colored  light-  or 
dark-blue,  according  to  quantity  of  indican  present.  Instead 
of  Fe2Cl6  there  may  be  employed  ammonium  persulphate. 

Weingaertner  (BASIC  AND  ACID  COLOR).  Tannin,  25  Gm.; 
sodium  acetate,  25  Gm.;  water,  250  Gm.  Basic  colors  are 
pptd.  by  the  reagent,  but  not  acid  colors. 

Weiske  (INDICATOR).  Add  a  few  drops  Fe2Cl6  solut.  to  an  aqueous 
solut.  salicylic  acid,  then  cautiously  add  dil.  NaOH  till  exactly 
neutralized.  On  adding  a  few  Cc.  of  this  yellowish-red  solut. 
to  the  acid  solut.  under  examination,  and  neutralizing  with 
NaOH,  a  deep  violet  color  appears,  but  vanishes  with  the 
slightest  excess  of  alkali. 

Weissman  (Acio  MIXTURE).  Solut.  for  dissolving  iron  samples 
consists  of  10  vol.  cone.  HNO3,  2  vol.  cone.  H2SO4,  and  10  vol. 
water.  Ulzer  and  Brull  also  recommend  the  addition  of  a  little 
cone.  HC1  during  concentrating. 

Wellcome  (MORPHINE).  Chlorinated  lime  gives  with  a  mor- 
phine solut.  a  red  color. 

Weller  (TITANIUM).  A  few  drops  H2O2  added  to  a  solut.  titanic 
acid  in  H2S04  develops  an  orange-red  to  yellow  color. 

Welmann  (VEGETABLE  FATS).  Dissolve  5  Gm.  sodium  phos- 
phomolybdate  in  water,  treat  with  cone.  HNO3,  and  dilute 
to  100  Cc.  i  Cc.  or  i  Gm.  fat  is  dissolved  in  5  Cc.  chloroform 
and  shaken  for  a  minute  with  2  Cc.  reagent.  If  vegetable 
fats  (cocoanut  oil  excepted)  present,  a  green  color  forms,, 
changing  to  blue  upon  adding  NH3. 

Weltzien  (HYDROGEN  DIOXIDE).  Fe2Cl6  and  potassium  ferri- 
cyanide  give  with  H2O2  a  blue  color. 

Wemince  (OILS).  Nitric-oxide  gas  is  passed  into  a  suspension 
of  the  oil  with  water.  The  nitric  oxide  is  produced  from  iron 
turnings  and  HNO3.  Non-drying  oils  are  solidified  in  this 
test.  (Compare  Barbot's,  Behren's,  Boudet's,  Cailletefs,  and 
Poutet's  tests.) 

Wender  (ALKALOIDS).  Reagent  is  a  solut.  of  furfurol,  5  drops, 
in  cone.  H2S04,  10  Cc.  On  stirring  alkaloid  in  a  porcelain 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  327 

capsule  with  2  to  3  drops  of  reagent,  using  a  glass  rod,  various 
reactions  are  given,  as  follows:  A tr opine,  Aconitine,  Brucine, 
and  Colchicine — brown  mixture.  Strychnine — muddy-brown 
color  becoming  dark-green  on  heating,  then  muddy-blue  and 
violet  on  adding  a  few  drops  water.  Morphine  and  Codeine — 
red-brown,  violet-red  on  heating;  with  codeine  mixture  rap- 
idly deodorizes.  Veratrine — yellow,  then  olive-green  with 
blue  margins,  then  sap-green,  and  finally  blue;  on  heating, 
violet.  Sabadilline  and  Papaverine — like  veratrine,  but  tints 
are  less  pure;  brownish,  then  muddy- violet.  Digitalin — 
brown,  reddish  on  heating.  Quinine — dark  brownish-green; 
on  heating,  green,  then  brown;  on  adding  water,  margins  dis- 
tinctly green.  C online  and  Nicotine — brown,  indistinct  and 
non-characteristic  color. 

Wender  (GLUCOSE).     See  Neumann-Wender's  test. 

Wender  (SUCROL;  DULCIN).  Treat  i  or  2  crystals  with  fuming 
HNO3  in  a  porcelain  evaporating-dish — a  violent  reaction  takes 
place,  and  an  orange-yellow  substance  results.  On  evaporat- 
ing to  dryness  on  a  water-bath,  the  residue  is  varnish-like, 
orange-yellow,  and  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  or  chloroform.  On 
adding  2  drops  each  of  carbolic  acid  and  cone.  H2SO4  to  the 
residue,  and  stirring  with  a  glass  rod,  an  intense  blood-red 
color  develops. 

Wender  (SUGAR  IN  URINE).  Dilute  5  to  10  Cc.  urine  with  10  vol- 
umes water,  and  to  i  Cc.  of  the  mixture  add  i  Cc.  of  a  i :  1,000 
aqueous  solut.  methylene  blue  and  i  Cc.  decinormal  KOH, 
diluted  with  2  Cc.  water.  Boil  up  several  times.  If  urine  con- 
tains as  little  as  0.5%  sugar,  complete  decolorization  occurs. 
If  blue  color  persists,  urine  cannot  be  regarded  as  diabetic. 

Wender- Neumann  (GLUCOSE).     See  Neumann-Wender. 

Wenzel  (ALKALOIDS).  These  yield  various  colors  with  a  solut. 
i  Gm.  KMnO4  in  200  Gm.  H2SO4.  Veratrine,  for  instance, 
yields  first  a  light-red,  then  an  orange  ppt. 

Weppen  (MORPHINE).  Treatment  with  sugar,  H2SO4,  and  Br. 
affords  a  red  color. 

Weppen  (VERATRINE).  If  a  small  quantity  veratrine  is  mixed 
with  about  six  volumes  cane  sugar  and  then  a  few  drops  cone. 
H2SO4,  a  yellow  color  develops,  changing  to  green  and  finally 
to  blue.  Neumann-Wender  employ,  instead  of  H2S04  and  cane 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

sugar,  a  solut.  furfurol  in  H2SO4.     Morphine  and  codeine  yield 
with  either  reagent  unstable  red  colors. 

Werber  (NITRO-GLYCERIN).  Extract  with  ether  or  chloroform, 
add  2  drops  aniline,  evaporate,  then  add  a  few  drops  H2SO4 — 
a  purple  to  dark-green  color  appears. 

Werner  (AMYLIC  ALCOHOL  IN  CHLOROFORM).  On  treatment 
with  potassium  bichromate  and  H2SO4  valerianic  acid  forms. 

Werner-Schmidt  (FAT  IN  MILK).  Add  to  milk  an  equal  volume 
HC1  (sp.  gr.  i.i),  heat  on  water-bath  till  nearly  black,  then 
cool,  and  extract  with  ether.  On  evaporating  this  the  fat 
remains  and  may  be  weighed. 

Werther  (META-VANADATES).  An  acidulated  solut.  of  a  meta- 
vanadate  shaken  with  H2O2  gives  a  red  color ;  if  highly  diluted 
a  brownish  rose-red  color  results ;  when  shaken  with  ether  the 
color  remains  unchanged  and  the  ether  colorless. 

Weselsky  (INDICATOR).  Resazurin.  Gives  a  blue  color  with 
alkalies,  and  a  red  with  acids.  Also  known  as  Crismer's 
indicator. 

Weselsky  (PHLOROGLUCIN).  Upon  adding  toluidine  nitrate  and 
KNO3  to  a  phloroglucin  solut.,  a  light-yellow  color  first  de- 
velops, and  gradually  becomes  opalescent,  then  orange,  and 
finally  cinnabar-red.  In  extreme  dilutions  the  ppt.  remains 
suspended  for  a  long  time ;  upon  settling,  the  solution  appears 
orange-red,  the  ppt.  cinnabar-red.  By  means  of  this  reaction 
phloroglucin  can  be  detected  in  solut.  of  i :  200,000. 

Weselsky  (REAGENT).  HNO3  saturated  at  a  low  temperature 
with  nitrous  acid. 

Weselsky  (TEST  PAPER).  Resazurin  paper.  Paper  gives  with 
alkalies  a  blue,  and  with  acids  a  red,  color. 

Wetzel  (CARBONIC  OXIDE  IN  BLOOD).  Three  volumes  of  a  i-% 
tannic-acid  solut.  are  added  to  the  blood  after  dilution  with  4 
volumes  water.  Normal  blood  is  gradually  colored  gray,  but 
blood  containing  carbonic  oxide  remains  red. 

Weyl  (CREATININE  AND  CREATIN).  Upon  treating  urine  with  a 
dil.  solut.  sodium  nitroferricyanide  and  subsequently  with  soda 
lye  it  will  acquire  a  handsome  ruby-red  color,  soon  changing 
to  yellow  if  creatinine  is  present.  Other  sulphur  compounds 
interfere  with  the  test.  Salkowsky  adds  acetic  acid  after  the 
yellow  color  has  appeared,  and  warms;  the  solut.  becomes 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  329 

blue,  and  Prussian  blue  separates  out.  Creatin  boiled  with 
dilute  acid  is  converted  into  creatinine,  and  then  answers  the 
test.  Jaffe  also  recommended  the  same  test. 

Weyl  (NITRIC  ACID  IN  URINE),  i. — Distil  200  Cc.  urine  with 
30  to  40  Cc.  HC1  or  H2SO4  and  receive  distillate  in  KOH.  On 
now  adding  to  latter  metaphenylenediamine,  a  yellow  color 
develops.  2. — With  pyrogallic  acid  and  H2SO4  distillate  gives 
•a  yellowish-brown  color.  3. — Distil  as  under  No.  i,  treat  dis- 
tillate with  dil.  H2SO4,  add  at  once  solut.  sulphanilic  acid,  and 
in  8  to  10  minutes  add  naphtylamine  hydrochlorate — a  red 
color  develops. 

Wharton  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  Add  a  little  sugar  to 
the  vinegar  and  evaporate  to  a  syrupy  consistence,  then  add 
KC1O3  and  stir  for  2  minutes.  If  mineral  acid  is  present  the 
chlorate  will  be  decomposed  with  ignition,  chlorine  being 
given  off. 

White  (REAGENT).  A  1:30  cobalt-nitrate  solut.  gives  various 
reactions,  as  follows:  Phosphates — Violet  ppt.  soluble  in  NH3 
and  dilute  acids.  Ar senates  and  Arsenites — Pink  ppt.  soluble 
in  NH3  and  dil.  acids.  Hypophosphites — No  ppt.,  but  if  salt 
contains  i  part  phosphate  in  200,  a  light-blue  ppt.  forms.  Re- 
action very  delicate.  Ferrocyanides — Green  ppt.  insoluble  in 
NH3  and  dil.  acids.  Ferricyanides — Red  ppt.  insoluble  in 
NH3  and  dil.  acids. 

White  (SECTIONS  OF  BONE).  Cut  or  grind  down  sections  of 
osseous  or  dental  tissue  moderately  thin  and  soak  in  ether  for 
24  hours.  Then  place  for  2  to  3  days  in  thin  collodion  colored 
with  fuchsine,  made  by  dissolving  the  dye  in  methylated  alco- 
hol, adding  requisite  quantity  of  ether,  then  the  pyroxylin. 
Subsequently  place  sections  in  alcohol  to  harden  the  collodion, 
and  afterward  grind  them  down  to  the  requisite  thinness  be- 
tween two  plates  of  old  ground  glass  with  water  and  pumice 
powder.  Finally  mount,  surface-dry,  in  stiff  balsam  or  storax, 
taking  care  to  use  as  little-heat  as  possible. 

Whitman  (HARDENING  METHODS).  First  treat  pelagic  fish  ova 
for  5  to  10  minutes  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  sea  water  and 
0.5-%  osmic-acid  solut.,  harden  for  2  days  in  a  mixture  of  equal 
parts  0.25-%  solut.  platinum  chloride  and  i-%  chromic-acid 
solut.  Before  transferring  to  alcohol  prick  the  membrane. 


33°  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

The  ova  of  amphibia,  after  being  fixed,  are  left  in  a  io-% 
solut.  sodium  hypochlorite  diluted  with  5  to  6  volumes  water 
until  they  can  be  shaken  free. 

Whitney  (GLUCOSE  IN  URINE).  The  formula  for  this  has  not 
been  divulged,  but  the  following  solution  by  S.  H.  Shieb  is  prac- 
tically identical  in  action,  and  was  repeatedly  standardized 
by  adding  known  quantities  of  pure  grape-sugar  to  non-dia- 
betic urine: 

a. — Ammonium  sulphate  (purest),  1.2  Gm.;  copper  sulphate 
(purest),  2.6  Gm. ;  distilled  water,  50  Cc. 

b. — Caustic  potassa  (by  alcohol),  20  Gm.;  distilled  water, 
50  Cc. 

Dissolve,  and  when  cool  add  glycerin,  50  Cc.;  ammonia 
water,  sp.  gr.  0.960,  300  Cc.  Add  a  to  b  and  dilute  the  whole 
to  500  Cc.  with  distilled  water.  Stopper  securely  and  shake 
till  thoroughly  mixed. 

As  to  the  method:  Heat  i  fl.  dram  of  this  solution  in  a  test- 
tube  to  boiling.  Add  the  urine  drop  by  drop,  at  slow  intervals,, 
boiling  after  each  addition  until  the  blue  color  has  been  dis- 
charged and  the  fluid  has  a  light  amber  color  or  is  colorless. 

17  minims  urine  represent    i  grain  sugar  per  fl.  oz. 
9       ' '                                      2  grains  ' '        "      ' ' 
7      "          "  "  3 

6((  (i  «<  («  <  <  i»<  i  i 

4 

s    "       "        "        s ' 

< «            <  <              « i             6     ' '           ' '         f*       ' ' 
4 7     "          

<  i  <  (  ((  Q((  (<  '  '  '  ' 

4  P 

3      "          "  "  9    "         "       "      " 

3       "  I0    " 

If  the  urine  contains  more  than  10  grn.  of  sugar  per  ounce, 
it  must  be  diluted  with  an  equal  quantity  of  water,  and  the 
number  of  grains  per  fl.  ounce  multiplied  by  two. — Med. 
Exam,  and  Pr act. 

Wibel  (WATER  IN  BUTTER).  Dissolve  butter  in  ether  saturated 
with  water  and  pour  solut.  into  a  narrow  graduated  tube  con- 
taining a  measured  quantity  of  salt  solut.  mixed  with  some 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  331 

acetic  acid  and  litmus  tincture.  Mix  the  two  liquids  by  inclin- 
ing the  tube  up  and  down,  and  allow  to  settle,  then  observe 
increase  in  volume  of  red  solut. 

Wickersheimer  (PRESERVATIVE  SOLUTION).  100  Gm.  alum,  25 
Gm.  common  salt,  12  Gm.  saltpeter,  60  Gm.  potassium  carbon- 
ate, and  20  Gm.  arsenous  acid,  dissolved  in  3  liters  water. 

Widal  (TYPHOID).  One  drop  blood  serum  of  a  patient  suspected 
of  typhoid  is  added  to  10  drops  of  a  typhoid  bacillus  culture 
24  hours  old,  and  stirred  together.  If  the  disease  is  typhoid, 
small  particles  will  be  observed  under  the  microscope  consist- 
ing of  coagulated  motionless  bacteria.  If  the  case  be  not  ty- 
phoid the  organisms  will  be  freely  motile.  The  serum  of  other 
infectious  diseases  exhibits  the  same  conduct.  As  the  reaction 
originally  emanated  from  Gruber,  it  is  latterly  described  as- 
Gruber-WidaV s  reaction  (compare  also  Pfeiffer's  reaction). 

Widal-Gruber  (TYPHOID).     See  Widal. 

Wiederhold  (RosiN  OILS;  MINERAL  OILS).  Rosin  oils  dissolve- 
in  acetone  in  almost  every  proportion ;  mineral  oils  are  mostly 
quite  insoluble.  Some  few  cylinder  oils  are  sparingly  soluble. 

Wiederholt  (GENUINE  RUM  AND  COGNAC).  Upon  treating  10  Cc. 
of  sample  with  3  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4  (sp.  gr.  1.84)  and  allowing 
mixture  to  cool,  the  aroma  of  pure  rum  is  retained,  while  that 
of  the  artificial  product  is  destroyed.  Upon  treating  pure 
cognac  with  a  few  drops  of  dil.  solut.  Fe2Cl6  a  black  ppt. 
forms.  Artificial  cognac  does  not  give  this  test;  at  the  most,, 
an  ill-colored  ppt.  is  slowly  deposited. 

Wieger-Born  (QUINCE  MUCILAGE).     See  Born-Wieger. 

Wiesner  (LIGNIN).  i. — Woody  fibers  are  stained  golden-yellow 
by  an  acid  solution  of  aniline  sulphate,  while  pure  cellulose  is 
not  affected.  2.— 0.5-%  phloroglucin  solut.,  which,  together 
with  HC1,  colors  woody  fibers  yellow,  is  also  known  as  Wies- 
ner's  reagent. 

Wildenstein  (COPPER  AND  IRON).  A  blue  color  is  caused  by 
tincture  logwood. 

Wilder  (TURMERIC  IN  MUSTARD  OR  RHUBARB).  Mix  suspected 
powder  with  any  volatile  oil  (fennel,  anise,  etc.)  and  examine 
under  microscope.  If  turmeric  present,  the  specks  will  be  sur- 
rounded by  a  yellow  zone,  while  the  color  of  the  particles  of 
rhubarb  or  mustard  will  be  brightened.  If  turmeric  absent, 


33 2  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

the  microscopical  field  will  remain  colorless,  while  turmeric,  if 
present,  will  instantly  color  the  whole  or  part  of  the  field 
yellow. 

Wiley  (CHLOROCHROMIC  ACID).  A  blue- violet  color  develops  on 
adding  a  small  crystal  of  strychnine  to  a  drop  H2SO4,  then  stir- 
ring with  a  glass  rod  moistened  with  chlorochromic  acid. 

Willeband  (STAIN  FOR  BLOOD).  Mix  equal  quantities  of  a  0.5-% 
solut.  eosine  in  70-%  alcohol  and  a  cone,  aqueous  solut. 
methylene  blue.  To  50  Cc.  of  the  mixture  add  by  drops  10  to 
15  drops  of  i-%  acetic  acid.  Heat  specimens  with  fluid  sev- 
eral times  for  5  to  10  minutes  until  vapors  are  given  off. 
Erythrocites  are  stained  red;  nuclei,  sharply  dark-blue;  neutro- 
philes,  violet;  acidophiles,  pure  red;  mast  cells,  intensely  blue. 

Wilson  (NITROUS  ACID).  On  adding  a  little  resorcin  to  H2SO4 
containing  HNO2  and  shaking  with  5  Cc.  water,  a  yellow  color 
results. 

Wimmer  (PURITY  OF  OLIVE  OIL).  Note  effects  produced  on 
passing  nitrous  gas  through  the  oil. 

Windisch  (CHERRY  SYRUP  IN  RASPBERRY  SYRUP).  Distil  20  to  30 
Cc.  syrup  until  2  Cc.  distillate  are  received.  To  this  add  i 
drop  each  tincture  guaiac  and  very  dil.  CuSO4  solut. — a  blue 
fugitive  color  indicates  presence  of  HCN.  If  color  is  faint,  add 
a  little  chloroform — on  shaking,  chloroform  becomes  colored. 
Method  also  suitable  for  cherry  wine  in  red  wine. 

Windisch  (CHERRY  SYRUP  IN  RASPBERRY  SYRUP).  Distil  20  to 
30  Cc.  syrup  until  2  Cc.  distillate  are  obtained.  To  this  add  i 
drop  each  of  tincture  guaiac  and  very  dil.  solut.  CuSO4 — a 
fugitive  blue  color  indicates  presence  of  HCN  (from  the  amyg- 
dalin  in  the  cherry  stone) . 

Winkler  (ALKALOIDS).     See  Mayer's  reagent. 

Winkler  (WATER  IN  ALCOHOL).  Cobalt  chloride  is  turned  red  if 
water  be  present. 

Winkler  (FREE  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  IN  GASTRIC  JUICE).  Rea- 
gent is  a  5-%  solut.  (or  a  io-%  chloroformic  solut.)  of  alpha- 
naphtol.  Add  a  few  grains  dextrose  to  filtered  gastric  juice  in 
a  porcelain  dish,  and  then  add  a  few  drops  reagent.  On  care- 
fully heating,  a  bluish- violet  zone  forms  at  close  of  evaporation 
(best  conducted  on  a  water-bath).  With  0.04-%  HC1  results 
are  still  certain  with  careful  manipulation.  Reaction  does  not 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  333 

occur  if  free  acid  absent;  it  is  afforded,  however,  by  H2SO4 
and  H3PO4.  Lactic  and  acetic  acids  do  not  give  the  reaction. 

Winkler  (IODINE).  A  blue  color  is  produced  on  addition  of  so- 
dium nitrite  and  starch  paste. 

Winkler  (KINOVIC  ACID).  A  dirty-green  color  and  ppt.  are  pro- 
duced on  adding  solut.  CuSO4. 

Wislicenus-Landsberg  (MORPHINE  IN  URINE).  See  Landsberg- 
Wislicenus. 

Wissowsky  (STAIN  FOR  BLOOD).  First  treat  with  solut.  of  equal 
parts  of  eosine  and  alum  in  200  parts  alcohol,  then  with  hema- 
toxylin. 

Wittmack  (WHEAT  AND  RYE  FLOUR).  One  Gm.  flour  is  heated 
with  50  Cc.  water  on  the  water-bath  to  exactly  61°  C.,  so  that 
the  temperature  rises  to  62.5°  after  removal  from  the  bath. 
When  settled,  the  deposit  is  examined  microscopically.  The 
starch  grains  of  wheat  will  not  have  changed  their  form,  except 
a  slight  swelling;  those  of  rye  will  be  nearly  all  burst  and  dis- 
torted. 

Wittstein  (FOREIGN  STARCH  IN  CHOCOLATE).  On  boiling  and 
filtering,  natural  starch  does  not  pass  through  the  filter,  and 
the  filtrate  therefore  gives  no  reaction  with  iodine. 

Wittstein  (TARRY  MATTER  IN  AMMONIA).  A  brownish-red  color 
develops  on  supersaturating  ammonia  with  moderately  strong 
nitric  acid  if  tarry  matter  present. 

Witz  (MINERAL  ACIDS  IN  VINEGAR).  Methyl- violet  solut.  is 
turned  blue  or  green  on  adding  2  drops  to  25  Cc.  vinegar  con- 
taining mineral  acid. 

Woehler  (PHOSPHORUS).  Treat  suspected  liquid  in  a  Marsh's 
apparatus,  ignite  gas  evolved,  and  let  flame  impinge  on  a 
porcelain  plate.  If  phosphoretted  hydrogen  present  the  flame 
is  colored  green. 

Woehler-Liebig  (UREA).     See  Liebig-Woehler. 

Woerner  (POTASSIUM).  A  io-%  aqueous  solut.  phosphotung- 
stic  acid  gives  with  neutral  or  acid  potassium  salts  a  white  ppt. 
In  acid  solut.  the  ppt.  is  coarsely  crystalline;  in  neutral  solut. 
exceedingly  fine.  Slight  warmth  hastens  pptn.  Ba,  Sr,  Ca, 
and  Mg  salts  are  not  pptd.  by  reagent.  NH3  salts  are. 

Wolesky  (Wooo  FIBER  IN  PAPER).  Dissolve  i  Gm.  diphenyl- 
amine  in  50  Cc.  alcohol  and  5  or  6  Cc.  cone.  H2SO4  (or  HC1). 


334  TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

According  to  quantity  of  wood  fiber  present  in  the  paper, 
different  shades  of  orange-red  will  appear  upon  moistening 
with  the  reagent,  and  more  particularly  on  drying. 

Wolf  (INDICATOR).  Ferric  salicylate  is  specially  adapted  as  an 
indicator  in  estimating  boric  acid  in  borax,  as  well  as  K2CO3 
and  NaCO3.  For  details  see  MERCK'S  REPORT,  x,  p.  159. 

Wolf  (Naphtols).  Alpha-  or  beta-naphtol  dissolved  in  alcoholic 
KOH  yields,  upon  heating  with  chloroform  to  50°  C.,  a  clear 
blue  solution,  which  changes  to  red  upon  acidulating  with 
HC1.  Reaction  first  mentioned  by  Lustgarten. 

Wolfbauer  (COTTON-SEED  OIL).  Shake  10  Gm.  oil  for  two  min- 
utes with  7.5  Gm.  cone.  HNO3;  when  separated  add  i  Gm. 
mercury  and  shake  for  four  minutes.  Olive  oil  retains  its  color, 
while  the  presence  of  5%  cotton-seed  oil  occasions  a  brown 
color. 

Wolter  (HEMATOXYLIN  NERVE  STAINS),  i. — Proceed  as  in  Kult- 
schitzky's  method,  except  that  sections  should  be  stained 
for  24  hours  in  a  solut.  kept  at  45°  Cc.  Afterward  dip  them  in 
Mueller's  solution  and  differentiate  by  Pal's  method.  2. — 
Material  hardened  in  Kultschitzky  's  potassium-bichromate  and 
copper- sulphate  mixture,  followed  by  alcohol,  is  imbedded  in 
celloidin  or  paraffin,  and  cut.  Mordant  sections  for  24  hours 
in  a  mixture  of  2  parts  of  io-%  vanadium-chloride  solut.  and  3 
parts  3-%  aluminium- acetate  solut.,  wash  for  10  minutes  in 
water,  and  stain  for  24  hours  in  a  solut.  of  2  Gm.  hematoxylin 
(dissolved  in  a  little  alcohol)  in  100  Cc.  of  2-%  acetic  acid. 
Next  wash  out  the  sections  in  80- %  alcohol  containing  0.5-% 
HC1  until  they  are  of  a  light  blue-red  color,  remove  the  acid  by 
washing  thoroughly  in  pure  alcohol,  dehydrate,  clear  with 
origanum  oil,  and  mount. 

Wolter  (VANADIUM  NERVE  STAIN).  See  Walter's  second  hema- 
toxylin stain. 

Woodbury  (ALCOHOL  IN  URINE).  Mix  2  Gm.  urine  and  i  Gm. 
H2SO4  and  drop  in  a  fragment  potass,  bichromate — a  green  color 
develops  on  mixing  if  alcohol  present.  Delicacy  2  to  3  :  i  ,000. 

Woolsey  (MORPHINE).  A  i :  10  infusion  of  mallow  flowers  differ- 
entiates morphine  from  other  alkaloids.  Morphine  does  not 
change  color  of  infusion;  the  following  alkaloids,  however, 
change  it  immediately  to  dark  green:  Atropine,  homatropine, 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  335 

berberine,  brucine,  codeine,  coniine,  hydrastinine ,  nicotine, 
and  lobeline.  Other  alkaloids  which  do  not  affect  the  color  are 
the  following:  Apomorphine,  caffeine,  cocaine,  carpaine,  cin- 
chonine,  cinchonidine,  colchicine,  emetine,  hydrastine,  hyoscine, 
narcotine,  piperin,  physostigmine ,  quinine,  sanguinarine,  and 
strychnine. 

Wormley  (ALKALOIDS),  i. — Alcoholic  solut.  picric  acid  throws 
down  yellow  amorphous  or  crystalline  ppts.  2. — A  solut. 
containing  i  part  I,  3  parts  KI,  and  60  parts  water,  throws 
down  colored  ppts. 

Wormley  (FREE  SULPHURIC  ACID).  A  crimson  color  appears  on 
adding  a  little  veratrine  and  evaporating  to  dryness  on  a  water- 
bath. 

Worm-Mueller  (GLUCOSE).  Modified  Fehling's  solution,  consist- 
ing of  two  solutions,  a  2.5-%  CuSO4  solut.  and  a  4-%  NaOH 
solut.  containing  10%  Rochelle  salt.  5  Cc.  suspected  urine 
on  the  one  hand,  and  i  to  3  Cc.  CuSO4  solut.  with  2.5  Cc.  Ro- 
chelle-salt  solut.  on  the  other,  are  separately  heated  to  boil- 
ing and,  then  mixed  without  shaking.  Fehling's  solution 
(q.  v.)  according  to  recent  formulas  is  also  prepared  and  kept 
on  hand  as  two  separate  solutions. 

Wright  (ACONITINE).  If  o.ooi  Gm.  aconitine  is  distributed 
through  a  few  drops  moderately  cone,  sugar  solut.,  and  then 
a  drop  of  cone.  H2SO4  added,  a  rose-red  zone  will  develop  at 
contact  line  of  the  sugar  solut.  and  acid,  and  the  color  will 
rapidly  change  to  a  dirty  violet  and  brown. 

Wurster  (ALBUMIN).  Modification  of  Silbermanris  reaction 
(q.  v.).  Instead  of  cone.  HC1,  a  mixture  of  the  latter  with  11I5- 
to  -J-  its  vol.  cone.  H2SO4  is  employed. 

Wurster  (TEST-PAPER  FOR  OZONE),  i. — Dimethylparaphenyl- 
enediamine  Paper.  Used  for  detecting  ozone,  with  which 
it  gives  a  bluish- violet  color;  it  is  also  used  for  detecting 
H2S,  H2O2,  turpentine  oil,  colophony,  and  wood-pulp  in 
paper. 

Wurster  ("TETRA  "-PAPER  FOR  OZONE  OR  HYDROGEN  DIOX- 
IDE). Filter-paper  saturated  with  tetramethylparaphenyl- 
enediamine.  Traces  of  ozone  or  hydrogen  dioxide  in  neutral 
solutions  or  in  solutions  acidified  with  acetic  acid  afford  an 
intense  blue  color  with  the  paper.  Upon  boiling  with  alcohol 


336  TESTS  AMD  REAGENTS. 

the  blue  color  disappears.     Instead  of  the  tetramethyl-  the 
dimethyl-compound  may  also  be  employed. 

Wurster  (TYROSIN,  PURITY  OF).  Dissolve  in  boiling  water  and 
add  a  little  quinone — a  ruby-red  coi~.  develops,  changing  to 
brown  after  24  hours. 

Wurtz- Pasteur  (FUCHSINE  IN  WINE).     See  Pasteur-Wurtz. 

Wynther-Blyth  (ALUM  IN  BREAD  OR  FLOUR).  Process  is  con- 
ducted by  macerating  sample  with  a  small  quantity  of  water 
and  then  soaking  strips  of  gelatin  in  the  liquid ;  after  1 2  hours 
the  gelatin  slips  are  removed  and  immersed  in  a  mixture  of 
equal  volumes  of  fresh  logwood  tincture  and  sat.  ammonium- 
carbonate  solut.  In  the  presence  of  alum  they  turn  blue. 

Yvon  (ACETANILID  ANTiFEBRiN]  IN  URINE).  Extract  urine 
with  chloroform,  evaporate,  and  heat  residue  with  mercurous 
nitrate — a  green  color  develops  if  acetanilid  present. 

Yvon  (ALCOHOL  IN  CHLOROFORM).  A  solut.  of  i  part  potassium 
permanganate  and  10  parts  of  KOH  in  250  parts  water  was 
formerly  used  as  a  qualitative  test,  the  violet  color  changing 
to  green  on  shaking  with  chloroform  containing  alcohol.  But 
as  alcohol-free  chloroform  alone  stands  the  test,  the  reaction 
is  now  employed  as  a  means  of  determining  the  amount  of 
alcohol  present. 

Yvon  (ALKALOIDS).  A  red  color  appears  on  adding  a  solut.  pre- 
pared by  boiling  3  Gm.  bismuth  subnitrate  with  40  Gm.  water, 
14  Gm.  KI,  and  40  drops  HC1. 

Yvon  (BILIARY  PIGMENTS).     See  Paul's  test. 

Young  (GALLIC  IN  TANNIC  ACID).  Potassium  cyanide  gives  a 
red  color  with  gallic  acid,  but  not  with  tannic  acid.  The  color 
soon  vanishes,  but  reappears  on  vigorous  shaking.  Accord- 
ing to  Stahl  the  reaction  can  be  referred  entirely  to  the  alka- 
linity of  the  cyanide. 

Zacharias  (ACETIC- ACID  CARMINE).  Add  to  each  10  Cc.  of 
Schneider's  solution  i  drop  wood  vinegar. 

Zacharias  (ACETIC  ALCOHOL).  Mix  i  part  of  glacial  acetic  acid 
with  4  parts  absolute  alcohol  and  a  few  drops  osmic-acid  solut. 

Zacharias  (ALBUMINS).  This  reagent  is  an  acidulated  solution 
potassium  ferrocyanide  and  ferric  chloride. 

Zacharias  (!RON  CARMINE).  Stain  objects  thoroughly  for  sev- 
eral hours  in  acetic-acid  carmine  or  Mayer's  carmalum,  rinse 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  337 

with  dilut.  acetic  acid,  and  pass  them  into  i-%  solut.  ammo- 
mated  iron  citrate,  taking  care  that  no  metallic  instruments 
touch  them.  Leave  for  2  or  3  hours  till  thoroughly  pene- 
trated (a  few  minutes  only  in  the  case  of  sections),  then  wash 
for  several  hours  in  distilled  water,  dehydrate,  and  mount  in 
balsam, 

Zaleski,  Von-  (CARBONIC  OXIDE  IN  BLOOD).  On  adding  2  Cc. 
water  and  2  drops  supersaturated  CuSO4  solut.  to  2  Cc.  blood, 
a  brick-red  ppt.  results  if  carbolic  oxide  present.  Normal 
blood  produces  a  brownish-green  ppt. 

Zaloziecki  (INDICATOR).  Alpha-naphtolbenzein.  Gives  with  al- 
kalies a  green  color,  and  with  acids  a  reddish-yellow. 

Zanker  (FIXING  LIQUID).  Dissolve  5%  HgCl2  and  some  glacial 
acetic  acid  in  Mueller's  solution.  Fix  objects  in  this  for  several 
hours,  wash  out  with  water,  and  treat  the  tissues  or  sections 
with  alcohol  containing  some  tincture  iodine. 

Zechini  (PURITY  OF  OLIVE  OIL).  Note  color  reactions  produced 
on  adding  HNO3  (sp.  gr.  1.4). 

Zeise  (CARBON  BISULPHIDE).  A  yellow  ppt.  is  thrown  down  on 
adding  a  little  alcoholic  KOH  and  solut.  CuSO4. 

Zeisel  (COLCHICINE).  A  solut.  of  0.002  Gm.  colchicine  in  5  Cc. 
water  changes  from  yellow  to  olive-green  and  then  to  blackish- 
green  on  boiling  for  i  to  3  minutes  with  5  to  10  drops  fuming 
HC1  and  4  to  6  drops  of  io-%  Fe2Cl6  solut.  Upon  shaking 
solut.  with  chloroform  in  the  presence  of  air,  the  chloroform 
becomes  ruby-red  and  the  aqueous  solut.  olive-green. 

Zeller  (MELANIN  IN  URINE).  The  addition  of  bromine  water  to 
urine  containing  melanin  causes  a  yellow  ppt.,  changing  to 
black  on  standing. 

Zeller  (QUININE).  This  is  the  thalleioquin  reaction,  with  bro- 
mine water  (i :  40)  substituted  for  chlorine  water. 

Zellner  (NATURAL  INJECTIONS).     Use  Mueller's  solution. 

Zencker  (FIXING  SOLUTION).  HgCl2,  5  Gm.;  K2Cr2O7,  2.5  Gm.; 
Na2SO4,  i  Gm.;  water  100.  Before  use  a  few  drops  of  acetic 
acid  are  added. 

Ziegler  (HYDROCHLORIC  ACID).  Arsenous  and  sulphurous  acids 
in  HC1  are  detected  by  adding  zinc  and  passing  the  hydrogen 
evolved  through  water  containing  a  few  drops  ammoniacal 
copper-chloride  solut.,  then  through  water  containing  i  drop 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS. 

solut.  AgNO3.  Any  H2SO3  present  reacts  on  the  copper  salt; 
arsenous  acid  affects  the  silver  solut. 

Ziehen  (Gold  AND  SUBLIMATE  STAIN).  Leave  small  pieces  of 
fresh  tissue  for  3  weeks  to  5  months  in  a  large  quantity  of  a 
mixture  containing  equal  parts  i-%  HgCl2  and  gold-chloride 
solutions.  When  they  have  assumed  a  metallic  red-brown 
color,  gum  them  on  cork  and  cut  sections  without  imbedding. 
Treat  the  sections  with  LngoVs  solution  diluted  with  4  times 
its  bulk  of  water,  or  with  dilute  tincture  iodine,  until  duly 
differentiated;  then  wash  and  mount  balsam. 

Ziehl  (CARBOLIC  FUCHSINE).  See  Neelsen's  solut.  carbolic 
fuchsine. 

Ziehl- Neelsen  (CARBOLIC  FUCHSINE).  Fuchsine,  i  Gm. ;  car- 
bolic acid,  5  Gm. ;  alcohol,  10  Gm.;  dist.  water,  100  Gm. 
Solut.  is  permanent. 

Ziehl- Neelsen  (STAINING  BACILLI).  Sections  are  removed  from 
weak  alcohol  into  Neelsen's  carbolic  fuchsine  and  left  for  10 
or  15  minutes;  next  decolorize  in  H2SO4  (sp.  gr.  1.84)  or  HNO3 
(sp.  gr.  1.42)  diluted  with  3  volumes  water,  rinse  in  60- %  alco- 
hol, and  wash  in  a  large  volume  of  water  to  remove  the  acid. 
Tubercle  and  leprosy  bacilli  are  the  only  micro-organisms  that 
can  retain  the  stain  after  treatment  with  acid.  If  traces  of 
HNO2  in  the  HNO3  be  suspected,  Squire  recommends  the  use 
of  a  sat.  aqueous  solut.  of  sulphanilic  acid,  mixed  with  one- 
third  its  bulk  HNO3.  The  sulphanilic  acid  destroys  any  free 
HNO2,  which  would  otherwise  exercise  a  bleaching  action  on 
the  fuchsine-stained  bacilli.  The  sections  may  be  counter- 
stained  with  a  solution  of  0.5  Gm.  methyl  green  (or  0.25  Gm. 
methylene  blue)  in  20  Cc.  alcohol  and  80  Cc.  distilled  water. 
Finally  dehydrate  in  absolute  alcohol,  clear  with  cedar  oil, 
and  mount  in  balsam. 

Zouchlos  (ALBUMIN  IN  URINE),  i. — A  mixture  of  io-%  potas- 
sium-sulphocyanate  solut.  100  and  acetic  acid  20.  With  albu- 
min it  produces  a  ppt.  or  turbidity.  Delicacy  0.007%.  2- — 
10  Cc.  of  a  2-%  solut.  of  potassium  sulphocyanate  with  2  Cc. 
of  acetic  acid.  3. — Acetic  acid,  i;  mercuric  chloride  (i-% 
solut.),  6.  Delicacy  0.04%.  4. — Potassium  sulphocyanate 
and  succinic  acid,  equal  parts,  in  solid  form. 


TESTS  AND  REAGENTS.  339 

Zuelzer  (ALBUMIN).  This  is  a  zone  reaction  which  occurs  on 
overlaying  albuminous  urine  upon  cone,  chromic-acid  solut. 

Zuelzer  (GLUCOSE).  A  solut.  of  cupric  oxide  in  soda  lye  is  re- 
duced by  grape  sugar  in  the  cold  or  upon  gentle  warming. 

Zulkowsky  (STARCH  SOLUTION).  Heat  starch  with  glycerin  to 
190°  C.,  ppt.  with  alcohol,  and  dissolve  the  ppt.  in  water. 

Zune  (CULTURE  SOLUTION).  Gelatin  50  Gm.,  agar  2.5  Gm.,  are 
dissolved  in  600  to  700  Gm.  sterilized  filtered  culture-broth. 
The  white  of  an  egg  is  added,  the  mixture  heated  until  this  is 
coagulated,  then  filtered,  and  the  filtrate  sterilized  at  105°  to 
no°C. 

Zwaardemaker  (SAFRANINE  STAIN).  Mix  equal  parts  of  sat. 
alcoholic  solut.  of  safranine  and  aniline  water. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 


Abrastol  in  Wine. — Brand. 

Absinthin. — Mein. 

Acacia. — Hager;  Lassaigne;  Reiche. 

Acacia  Injection  Mass. — Bjeloussow. 

Acetal. — Grodyki. 

Acetanilid. — Flueckiger;  Moers;  Rudolf-Fischer;  Stroebel;  Vul- 

pius. — IN  PHENACETIN:  Hirschsohn;  Schroeder;  Mueller. — In 

URINE:  Yvon. 

Acetic  Acid,  in  Calcium  Acetate. — Grimshaw. 
Acetic  Acid,  Glacial,  Furfurol  in. — Meyer. 
Acetic  Acid,  Pyroligneous  Matter  in. — Lightfoot. 
Acetic- Acid  Carmine. — Zacharias. 

Acetic  Alcohol. — Carnoy;  Van  Beneden-Neyt ;  Zacharias. 
Acetic  Gentian  Violet. — Friedlander. 
Aceto-Acetic  Acid  in  Urine. — Arnold. 
Ace  to-Carmine. — Schneider. 
Acetone. — Gunning;  Jolles;  Kraemer;  Legal;  Lieben;  Malerba; 

Messinger;     Moerner;     Penzoldt;     Sternberg;    Thorns.  —  IN 

URINE:    Bayer;    Chautard;    Drewsen;    Gerhardt;    Legal;  Le 

Noble;  Ralfe;  Reynold;  Sch wicker;  Stock. 
Acid  Carmine  Solution. — Schweigler-Seidel. 
Acid  Mixture. — Weissman. 
Acid  Number. — Hehner. 
Acidophilous  Mixture. — Ehrlich. 
Acidulated  Alcohol. — Mayer;  Squire. 
Acidulated  Glycerin. — Squire. 

Aconitine. — Hassalt;  Herbst;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Wender;  Wright. 
Acrolein. — Lewin. 

341 


342  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Actiniae,  Narcotizing  Mixture  for. — Bianco. 

Actinomycosis. — Babes;  Plant;  Squire;  Weigert. 

Agar-Agar. — Gravis. 

Albumin. — Adamkiewicz ;  Almen;  Alpers;  Axenfeld;  Barral; 
Berzelius;  Blum;  Boedecker;  Bogomolow-Wassilieff;  Bou- 
chardat;  Bourreau;  Cadier;  Christen;  Cohen;  Esbach; 
Esbach-Gawalowsky ;  Fol;  Froehde;  Frohn;  Fuerbringer; 
Galippe;  Gaudail;  Gautier;  Gawalowsky;  Geissler;  Gouver; 
Grigg;  Guerin;  Guezda;  Hager;  Haslan;  Heidenhain; 
Heinsius;  Heller;  Heynsius;  Hilger;  Hindenlang;  Hoffmann; 
Ilmenow;  Jaworowsky;  Johnson;  Jolles;  Krasser;  Lugol; 
Mac  William;  Mann;  Menu;  Mesnard;  Millard;  Millon;  Monier; 
Neubauer;  Oliver;  Panum;  Pavy;  Piotrowski;  Plugge;  Pol- 
lacci;  Posner;  Raabe;  Rafaele;  Ree;  Reichl-Mikosch ;  Rieg- 
ler;  Rosenbach;  Roberts;  Roberts- Stolnikoff;  Roch;  Rose; 
Schultze;  Siebold;  Silbermann;  Spiegler;  Stutz;  Tanret; 
Tidy;  Tretrop;  Wurster;  Zacharias;  Zouchlos;  Zuelzer. 

Albumin  Fixative  for  Slides. — Mayer. 

Albuminoids. — Bruecke;  Guezda;  Guerin;  Lidof;  Lidow;  Lieb- 
ermann;  Raspail;  Roch. 

Albumoses. — Riegler;  Tyson. 

Alcohol. — Bernouilly;  Berthelot;  Blachez;  Boettger;  Borsarelli; 
Casoria;  Davy;  Debrunner;  Drechsler;  Fleischmann;  Hardy; 
Istrati;  Jacquemart;  Lieben;  Ludwig;  Mann;  Otto;  Riche- 
Bardy;  Savelle;  Thresh;  Tscheppe;  Vogel;  Winkler. — In 
CHLOROFORM:  Hardy;  Siebold;  Yvon. — In  ESSENTIAL  OILS: 
Barbier;  Dragendorff;  Forney;  Hager;  Leonardi;  McClellan- 
Forney;  Oberdoerfer;  Puscher;  Redwood;  Salzer;  Stuart; 
Sulzer. — In  ETHER:  Frederking;  Hager;  Stefanelli. — In  PERU 
BALSAM:  Gawalowsky. — In  URINE:  Anstie;  Woodbury. 

Alcohol,  Absolute. — Ranvier. 

Alcohol,  Acetic. — Carnoy;  Van  Beneden-Neyt ;  Zacharias. 

Alcohol-acetic  Acid. — David. 

Alcohol,  Acidulated. — Mayer;  Squire. 

Alcohol,  Amylic. — Bouvier;  Hager;  Jorissen. 

Alcohol  and  Sodium  Chloride. — Moleschott-Piso-Borme. 

Alcohol- Balsam. — Seiler. 

Alcohol,  Methyl.  —  Cotton-Cazeneuve;  Jacquemart;  Milliken- 
Scudder. — In  ETHER:  Langbeck. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  343 

Alcohol,  One-third. — Ranvier. 

Alcohol,  Picric. — Gage. 

Alcohol,  Strength  of. — Squire. 

Alcoholic  Carmine. — Mayer. 

Alcohols  and  Amines. — Schotten-Baumann. 

Alcohols,  Monatomic. — Bitto. 

Alcohols,  Polyatomic. — Baumann. 

Aldehydes.  —  Bela-Von  Bitto;  Crismer;  Erdmann;  Fischer; 
Gayon-Gannon-Molher;  Golding-Bird;  Greenwalt;  Istrati; 
Guy  on;  Lewin;  Liebig;  Molher;  Nessler;  Penzoldt-Fischer ; 
Riegler;  Rimini;  Schiff;  Tollens;  Villiers-Fayolle. 

Aldoses. — Sieben. 

Alizarine. — Schaal. 

Alkalies. — Bachmeier;  Dobbin;  Filhol;  Griessmayer ;  Jacque- 
min;  Schweissinger. — SULPHITES  OF:  Alvarez-Jean. — WITH 
SULPHITES:  Grant-Cohen. 

Alkaline  Aniline  Water  (Weak).— Loeffler. 

Alkaline  Glycerin  Mountant. — Kirkby. 

Alkaline  Methylene  Blue. — Loeffler  (see  "  solution  ");  Schiitz. 

Alkaline  Permanganate  Solution. — Wanklyn. 

Alkalinity  of  Water.— Cavalli. 

Alkaline  Salts,  Arsenic  in. — Patrouillard. 

Alkaloids. — Arnold;  Arnold- Vitali ;  Bertrand;  Bloxam;  Bou- 
chardat ;  Brissemoret  (opiitm) ;  Buckingham ;  Czumpelitz ; 
Defacqz;  Delff;  Dragendorff;  Dunstan;  Ransom  (in  bella- 
donna extr.);  Dwar  (cinchona);  Eboli;  Elias;  Erdmann;  Erd- 
mann-Uslar;  Errera;  Formanek;  Fraude;  Froehde;  Frohn; 
Godeff roy ;  Godeffroy  -  Laubenheimer ;  Graham  -  Hoffmann ; 
Grandeau;  Hager;  Hamlin;  Hesse;  Hoffmann;  Horsley;  How; 
Jacquemin;  Jaworowsky;  Johannson;  Jorissen;  Jungmann; 
Kippenberger ;  Kohler;  Krant;  Langley;  Langley-Koehler; 
Laubenheimer-Godeffroy ;  Lenz;  Lepage;  Lindemann-Motten; 
Lindo;  Lloyd;  Luchini;  Mandelin;  Mangini;  Marchand  (cin- 
chona); Marme;  Mayer;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Motten-Lindemann ; 
Neumann- Wender ;  Nowak-Kratschmer;  Orlow-Horst;  Otto; 
Otto-Stas;  Palm;  Pasteur;  Pesci;  Planta;  Prollius  (solut.  for 
extracting);  Ransom- Dunstan  (in  belladonna  extr.);  Robin; 
Rossbach;  Scheibler;  Schering;  Schlagdenhauffen ;  Schneider; 
Schultze;  Schwarzenbach-Delff ;  Schwarzenberg;  Sedgwick;; 


344  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Selmi;  Sonnenschein ;  Stas-Otto;  Strzyzowski;  Thresh;   Tro- 

tarelli;  Uslar-Erdmann;  Valzer;  Verven;  Vitali;  Vitali- Arnold ; 

Vrij ,  de- ;  Wagner ;  Wender ;  Wenzel ;  Winkler ;  Wormley ;  Yvon. 
Aloes. — Borntraeger;   Cripps-Dymond;   Dieterich;   Hirschsohn; 

Schonteten;  Schunke-Mulder;  Stoeder. 
Aloin.— Histed;  Tilden. 

Alpha- Naphtol. — Aymonier;   Leger;   Vincent;   Liebmann. 
Alum  in  Bread  or  Flour. — Carter-Bell;  Wynter-Blyth. 
Alum-Carmine. — Grenadier;  Henneguy;  Tangl. 
Alum-Carmine,  Cochineal. — Partsch. 
Alum-Carmine  Picric- Acid  Stain. — Legal. 
Alum-Cochineal. — Csokor  (or  Czoker) ;  Rabl. 
Aluminium. — Thenard. 
Aluminium-Chloride  Carmine. — Mayer. 
Aluminium  Sulphate,  Free  Acid  in. — Hager;  Giesecke. 
Amines. — Hoffmann ;  Schotten-Baumann. 
Ammonia. — Boettger;  Bohlig;  Chevreul;  Fleck;  Guyot;  Hager; 

Jaworowski;   Kroupa;   Kupf erschlaeger ;   Lex;   Moddermann; 

Schultze;     Selle;     Wittstein. — In     URINE:     Neubauer;    Lat- 

schenberger. 
Ammonia    Carmine. — Beale;    Betz;    Frey;    Hartig;    Malassez; 

Ranvier. 

Ammoniac. — Picard;  Plugge. 
Ammoniacal  Gentian  Violet. — Weigert. 
Ammonia  ted  Hematoxylin. — Ehrlich. 
Ammonium-Chloride  Solution. — Wanklyn. 
Ammonium  Molybdate. — Altmann. 
Ammonium  Salts. — Einbrodt ;  Nessler. 
Ammonium  Thiosulphate. — Orlowski. 
Amygdalin. — Deacon;  Heuschen. 
Amyl  Nitrite,  Hydrocyanic  Acid  in. — Hager. 
Anethol. — Chapman. 
Aniline. — Beissenhirtz;  Duflos;  Hoffmann;  Jacquelin;  Letheby; 

Ludwig;  Rosenstiehl;  Runge. 
Aniline-Blue  Indigo-Carmine. — Duval;  Naschold. 
Aniline-Clove-Oil  Stain. — Kuehne. 
Aniline  Colors. — Blarey. 
Aniline-Fuchsine  Stain. — Koch. 
Aniline- Orange  in  Milk. — Lythgoe. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  345 

Aniline  Salts. — Hoffmann. 

Aniline  Solutions. — Kuehne. 

Aniline  Stain. — Hanstein. 

Aniline  Water.— Ehrlich-Weigert-Koch ;  Koch. 

Animal  Fats  in  Petrolatum. — Crouzel-Dupin. 

Animal  Fibers. — Boettger;  Frankenstein. 

Aniseed- Oil  Freezing  Mass. — Kuehne. 

Anise-Oil  Imbedding  Process. — Moore. 

Annelids,  Fixing  Fluid  for. — Ehler. 

Anthraquinone. — Schuetzenberger ;  Wartha. 

Antifebrin  in  Urine. — Mueller. 

Antimonous  Acid. — Mohr. 

Antimony. — Rideal. 

Antimony  Hydride. — Hager. 

Antinervin. — Strobel. 

Antipyrine. — Strobel. 

Apiol. — Jorissen. 

Apomorphine. — Bedson;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Wangerin. 

Aqueous  Carmine  Injection. — Emery.      . 

Arabin  for  Serial  Sections. — Waddington. 

Arbutin. — Jungmann. 

Aromatic  Substances  in  Blood. — Danielewsky. 

Arsenic. — Berzelius;  Bettendorf;  Bougault;  Braconnot;  Bujwid; 
Cadet;  Carnot;  Davy;  Fleitmann;  Flueckiger;  Fresenius- 
Babo;  Gatehouse;  Gutzeit;  Hager;  Hilger;  Himmelmann; 
Johnson;  Hume;  Letheby;  Marsh;  Mayencon-Bergeret;  Mor- 
ton; Naylor-Braithwaite;  Oster;  Patrouillard ;  Puscher;  Rei- 
chard;  Reinsch;  Rideal;  Scheele;  Schiff;  Schlickum;  Schnei- 
der; Siebold. 

Arsenic  Hydride. — Hager;  Flueckiger. 

Asiatic-Cholera  Bacillus,  Products  of. — Dunham-Bujwid;  PoehL 

Asphalt  Injection  Mass. — Budge. 

Asphalt  Varnish. — Kitton. 

Atmosphere,  Mercury  Vapors  in. — Gaglio. 

Atropine. — Gerrard;  Gulielmo;  Herbst;  Hinterberger;  Kuborne; 
Mecke;  Melzer;  Reuss;  Robin;  Vitali;  Wender. 

Bacilli  Stain. — Schultz;  Ziehl-Neelsen. 

Bacteria  Culture-Solution  for. — Fraenkel-Voge;  Uschinsky. 

Bacteria  Cultures,  Examining. — Bates. 


346  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Bacteria,  in  Potable  Water. — Gottstein. 

Bacteria,  Products  of,  in  Urine.— Baumann. 

Bacteria  Stain. — Blanchard;  Ehrlich  (gentian- violet );  van  Er- 

mengen;  Ernst;   Fischer  (for  cilia);  Gram;  Gunther;  Koch; 

Kuehne;  Loeffler;  Lugol;  Schutz- Weigert ;  Weigert. 
Balsam,  Canada,  for  Imbedding. — Weil. 
Balsam  Copaiva. — Dodge-Olcott;  Hager  (castor  oil;  fatty  oil); 

Hirschsohn  (fatty  oils,  gurjun  balsam) ;  Maupy  (castor  oil) ; 

Muter  (fatty  oil). 

Balsam  Gurjun  in  Copaiba. — Hager;  Hirschsohn. 
Balsam  Peru.— Gawalowski  (alcohol);  Gehe;  Hager  (benzoin); 

Hirschsohn  (rosin). 
Balsam  Tolu. — Hirschsohn  (rosin). 
Beer. — Brand    (fluorine);    Hefelmann-Mann    (fluorine);    Rust 

(picric  acid) ;  Schuster  (coloring  matter). 
Beeswax,  Paraffin  in. — Landott. 
Belladonna  Extract,  Alkaloids  in. — Dunstan-Ransom. 
Belladonna.— Stoeder ;  Wasilewsky . 
Benzaldehyde  in  Bitter-almond  Water. — Spasski. 
Benzene. — Biel;   Brandberg;   Dragendorff;   Gawalowsky;   Hoff- 
mann; Lainer;  Pusch;  Thorns. 
Benzidine. — Julius. 
Benzin. — Biel;  Brandberg;  Dragendorff;  Gawalowsky;  Lainer; 

Pusch;  Thorns. 
Benzoazurin  Stain. — Martin. 
Benzoic  Acid.— Bodde;  Phipson;  Schacht;  Schneider;  Thorns. — 

In  BENZONAPHTOL:  Griggi. 
Benzonaphtol. — Griggi  (benzoic  acid). 
Benzoin  in  Balsam  Peru. — Hager. 
Benzoins. — Hirschsohn. 
Berberine. — Klunge;  Perrins. 
Bergamot  Oil. — Gulli  (oil  turpentine). 
Berlin-Blue  Gelatin  Mass. — Fol;  Hager. 
Berlin-Blue  Injection  Mass. — Bruecke;  Mayer;  Mueller. 
Beta-Naphtol. — Liebman  (alpha-naphtol) ;  Vincent. 
Bicarbonates  in  Carbonates. — Lunge. 
Bilberry- Juice  Stain. — Lavdowsky. 
Biliary   Acids. — Bischoff;   Francis;   Hay;   Kuelz;   Mylius;   Neu- 

bauer;  Oliver;  Pettenkofer;  Strassburg;  Udransky. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  347' 

Biliary  Pigments.  —  Barral;  Hartley;  Basham;  Brueck;  Ca- 
pranika;  Casali;  Cunisset;  Deubner;  Dragendorff ;  Drechsel; 
Dumontpallier ;  Dumontpallier- Trousseau ;  Fleischl;  Gerard; 
Gerhardt;  Gmelin;  Heintz;  Heller;  Hilger;  Hoppe-Seyler ; 
Huppert;  Jolles;  Krehbiel;  Lewin;  Marechal;  Masset;  Neu- 
komm;  Noel;  Paul;  Penzoldt;  Riegler;  Rosenbach;  Rosin; 
Schwanda;  Seyler-Hoppe;  Smith;  Tiedemann- Gmelin ;  Tri- 
ollet;  Trousseau- Dumontpallier;  Ultzmann;  Vitali;  Yvon. 

Bilifuscin. — Hoffmann- Ultzmann. 

Bilirubin. — Maly. — In  BLOOD:  Jaksch,  von-. — In  URINE:  Green- 
wait;  Ott;  Proescher. 

Bismuth. — Field;    Kobell;    Leger;    Muir;    Schneider;    Thresch. 

Bitter- Almond  Water. — Spasski  (benzaldehyde). 

Biuret. — Bruecke;  Piotrowski;  Rose. 

Black-Brown. — Kuhne. 

Bleach. — Grenacher;  Pal;  Ramsay  (also  known  as  Crowell's). 

Bleaching. — Overton  (osmic  objects) ;  Unna  (chromic  objects). 

Bleaching  Methods. — Carizzi;  Gilson;  Marsh  (chlorine);  Mayer; 
Pouchet;  Sargent. 

Bleu-de-Lyon  Stain. — Baumgarten. 

Blood.— Almen;  Bertoni-Raymondi  (HN02);  Binz  (CO);  Bre- 
mer  (glucose);  Danielewsky  (aromatic  substances);  Deen, 
van-;  Falk;  Ferrier;  Garrod  (uric  acid);  Helwig;  Huehne- 
feld;  Jaksch,  von-  (bilirubin);  Laden dorf;  Luff  (uric  acid); 
Preyer  (CO);  Raymondi-Bertoni  (HNO2);  Salkowsky  (CO);. 
Schaer ;  Schoenbein ;  Selmi ;  Sonnenschein ;  Struve ;  Teich- 
mann;  Van  Deen;  Vitali;  Weber;  Wetzel  (CO);  Zaleski,  von- 
(CO). — In  URINE:  Heller-Teichmann ;  Huehnefeld;  Lechini; 
Rossel. 

Blood  Corpuscles,  Fixing  Solution  for. — Hayem. 

Blood  Microscopical  Examination. — Hayem. 

Blood  Stains. — Ganther;  Kastenbine;  Moore  (eosine);  Toison; 
Willebrand ;  Wissowsky ;  Rosenbach. 

Blood,  Turpentine  Solution  for  Testing. — Huehnefeld. 

Blueing  Sections. — Mayer;  Squire;  Wistinghausen. 

Bone  Decalcification. — Busch. 

Bone  Staining. — Busch. 

Bone,  Sections  of. — White. 

Borax. — Turner. — In  MILK:  Hosaeus. 


.348  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Borax  Carmine. — Bourne;  Gibbes;  Grenacher;  Mayer;  Thiersch. 

Borax  Carmine,  Lilac. — Thiersch. 

Boric  Acid. — Wade. 

Borofuchsine. — Luebimoff. 

Brain,  Formaldehyde  for  Hardening. — Von  Gieson. 

Brain  Tissue  Stain. — Weigert. 

Bread,  Alum  in.— Carter  Bell;  Wynther-Blyth. 

Bromic  Acid  in  Urine. — Rabuteau. 

Bromates. — Pages. 

Bromides. — Berzelius;  Bill;  Jones. 

Bromine. — Castle;  Henry-Humbert;  Jorissen  (iodine);  Troost; 

Vitali. 
Brucine. — Cotton;  Dragendorff;  Flueckiger;  Gerhardt;  Hager; 

Lyon    (mixture    for    extracting);    Mecke,    Melzer;    Pellagri; 

Short- Dunst an ;  Wender. 
Butter. — Bach;  Bischoff  (melting-point);  Bolley;  Crook;  Drouot 

(margarin);  Erdelyi  (foreign  fats);  Filsinger;  Hager;  Hummel; 

Jahr  (melting-point);  Pirette;  Reichert-Miessl  (foreign  fats); 

Rideal  (hydrolysis) ;  Schoenvogel  (foreign  fats) ;  Wibel  (water), 
Butter  Yellow  (Martius  Yellow)  in  Urine.— Vitali.  • 
Cacao  Butter. — Bjorklund;  Filsinger;  Hager. 
Cadmium. — Deniges. — In  URINE:  Marme. 
Cadmium  Coloring  Mass. — Robins. 
Caffeine. — Archetti;   Delff;  Mecke;   Rochleder;  Stenhouse. — In 

URINE:  Hammarsten. 
Cajuput  Oil,  Cineol  in. — Faulding. 
Calcium. — Sonstadt. 

Calcium  Acetate. — Grimshaw  (acetic  acid). 
Calculi,  Urinary. — Deniges  (uric  acid). 
Camphor  in  Spirit  Camphor. — Mansier. 
Canada  Balsam. — Squire. 
Canada  Balsam  for  Imbedding. — Weil. 
Cane    Sugar. — Papasogli;    Reich;    Runge. — In    MILK    SUGAR: 

Conrady. 

Cannabis  Extract. — Proctor. 
Cantharidin. — Eboli;  Melzer. 
•Capsule  Stain. — Friedlander;  Ribbert. 
Caramel  in  Liquor  and  Vinegar. — Crampton-Simons. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  349 

Carbohydrates. — Baumann;    Fischer;    Molisch;    Schiff;    Udran- 

sky-Baumann. — In  URINE  :  Baumann. 
Carbolfuchsine. — Kuehne;    Neelsen;     Schenck;     Ziehl;    Ziehl- 

Neelsen. 

Carbol-glycerin-fuchsine. — Czaplewski. 
Carbolic  Acid. — Almen;  Guareschi;  Hager;  Manseau;  Prescott; 

Read;  Rice;  Runge;  Rust;  Thorns;  Tommasi. 
"  Carbolic  "  Disinfectants,  Crystallizable  Phenols  in. — Lowe. 
Carbolic  Methylene  Blue. — Kuehne. 
Carbon  Compounds. — Nickel. 

Carbon  Bisulphide. — Hoffmann;    Vogel;    Zeise. — In  OIL  MUS- 
TARD: Luck. 
Carbon    Monoxide. — Boettger;    Hoppe-Seyler  (poisoning). — In 

BLOOD:  Binz;  Preger;  Salkowsky. 
Carbonates. — Lunge  (bicarbonates) ;  Mueller  (NaOH). 
Carbonic  Acid. — Pettenkofer. 
Carbonic  Oxide. — Merget;   Mermet. — In  AIR:  Potain-Drouin. — 

In  BLOOD:  Wetzel;  Zaleski. 
Carbonyl  Chloride. — Ramsey  (in  CHC13). 
Carmine. — Hoyer. 
Carmine,  Acetic-Acid. — Zacharias. 
Carmine,  Aceto-. — Schneider. 
Carmine,  Alcoholic. — Brass;  Grenacher;  Mayer. 
Carmine  Alum. — Grenacher;  Henneguy;  Mayer;  Tangl. 
Carmine,  Aluminium-Chloride. — Mayer. 
Carmine,    Ammonia. — Beale;    Betz;    Frey;    Hartig;   Malassez;: 

Ranvier. 

Carmine  Aniline-Blue  Method. — Duval. 
Carmine  Blue. — Jansen. 

Carmine,  Borax-. — Bourne;  Gibbs;  Grenacher;  Mayer;  Thiersch. 
Carmine  Coloring  Mass. — Robins. 
Carmine  Gelatin  Mass. — Fol;  Hoyer;  Ranvier. 
Carmine  Glycerin  Mass. — Beale. 
Carmine,  Hydrochloric- Acid. — Grenacher. 
Carmine- Indigo  Carmine. — Mayer. 
Carmine  Injection. — Emery  (aqueous);  Thiersch  (mass);  Ville 

(mass). 

Carmine,  Iron-. — Zacharias. 
Carmine,  Lilac-Borax. — Thiersch. 


35°  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Carmine  Method. — Cole. 

Carmine,  Neutral. — Boehn;  Heidenhain. 

Carmine,  Oxalic- Acid. — Thiersch. 

Carmine,  Picro-. — Vignal-Ranvier. 

Carmine  Solution. — Cuccati;  Hamann;  Schweigler-Seidel  (acid). 

Caryophylline. — Burgess. 

Cassia  Oil. — Hirschsohn. 

Castor  Oil. — Bollet;  Draper;  Finkener  (adulterations);  Vetere, 
di-. — InCopAivA:  Hager;  Maupy. — In  CROTON  OIL:  Maupy. 
— In  OLIVE  OIL:  Leonard!;  Vetere,  di-. 

Catechu. — Dieterich. 

Caustic  Alkali. — Dobbin;  Mueller  (in  carbonates). 

Caustic-Potassa  Number. — Koettstorfer. 

Cedar  Wood  Oil  in  Spearmint  Oil. — Kremers-Schreiner. 

Cell-nucleus  Stain. — Grenacher. 

Celloidin. — CEMENT    FOR    BLOCKS:  Johnson. — CLEARING  SEC- 
TIONS:   Nikiforow;    Weigert. — MOUNTING    SECTIONS:    Lee. — 
IMBEDDING   MASS:   Viallanes. — IMBEDDING   METHOD:    Lee. — 
SOLUTION:  Busse;  Elsching. 

Cellulose. — Kaiser;  Lidoff;  Lifschuetz;  Mangin;  Schultze; 
Schweitzer;  Terreill. — SOLVENT:  Cross-Bevans;  Hoffmeister ; 
Schweitzer. 

Cement. — Beale;  Carnoy  (tolu);  Csokor  or  Czoker  (turpentine); 
Eulenstein;  Johnson  (celloidin);  Kitton  (white-lead);'  Kro- 
nig;  Lovett;  Marsh  (gelatin);  Stieda. 

Cephaeline. — Paul-Cownley. 

Chelerythrine. — Orlow-Horst. 

Chelidonine. — Orlow-Horst. 

Cheno podium  Seeds  in  Flour. — Vogel. 

Cherry  Syrup  in  Raspberry  Syrup. — Windisch. 

Chinoline . — Anderson . 

Chitin,  Stain  for. — Bethe. 

Chitinous  Objects,  Shellac  Method. — Hyatt. 

Chloral  Hydrate. — Fairthorne;  Hirschsohn  (alcoholate) ;  Jawo- 
rowski;  Ogston;  Schaer-Van  Ankum  (alcoholate). — JELLY: 
Gilson. — MEDIUM:  Brady;  Lavdowsky. — REAGENT  (for  vola- 
tile oils  and  resins) :  Hehn. — SOLUTION:  Munson. 

Chlorates. — Braun;  Deniges;  Fages;  Jean- Alvarez ;  Vitali. 

Chloric  Acid  in  Urine. — Edlefsen ;  Rabuteau. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  351 

Chlorides. — Jones;  Jean- Alvarez ;  Mohr. 

Chlorine. — Marsh  (bleaching  sections) ;  Riley ;  Vitali. 

Chlorine-Hydrochloric  Acid. — Villiers-Fayolle. 

Chlorochromic  Acid. — Wiley. 

Chloroform. — Hardy   (alcohol);   Hoffmann;   Ramsey   (carbonyl 

chloride);  Siebold  (alcohol);  Staedeler;  Vitali;  Werner  (amy- 

lic  alcohol);  Yvon  (alcohol). — In  ESSENTIAL  OILS:  Hager. — 

In  URINE  :  Neubauer. 
Chloro-Formic  Acid. — Rabl. 
Chocolate,  Starch  in.— Wittstein. 
Cholera. — Koch ;  Pfeiffer  (serum  reaction). 

Cholera  Bacillus,  Products  of  Asiatic. — Bujwid- Dunham;  Poehl. 
Cholesterin. — Burchard;     Hager;     Hesse;     Liebermann;     Lieb- 

reich;   Moleschott;   Obermueller;   Salkowsky;   Schiff;   Tschu- 

gaeff. 

Cholesterin  Fats. — Burchard;  Liebreich. 
Chromates. — Schiff. 
Chromic    Acid. — Barreswil;    Donath;    Mandel    (for    proteids); 

Merkel;  Storer. 

Chromic  Objects. — Unna  (bleaching) ;  Virchow. 
Chromium. — Rideal-Rosenblum  (compounds). 
Chromo-Acetic  Acid. — Bianco. 
Chromo-Aceto-Osmic  Acid. — Mark. 
Chromo-Osmic  Acid. — Flesch. 
Chrysammic  Acid. — Finkle. 
Cilia  of  Bacteria. — Van  Ermengen  (stain). 
Cinchona  Alkaloids. — Dwar;  Pasteur;  Paul-Cownley  (cupreine); 

Prollius  (solut.  for  extracting);  Jaworowski;  Marchand. 
Cinchona  Barks. — Grahe. 
Cinchonidine. — Paul  (in  quinine  sulphate);  Schaefer  (in  quin. 

sulphate). 

Cinchonine. — Bill-Seligsohn. 

Cineol. — Faulding  (in  oil  cajuput  and  eucalyptus). 
Cinnamic  Acid. — Simon;  Thorns. 
Citral. — Burgess. 
Citric    Acid.  —  Cailletet;    Chapman-Smith;     Deniges;     Hager; 

Papasogli-Poli ;  Pusch;  Sabanin-Laskowski ;  Smith-Chapman; 

Stahre. — In  LEMON  and  LIME  JUICE:  Warrington. — In  WINE: 

Nessler. 


352  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Citronellal. — Burgess. 

Citrophen. — Moers. 

Cleaning  Solution  for  Glass  Slides. — Seller. 

Clearing  Mixture. — Dunham;  Eyclesheimer;  Gage;  Nikiforow. 

Clearing  Sections. — Kirkby. 

Clove  Oil. — Flueckiger  (phenol). 

Coal  Gas. — Boettger. 

Coal-tar  Dyes  in  Wine. — Cazeneuve;  Girard. 

Cobalt. — Danziger;  Deniges;  Gassini;  Papasogli;  Schoenn;  Skey; 

Tattersall. 

Cobaltous  Chloride.— Stahl. 
Coca. — Gunn. 
Cocaine. — Biel;  Giesel;  Greitherr;  Kuborne;  Lewy;  MacLagan; 

Mecke;   Melzer;   Metzger   (Mezger);   Orlow-Horst;   Schaerge;. 

Schell. 

Cochineal  Alum. — Csokor  (Czoker);  Rabl. 
Cochineal  Alum-Carmine. — Partsch. 
Cochineal  Fluid. — Klein. 
Cochineal  Stains. — Mayer. 
Cochineal  Tincture. — Schlickum. 
Codeine. — Arnold;  Dragendorff;  Faby;  Herse;  Hesse;  Kobert; 

Mecke;  Melzer;  Robin;  Schneider;  Tattersall;  Wender. 
Cod-liver  Oil. — Meyer. 
Cognac,  Genuine. — Wiederholt. 
Colchicine. — Flueckiger;  Hager;  Kubel;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Snow; 

Wender;  Zeisel. 
Colophony. — Kleinenberg. 
Colophony  Mounting  Medium. — Lee. 
Coloring  Matter. — In  BEER:  Schuster. — In  URINE:  Mai-Hilger. 

— In  WINE:  Boettger;  Dupre;  Faure;  Heise;  Hertz;  Hilger- 

Mai. 

Coloring  Matter,  Egg. — Thudichum. 
Colors. — ACID  and  BASIC:  Weingaertner. — ANILINE:  Blarez. — 

GREEN:  Puscher  (arsenic). 

Coniine.— Heut;  Liebig;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Stroppa- Vitali ;  Wender. 
Copaiba.— Dodge-Olcott;   Gerber   (fixed    oils);     Enell    (gurjun 

bals.);  Hager  (castor  oil;  fatty  oils;  gurjun  bals.;  turpentine) ;. 

Hirschsohn  (fatty  oils;  gurjun  bals.);  Muter  (fatty  oils).— In 

URINE:  Nobel. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  353 

Copal  Method. — Koch;  Von  Koch. 

Copper. — Bach;  Bellamy;  Brown;  Campani;  Cresti;  Endemann- 

Prochazka;    Fleitmann;    Hatschett;    Jaworowski;    Purgotti; 

Sabatier;  Sabatin;  Schoenbein;  Wildenstein. — In  OILS:  Cail- 

letet.  —  In    PRESERVED    PEAS:      Nikitin.  —  In    PRESERVES: 

Tschirch. — In  URINE:  Hahnemann. — In  VINEGAR:  Hager. — 

In  WATER:  Guldensteeden. 
Copper-Ferrocyanide  Coloring  Mass. — Robins. 
Copper-Hematoxylin. — Benda. 
Copper  Sulphate. — Griggi  (iron);  Thorns. 
Coriander  Oil. — Schimmel. 
Corn-Cockle  Seeds  in  Flour. — Petermann. 
Cornutine. — Keller. 
Corrosion  Method. — Altmann;  Noll. 
Cotton. — Boettger;   Jacquemin;    Liebermann.  —  In    WOOLLEN 

FABRICS:  Jandrier;  Overbeck.     See  also  CELLULOSE. 
Cottonseed  Oil. — Bechi;  Deiss;  Halphen;  Hirschsohn;  Labiche; 

Millian ;   Tortelli-Ruggieri ;   Wolfbauer.  —  In   LARD  :   Conroy ; 

Gantter. — In  OLIVE  OIL:  Brulle;  Hauchecorne;  Heydenreich. 
Creatin. — Hofmeister;  Kerner;  Loew;  Weyl. 
Creatinine. — Engel;  Joffe;  Kerner;  Kolisch;  Maschke;  Salkow- 
.  sky;    Thudichum;   Weyl. — In    URINE:    Grocco;    Stillingfleet- 

Johnson. 
Creosote. — Clark;   Flueckiger;   Fonzes-Diacon;   Frisch;   Gorup- 

Besanez;  Morson;  Read;  Rust;  Thorns;  Vreven. 
Creosote  Mounting  Mixture. — Beale. 
Croton  Oil. — Maisch;  Maupy  (castor  oil). — In  TINCT.  IODINE: 

Durien. 

Cruciferous  Oils. — Grehant;  Miahle. — In  OLIVE  OIL:  Schneider. 
Crystallizable  Phenols  in  "Carbolic"  Disinfectants. — Lowe. 
Crystals. — Roussin . 
Culture  Medium. — Pasteur;  Raulin. 
Culture  Solutions. — Cohn;  Fraenkel- Voge ;  Miquel;  Uschinsky; 

Ztine. 

Cupraloin. — Klunge. 

Cupreine  in  Cinchona  Alkaloids. — Paul-Cownley. 
Curarine. — Dragendorff;  Flueckiger. 
Curcuma. — Howie;  Maisch. 
Curcuma  Ferment  Paper  for  Urea. — Musculus. 


354  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Cyanides. — Carey  Lea;  Hannay;  Liebig. 

Cystein. — Andreasch. 

Cystine. — Baumann-Goldman;  Liebig;  Moer,  vande-;  Mueller; 

Rauwerda. 

Dahlia  Stain. — Ehrlich. 
Dammar  Solution. — Pfitzner;  Squire. 
Decalcification    Fluids. — Bayerl;    Busch;    Ebner,    von-;    Fol; 

Gage;     Haug;    Hopewell-Smith    (teeth);    Marsh;     Ranvier; 

Squire;  Thoma;  Waldeyer. 
Decomposed  Sausage. — Eber. 
Delphinine. — Mecke;  Melzer;  Tattersall. 
Desilicification  Process. — Mayer. 
Dextrin. — Lipp. — In  ACACIA:  Hager. 
Dextrin  Freezing  Mass. — Webb. 
Diacetic  Acid  in  Urine. — Jaksch,  Von-. 
Diamines. — Baumann. 

Diazo    Reaction. — Brunner;    Ehrlich;   Friedewald-Ehrlich    (ty- 
phoid and  tubercle). 
Diazo  Compounds. — Liebermann. 
Digestion  Fluid. — Beale;  Bickfalri;  Bruecke;  Kuskow;  Schieffer- 

decker. 
Digitalin. — Dragendorff;  Flueckiger;  Lafon;  Melzer;  Otto;  Pape; 

Wender. 

Digitalis. — Keller-  Kiliani . 
Digitalis  Principles. — Keller. 
Dmitroamido-phenate. — Frebault  (indicator) . 
Dionin. — Kobert . 

Diphenylamine-Sulphate  Solution. — Kopp ;  Pollet. 
Dissociation  Medium. — Stirling. 
Double  Imbedding  Method. — Kultschitzky ;  Ryder. 
Double  Stain. — Benda;  Gibbs;  Kossinski;  Seiler;  Stile. 
Dragon's  Blood. — Hirschsohn. 
Duboisine. — Emden,  Van-. 
Dulcin. — Wender. — In  BEVERAGES:  Morpurgo. 
Dyes,  Aniline. — Blarez;  Letheby;   Ludwig. — In  WINE:  Cazen- 

euve;  Girard. 

Dyes,  Artificial,  in  Wine. — Arata. 
Dyes,  Green. — Puscher  (arsenic). 
Egg  Coloring  Matter. — Thudichum. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  355 

Elaterin. — Dragendorff;  Lindo;  Power. 

Embryo  Stain. — Allen. 

Emetine. — Paul-Cownley;  Podwyssotzki ;  Power;  Snelling. 

Eosine. — Baeyer;  Moore  (blood  stain);  Wagner. 

Eosine-Methyl  Green. — Calberla. 

Eosine-Methylene  Blue. — Chenzinsky. 

Eosine-Hematoxylin. — Cole  (method) ;  Everard-Demoor-Mas- 
sart;  Hickson  (method);  List  (stain);  Massart;  Renaut. 

Epithelium. — In  URINE:  Jakobsohn  (stain  for). — MACERATION 
METHOD:  Minot;  Mitrophanow. 

Ergot. — Keller  (ergotinine). — In  RYE  FLOUR:    Boettger. 

Ergotinine  in  Ergot. — Keller. 

Eserine. — Da  Silva;  Saul. 

Essential  Oils. — Barbier  (alcohol);  Flueckiger;  Forney  (alcohol); 
Hager  (alcohol;  chloroform);  Hoppe;  Leonardi  (alcohol); 
Leuch  (water);  McClellan-Forney  (alcohol);  Maier  (turpen- 
tine); Maisch;  Merz  (turpentine);  Oberdoerffer  (alcohol); 
Perrot ;  Redwood  (alcohol) ;  Rhein  (fixed  oils) ;  Salzer  (alcohol) ; 
Stuart  (alcohol);  Sulzer  (alcohol);  Walz  (fixed  oils). 

Estragol. — Chapman. 

Ether. — Boettger  (water);  Frederking  (alcohol);  Hager  (alco- 
hol); Langbeck  (methyl  alcohol);  Mann  (water);  Napier 
(water);  Romei  (water);  Stefanelli  (alcohol). 

Ethereal  Oils. — Elram;  Puscher  (alcohol);  Tuschen. 

Eucalyptus  Oil. — Faulding  (cineol). 

Eugenol. — Burgess ;  Chapman. 

Euphorbium. — Flueckiger. 

Eupittonic  Acid. — Hoffmann  (indicator). 

Exalgin. — Moers. 

Examination  Liquid. — Henking  (ova);  Pictet. 

Excrements  in  Oil  and  Water. — Finkelberg. 

Exposure  Mounting. — Cole. 

Extract  Belladonna. — Dunstan-Ransom  (alkaloids  in) ;  Stoeder. 

Extract,  Cannabis. — Procter. 

Extract  Henbane. — Stoeder. 

Extracts,  Fluid,  Glycerin  in. — Linde. 

Extraneous  Organisms  Among  Typhoid  Fever  Bacilli. — Parietti. 

Fabrics,  Textile. — Lidoff;  Liebermann;  Mangin. 


356  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Fats. — Allen;  Burchard;  Holde;  Valenta;  Welmann. — In  BUT- 
TER: Erdelyi;  Reichert-Meissl;  Schoenvogel. — In  MILK: 
Adams;  Leffman-Beam;  Werner- Schmidt. — In  PETROLATUM: 
Cr  ouzel- Dupin. 

Fatty  Acids.— David;  Geitel. 

Fatty  Oils. — Barbot ;  Behren ;  Boudart ;  Cailletet ;  Crace-Calvert ; 
Glaessner;  Jacobsen;  Livache. — In  COPAIVA:  Hager;  Hirsch- 
sohn;  Muter. — In  MINERAL  OILS:  Lux. 

Fecal  Matter  in  Water. — Griess. 

Ferment  Paper  for  Urea. — Musculus. 

Ferric-Chloride  Stain. — Fol;  Hoggan. 

Ferric  Salts. — Porret;  Vogel. 

Ferruginous  Nucleins. — Just  (iron). 

Fiber. — ANIMAL:  Boettger;  Frankenstein. — COTTON:  Boettger. 
— LINEN:  Boettger. — SILK:  Peltier. — TEXTILE:  Persoz. — VEG- 
ETABLE: Frankenstein. — WOOD  (in  paper):  Friedlander; 
Wolesky.— WOOL:  Lidoff;  Peltier. 

Fibrin  Stain. — Weigert. 

Fixative. — ALBUMIN:  Fol;  Mann;  Mayer. — GELATIN:  Fol. — 
SHELLAC:  Giesbrecht;  Mayer. 

Fixed  Oils. — Bieber;  Calvert;  Hager;  Heidenreich;  Massie; 
Merz;  Nickles;  Poutet;  Roth;  Royere,  de  la-;  Ruempler. — In 
COPAIVA:  Gerber. — In  ESSENTIAL  OILS:  Rhien;  Walz. 

Fixing  Liquid. — Altmann;  Bedot  (pelagic  animals);  Blanc 
(infusoria);  Carter;  Ehler  (annilids);  Eisig;  Flemming;  Foa; 
Fol;  Fraenkel;  Friedlander;  Gaule;  Hayem  (corpuscles); 
Heidenhain;  Klein;  Kollmann;  Kultschitzky ;  Lang;  Merkel; 
Niessing;  Perenyi;  Podwyssotzki ;  Rabl;  Schenck;  Zanker; 
Zencker. 

Flagella  Staining. — Bunge;  Crookshank;  Hessert ;  Koch ;  Loeffler ; 
Lutesch;  Nicholle-Morax ;  Sclavo;  Trenkmann;  Van  Ermen- 
gem. 

Flavescin. — Lux  (indicator). 

Flax. — Liebermann. 

Flour. — Carter-Bell  (alum);  Donny  (leguminous  flour);  Himly 
(mineral  substances);  Lassaigne;  Steenbuch;  Vogel  (cheno- 
podium  seed;  bran;  corn-cockle;  vetch;  ergot;  buckwheat); 
Wynter-Blyth  (alum);. — In  STARCH:  Boettger. 

Fluid  Extracts. — Linde  (glycerin). 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  357 

Fluorine. — In    BEER:    Brand;    Hefelmann-Mann. — In    WINE: 

Niviere- Hubert. 

Fluorescin-Clove-Oil  Stain. — Kuehne. 
Formaldehyde. — Hehner;  Lebbin;  Pilhastry;  Richmond-Bosely ; 

Rimini. — In  MILK:  Hehner. — MIXTURE:   Gage;   Durig;  Her- 
mann;   Kopsch;    Lavdowsky;    Lee;    Parker-Floyd. — STAIN: 

Ohlmacher. 

Formalin  Method. — Gieson,  Van-. 
Formic  Acid. — Broccardi;  Lieben;  Ranvier. 
Frangulin. — Phipson . 
Free    Acids. — Donath;     Duflos;    Herzberg;     Mohr    (mineral); 

Rheoch  (mineral);  Smith. — In  ALUMINIUM  SULPHATE:  Hager. 

— In  FIXED  OILS:   Ruempler. 

Freezing  Mass. — Jacob;  Kuehne  (aniseed  oil);  Webb  (dextrin). 
Freezing  Process. — Cole;  Rollett. 
Fructose. — Seliwanoff. 
Fruit  Jellies,  Gelatin  in. — Henzold. 
Fruit  Juices,  Fuchsine  in. — Puscher. 
Fruit  Syrups,  Fuchsine  in. — Romei. 
Fuchsine. — Chancel;  Valentin. — In  FRUIT  JUICES:  Puscher. 

In    FRUIT    SYRUPS:    Romei. — In    WINE:    Geissler;    Pasteur- 

Wurz;  Pradines. 

Fuchsine  Bacteria  Stain. — Kuehne. 
Fuchsine-Me thylene  Blue . — B aumgarten. 
Fuchsine  Solution. — Frey. 
Fuchsine  Stain  for  Nerve  Cells. — Nissl. 
Furfurol  in  Glacial  Acetic  Acid. — Meyer. 
Fusel  Oil. — Betelli;  Vitali. — In  ALCOHOL:  Savelle. 
Gallic    Acid. — Dudley;    Flueckiger;    Gayard;    Griggi;    Guyard; 

Hager;  Oliver;  Proctor;  Watson. — In  TANNINS:   Young. 
Gas,  Inflammable. — Clowes. 
Gas,  Illuminating,  in  Water. — Himly. 
Gastric  Juice  (Hydrochloric  Acid). — Contejean;  Ewald;  Guenz- 

burg;  Kost;  Luttke;  Maly;   Miller,  van-;  Mohr;  Rabuteau; 

Riegel;  Schuchardt;  Siringo;  Szabo;  Toepfer;  Van  der  Velden; 

Velden;  Winkler. 

Gelatin. — Carey  Lea. — In  FRUIT  JELLIES:    Henzold. 
Gelatin-Carmine  Injection. — Ranvier. 
Gelatin  Cement  for  Glycerin  Mounts. — Marsh. 


358  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Gelatin  Fixative. — Fol. 

Gelatin,  Glycerin-. — Kleb. 

Gelatin  Mass. — Robins. — BERLIN-BLUE:  Fol;  Hoyer. — CARMINE: 

vFol;    Hoyer. — IMBEDDING:    Brunotti;    Sollas. — LEAD-CHRO- 

MATE:   Hoyer. — SILVER-NITRATE:   Hoyer. 
Gelatin  Process. — Alleger;  Gray. 

Gentian- Violet  Method. — Bizzozero;  Ehrlich;  Flemming;  Nissen. 
Globulin. — Kauder;    Pohl. — In    URINE:    Hammarsten;    Paton; 

Senator- Lehmann. 
Glucose. — Agostini;  Almen;  Almen-Ny lander;  Baeyer;  Barfoed; 

Barreswil;     Boettger;     Braun;     Bremer;     Bretet;     Bmecke; 

Bruns-Bizzari;  Caillian;  Campani;  Cappagnoli;  Cassamajor; 

Crismer;  Dudley;  Duyk;  Fabre-Domergue;  Focke;  Franqui- 

Van   de   Vyvere;   Frommerherz ;    Gerrard;   Grismer;   Hager; 

Haine;  Haines;  Heinrich;  Heller;  Horsley;  Huizinga;  Jawor- 

owski;  Knapp;  Krueger;  Lagrange;  Lehmann;  Lindo;  Loewe; 

Loewenthal;  Maschke;  Mathieu-Plessy ;  Maumene;  Mazzara; 

Mohr;     Moore;    Moore-Heller;    Mulder;     Neumann- Wender ; 

Nylander;  Oliver;  Pasteur;  Pavy;  Peligot;  Pellet;  Pelouze; 

Pollacci;    Power;   Pratesi;   Purdy;    Quirini;    Reich;    Riegler; 

Roberts;    Rosenbach;    Ruber;    Rubner;    Sachsse;    Sachsse- 

Heinrich;  Schiff;  Schmidt;  Schmiedeberg ;  Schreiter;  Soldaini; 

Tollens;  Trommer;  Violette;  Vogel;  Warren;  Wayne;  Wender; 

Wender- Neumann;  Whitney;  Worm-Mueller;  Zuelzer. 
Glucose  Medium. — Brun. 
Glucosides. — Brunner;  Formanek;   Mecke;  Melzer;  Schlagden- 

hauffen. 
Glycerin.— Barbsche;    Boettger    (sugar);    Bougault    (arsenic); 

Deane;  Deniges;  Donath-Mayrhof er ;  Fol;  Gruenhut;  Hager; 

Reichl;  Ritsert ;  Senier ;  Siebold  (arsenic);  Udransky-Baumann.' 

—In  FLUID  EXTRACTS:   Linde.— In  URINE :   Baumann;  Luch- 

singer. 

Glycerin,  Acidulated.— Squire. 
Glycerin  and  Gum.— Faris;  Shimer;  Squire. 
Glycerin  Gelatin.— Kleb. 
Glycerin  Hematoxylin. — Renaut. 
Glycerin    Jelly.— Beale ;     Brandt;    Kaiser;    Kleb;    Lawrence; 

Seaman;  Squire. 
Glycerin  Mass.— CARMINE :  Beale.— PRUSSIAN-BLUE:  Beale. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  359 

Glycerin  Medium. — Haentsch;  Jaeger. 

Glycerin  Mixture. — Calberla;  Lee. 

Glycerin  Mountant,  Alkaline. — Kirkby. 

Glycerin    Mounts,    Turpentine   Cement    for    closing. — Csokor 

(Czoker). 

Glycerin  Preservative. — Flemming. 
Glychemalum. — Mayer. 
Glycocoll. — Horsford. 
Glyconuric  Acid. — Bial. 
Glycotannoids. — Kunz-Krause ;  Liebermann. 
Gold. — Cohnheim;  Darton;  Kern. — In  SILVER  NITRATE:  Schut- 

tle  worth. 

Gold  and  Sublimate  Stain. — Ziehen. 
Gold  and  Iron  Method. — Upson. 
Gold  and  Vanadium  Method. — Upson. 
Gold  Chloride. — Branson. 
Gold  Method. — Henocque;  Kolossow;  Lowit;  Manfredi;  Mitro- 

phanow;  Nesteroff sky ;  Upson;  Viallanes. 
Golds  Stain. — Bastian;  Hoyer;  Underwood. 
Gonococcus  Stain.  —  Neisser ;  Pick ;  Schiitz ;  Steinschneider- 

Galewski. 

Green  Injection  Mass. — Thiersch. 
Guaiac  Resin. — Hirschsohn  (rosin). 
Guaiacol. — rAdrian;  Fonzes-Diacon ;  Vreven. 
Guanidine  Salts. — Schulze. 
Guanine. — Capranika. 
Gum  and  Glycerin. — Squire. — JELLY:  Shimer. — MEDIUM:  Lang- 

erhan. 
Gurjun  Balsam. — Flueckiger;  Hirschsohn. — In  COPAIVA:  Enell; 

Hager;  Hirschsohn. — In  URINE:  Nobel. 
Halogens. — B  eilst  ein . 
Hardening    Fluids. — Betz;    Blum;    Bunger;    Carnoy;    Erlicki; 

Flemming;  Gilson;  Goette;  Johnson;  Mueller;  Perenyi;  Prit- 

chard;  Souza,  de-. 

Hardening  Methods. — Lewis  (brain) ;  Whitman. 
Hemacalcium. — Mayer. 
Hemalum,  Acid. — Mayer. 
Hemapheinic  Urine. — Munk. 


360  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Hematein. — CARMINE-!NDIGO:  Mayer. — SOLUTION:  Hansen. — • 
STAIN:  Rawit. 

Hematophyrin. — Salkowsky. 

Hematoxylin. — Boehmer;  Cole;  Delafield;  Hamilton;  Heiden- 
hain;  Kleinenberg;  Maschke;  Weigert. — ACID:  Butschli;  Ehr- 

,  lich. — AMMONIATED:  Ehrlich. — BERLIN-BLUE  REGENERATION: 
Weigert. — METHOD:  Pal. — STAIN:  Apathy  Foa;  Grenadier; 
Pal;  Squire;  Unna;  Wolter  (nerve). 

Hematoxylin-Copper. — Benda. 

Hematoxylin-Eosine. — Cole;  Everard-Demoor-Massart;  Hick- 
son;  List;  Massart;  Renaut. 

Hematoxylin- Glycerin. — Renaut. 

Hematoxylin- Iron. — Benda;  Butchli;  Heidenhain. 

Hemin  Crystals. — SOLUTION  FOR  PREPARING:    Melasse, 

Hemoglobin. — Heller;  Kobert. — In  URINE:  Mahomed;  Steven- 
son. 

Heroin* — Goldmann;  Kobert. 

Hemin  Crystals  (preparing). — Malassez. 

Heroin. — Kobert. 

Hetero-Albumose  in  Urine. — Tyson. 

Heteroxanthin. — Salomon. 

Hippuric  Acid. — Luecke;  Phipson. 

Horse  Meat. — Braeutigam-Edelmann. 

Hydriodic  Acid  in  Urine. — Scivoletto. 

Hydrobromic  Acid. — Villiers-Fayolle. 

Hydrocarbons. — Fritsche. 

Hydrochloric  Acid. — Boas;  Leewenthal-Lenssen ;  Loewenthal; 
Oster  (arsenic);  Reale;  Villiers-Fayolle;  Ziegler. — In  GASTRIC 
JUICE:  Contejean;  Ewald;  Guenzburg;  Kost;  Luttke;  Maly; 
Miller,  von-;  Mohr;  Rabuteau;  Riegel;  Schuchardt;  Siringo; 
Szabo;  Toepfer;  Uffelmann;  Van  der  Velden;  Velden;  Winkler. 

Hydrochloric- Acid  Carmine. — Grenacher. 

Hydrocyanic  Acid. — Almen;  Barry;  Barfoed;  Carey  Lea; 
Deniges;  Froehde;  Hlaziwetz;  Ottner;  Lassaigne;  Liebig; 
Pagenstecher ;  Payer;  Schoenbein;  Schoenbein-Pagenstecher ; 
Vortmann. — In  AMYL  NITRITE:  Hager. 

Hydrogen  Dioxide. — Bach;  Barralet;  Boettger;  Deniges;  Kass- 
ner ;  Schoenbein ;  Schoenn ;  Struve ;  Traub ;  Weltzien ;  Wurster. 

Hydrogen  Phosphide. — Scherer. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  361 

Hydrogen  Sulphide. — Fischer;  Ganassini;  Merget. — In  URINE: 

Mueller. 

Hydrolysis  of  Butter  Fat.— Rideal. 

Hydroquinone. — Baumann-Preusse. — In  URINE  :  Neubauer. 
Hyoscyamine. — Gerrard. 
Hypochlorous  Acid. — Kolter. 
Hypodermoclysis,  Solution  for. — Hayem. 
Hyposulphites. — Alvarez-Jean;  Carey  Lea;  Haugk. 
Hypoxan  thine. — Kossel. 
Illuminating    Gas. — Merget;    Wartha    (sulphur). — In    WATER: 

Himly. 
Imbedding.  —  MASS:     Brunotti;     Fischer;     Kadyi;     Poelzam; 

Strieker;  Viallanes. — METHOD:  Butchli;   Duval;   Ehrenbaum; 

Gilson;   Ide;  Joliet;   Kultschitzky ;   Lee;  Ryder. — SOLUTION: 

Tapping. 
Impregnation  Method. — Altmann. — METHYLENE-BLUE:    Dogiel. 

— PRUSSIAN-BLUE:   Leber. — SILVER:    Tartuferi. 
Impregnation  Mixture,  Mercuric. — Cox. 
Indican. — In   PLANTS:  Molisch. — In  URINE:   Carter;  Hammar- 

sten.    Heller;  Jaffe;  Klett;  Loubian;  MacMunn;  Obermayer; 

Weber;  Weil-Gilbert. 
Indicators. — Autenrieth;   Boettger;  Bolton;  Borntraeger;   Cris- 

mer;  Dechan;  Degener;  Engel-Ville;    Fischer-Phillip;   Fittig; 

Formanek;   Frebault;   Henry,   de-;    Gawalowski;    Hoffmann; 

Kruger;     Lachaux;     Lehmann-Petri;     Luck;     Lunge;     Lux; 

Marsh;   Maschke;   Miller;   Oser-Kalmann;   Pellagri;   Richter; 

Riegel;  Riegler;  Schaal;  Schlickum;  Simon;  Spiegel;  Stevenin; 

Storch;  Von  Duyck;  Von  Muller;  Weiske;  Weselsky;  Wolff; 

Zaloziecki. 

Indigo-Carmine  with  Indigo  or  Hematein. — Mayer. 
Indigo-Carmine  and  Aniline  Blue. — Maschold. 
Indigo-Carmine,  Oxalic- Acid. — Thiersch. 
Indigo-Red  in  Urine. — Rosenbach. 
Indol. — Bayer;    Guezda;    Nencki;    Salkowski. — In    BACTERIAL 

CULTURES  :  Kitasato-Salkowski. 
Indulin  Stain. — Calberla. 
Inflammable  Gas. — Clowes. 
Infusoria. — FIXING:  Blanc. — METHOD:  Entz. — QUIETING:  Eis- 

mond. 


362  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Injection  Fluid. — CARMINE:  Emery. — RED:  Bruecke. 

Injection  Mass. — ACACIA:  Bjeloussow. — ASPHALT:  Budge. — 
BERLIN-BLUE:  Bruecke;  Mayer;  Mueller. — CARMINE:  Joseph; 
Thiersch;  Ville. — GREEN:  Thiersch. — IODINE:  Lugol. — LEAD- 
CHROMATE:  Thiersch. — PRUSSIAN-BLUE:  Thiersch. — SHELLAC:. 
Hoyer. 

Ink  Injection. — Taguchi. 

Inorganic  Acids. — Geoghan. 

Inosite. — Scherer;  Seidel. — In  URINE:  Gallois. 

Invert  Stain. — Rawitz. 

lodates. — Corne. — In  IODIDES:  Pollacci;  Schering. 

lodic  Acid. — Biltz;  Reichardt. — In  NITRIC  ACID:  Hager;  Hilger. 

Iodides. — Hempel;  Jones;  Pollacci  (iodates);  Schering  (iodates). 
— In  SALIVA:  Bourget. — In  URINE:  Bourget. 

Iodine. — Alf raise ;  Carey  Lea;  Castle;  Chatin  Gaultier  de  Claubry ; 
Filhol;  Grange;  Henry;  Henry- Humbert;  Jacquemin;  Koetts- 
torfer;  Laronde;  Lassaigne;  Maier;  Marchand;  Overbeck; 
Peloggio;  Price;  Rabourdin;  Reynoso;  Stanford;  Tessier; 
Thomson;  Tilden;  Vitali;  Wachhausen;  Winkler. — In  BRO- 
MINE: Jorissen. — In  COMPOUNDS:  Thorns. — In  URINE:  Har- 
nack;  Jolles;  Sandlund;  Seivolete. 

Iodine  Fixing. — Overton. 

Iodine  Number. — Huebl. 

Iodine-Potassium  Iodide. — Kuehne. 

Iodine  Solution. — Gram;  Huebl- Waller ;  Wagner- Fresenius. 

Iodine  Test-paper. — Sabrazes-Deniges. 

Iodized  Serum. — Frey;  Ranvier;  Schultze. 

lodoform. — Deniges;  Greshoff;  Guyot;  Lustgarten. 

Iron. — Andreasch;  Bellamy;  Deniges;  Fairbank  (phosphorus); 
Fuge;  Lasaulx;  Wildenstein. — In  COPPER  SULPHATE:  Griggi. 
— In  FERRUGINOUS  NUCLEINS  and  NUCLEO-ALBUMINS:  Just. 
— In  TISSUES:  Tizzoni. 

Iron  Carmine. — Zacharias. 

Iron  Citrate. — Griggi. 

Iron-Hematoxylin. — Benda;  Butschli;  Heidenhain. 

Iron  Isopyrotritarate. — Simon. 

Iron  Method. — Upson. 

Iron-Persulphate  Solution. — Monsel. 

Iron-Pyrogallate  Stain. — Roosevelt. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  36$ 

Isatropyl  Cocaine.— MacLagan. 

Iso-Eugenol. — Chapman. 

Iso-Saffrol. — Chapman. 

Jalap. — Buchner. 

Kairin  in  Urine. — Petri;  Renzone. 

Kermes  Coloring  in  Wine. — Heise;  Hilger-Mai. 

"  Kernschwarz  "  Stain. — Lee. 

Ketones. — Bela-von  Bitto;  Fischer;  Villiers-Fayolle. 

Ketoses. — Sieben. 

Kinovic  Acid. — Winkler. 

Kousso  Flowers. — Kuhl. 

Lactic  Acid. — Boas;  Uffelmann. 

Lactose. — Rosenbach. 

Lanolin . — Lieberm  ann . 

Lard  Oil,  Cottonseed  in. — Conroy;  Gantter. 

Lead. — Blyth;     Bobierre;    Fordos. — In    TINFOIL:    Kopp. — Ins 

URINE:  Abram;  Hahnemann. 
Lead  Chromate. — GELATIN   MASS:   Hoyer. — INJECTION   MASS: 

Thiersch. 

Lead  Ore. — Krutwig  (silver). 
Leguminous  Flour  in  Wheat  Flour. — Donny. 
Lemon- Juice  Method. — Ranvier. 
Lemon  Oil. — Schimmel. 
Leprosy  Bacillus  Stain. — Bates;  Baumgarten;  Luebimoff;  Lust- 

garten;  Lutz-Unna;  Unna. 

Leucine. — Hofmeister;  Scherer. — In  URINE:  Frerich. 
Levulose. — Ihl-Pechmann ;  Seliwanoff . 
Lignin. — Hegler;  Hoehnel,  von-;  Maule;  Niggl;  Wiesner. 
Lilac  Borax  Carmine. — Thiersch. 
Lemon  Juice. — Warington  (citric  acid). 
Lime  Juice. — Warington  (citric  acid). 
Limonene. — Burgess. 
Linalol. — Burgess. 
Linalyl  Acetate. — Burgess. 
Linen  Fibers. — Boettger. 

Linseed  Oil. — Morrell. — In  OLIVE  OIL:  Millian. 
Lithium  Carbonate. — Symons  (sodium). 
Lithium  Carmine. — Orth. 
Lubricants  from  Petroleum,  Tarry  Constituents  of. — Holde. 


364  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Lubricating  Oils,  Soap  in. — Schweitzer. 

Mace,  Bombay. — Boehm;  Busse;  Hefelmann;  Waage. 

Maceration    Media. — Bela-Haller;    Borme;    Calberla;    Hertwig; 

Kuehne;    Landois;    Lavdowsky;    Loeffler;    Mobin;   Schultze; 

Soulier;  Trenkmann. 

Maceration  Method. — Minot;  Mitrophanow. 
Magenta  Stain. — Gibbes. 
Magnesia. — Sehaffgott. 
Magnesia  Mixture. — Gilbert. 
Magnesium. — Deniges . 

Magnesium  Salts. — Lepel;  Schlagdenhauffen. 
Malic  Acid. — Papasogli-Poli. 
Manganese. — Boettger;    Campani;    Davy;    Deniges. — In    ZINC: 

Gayard;  Guyard. 

Manganese-Chloride  Solution.  — Pict et . 
Margarin. — Partheil. — In  BUTTER:  Drouot;  Soxhlet. 
Martius  Yellow. — In  PASTRY:  Schaefer. — In  URINE:  Vitali. 
"  Mastzellen."— Ehrlich. 

Media. — CULTURE:  Pasteur. — DISSOCIATION:  Stirling. — MACER- 
ATION:  Lavdowsky;   Loeffler;   Mobin. — MOUNTING:   Apathy; 

Brady;    Brun;    Deane;   Fabre-Domergue;    Farrant;    Gannal; 

Geoffrey ;  Haentsch ;  Heurck,  van- ;  Hoyer ;  Jaeger ;  Langerhan ; 

Lavdowsky ;  Lee ;  Noll ;  Ripart ;  Schultze ;  Squire ;  Stephenson ; 

Suchannek;    Vosseler. — NUTRIENT:    Sachs. — PRESERVATIVE: 

Barff. — TYPHOID  BACILLI:  Stoddart. 
Melanin. — Pollak. — In  URINE:  Eiselt;  Jaksch,  von-;  Thormaeh- 

len;   Zeller. 

Menthol. — Eykmann  (thymol). — In  OIL  PEPPERMINT:  Schimmel. 
Mercuric  Impregnation  Mixture. — Cox. 
Mercuro- Nitric  Mixture. — Gilson. 
Mercury. — Eschka;     Fuerbringer;     Gmelin-Smithson;     Merget; 

Morgan;    Teubner. — In    ATMOSPHERE:    Gaglio. — In    URINE: 

Jolles;  Ludwig. 
Mesityl-quinone.  — Fittig. 
Metalbumin. — Hammarsten. 
Metagelatin  Vehicle. — Fol. 
Metallic  Salts.— Schmid. 
Metals. — Cazeneuve;  Deniges. 
Meta-Vanadates. — Werther. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  36S, 

Methacetin. — Moers. 

Methane. — Merget. 

Methyl  Alcohol. — Cazeneuve-Cotton ;  Jacquemart ;  Mulliken-. 
Scudder. — In  ALCOHOL:  Langbeck;  Rice-Bardy. 

Methyl-Green  Eosine  Stain. — Calberla;  List. 

Methyl  Mixture. — Schiefferdecker. 

Methyl  Orange. — Lunge;  Miller. 

Methyl  Salicylates,  natural  and  artificial. — Adrian. 

Methyl- Violet  Solution. — Koch;  Kuehne. 

Methyl-Violet  Stain.— Orth. 

Methylene  Blue. — METHOD:  Apathy;  Bethe;  Dogiel;  Kuehne ; 
Nissl;  Rouget. — SOLUTION:  Koch:  Kuehne;  Loeffler. — STAIN: 
Dogiel;  Koch;  Parker. 

Methylene-Blue  Eosine  Stain. — Chenzinsky;  Pianese. 

Methylene-Blue  Borax. — Sahli. 

Michrochemical  Reagent. — Lutz. 

Micro-Preservative  Solution. — Keiser. 

Micro-Sections. — HARDENING  FLUID  for:  Bunger. — STAINS  for: 
Genfer;  Gram-Gunther;  Hanstein. 

Microscopical  Examination  of  Blood. — Hayem. 

Migranin. — Str  obel . 

Milk. — Adams  (fat);  Carcano  (boiled  and  unboiled);  Hehner 
(formaldehyde);  Hosaeus  (borax;  sodium  bicarbonate);  Leff- 
mann-Beam  (fat);  Lythgoe  (aniline  orange);  Medicus  (sali- 
cylic acid);  Schaeffer  (boiled  and  unboiled);  Vaudin;  Werner- 
Schmidt  (fat). 

Milk  Sugar. — Conrady;  Rubner. 

Mineral  Acids. — Bergman;  Flueckiger;  Hager;  Huber;  Hume; 
Kieffer ;  Mohr ;  Rheoch ;  Spence-Esilmann. — In  ORGANIC  ACIDS  : 
Nickel. — In  VINEGAR:  Ashby;  Chiappe;  Griggi;  Hehner; 
Jorissen;  Mallet;  Strom;  Wharton;  Witz. 

Mineral  Oils. — Lux;  Wiederhold. 

Mineral  Substances  in  Flour. — Himly. 

Mineral  Waters,  Organic  Matter  in. — Garrigou. 

Minerals. — Klein;  Thoulet. 

Moisture. — Merget. 

Molybdenum. — Maschke. 

Molybdic  Acid. — Braun;  Kobell;  Schoenn;  Siewert. 

Monatomic  Alcohols. — Bitto. 


366  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Morphine. — Fairthorne;   Grove;   Horsley;    Husemann;   Jassoy; 

Jorissen;  Kalkbrenner;  Kieffer;  Kobert;   Kotzebue;   Lamal; 

Lefort;  Lindo;  Loof;  Marquis;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Nadler;  Otto; 

Robin;     Robinet;     Robiquet;     Schneider;     Selmi;     Serullas; 

Siebold;   Tattersall;   Thomas;   Vitali;   Wangerin;   Wellcome; 

Wender;  Weppen;  Woolsey. — In  QUININE  SULPHATE:  Hesse. 

— In  URINE:  Landsberg-Wislicenus. 
Motor  Activity  of  Stomach. — Siewer. 
Mounting  Medium. — Apathy;  Beale;  Gannal;  Geoffrey;  Heurck, 

van-;    Hoyer;    Ripart;    Schultze;    Stephenson;    Suchannek; 

Weigert. 

Mounting  Process,  Gelatin. — Alleger. 
Mounting,  Slow  or  Exposure. — Cole. 
Mucicarmine  for  Staining  Mucus. — Mayer. 
Mucihematein  for  Staining  Mucus. — Mayer. 
Mucilage,  Quince. — Born-Wieger. 
Mucin  in  Urine. — Salkowsky-Leubes. 
Musk. — B  erzelius . 
Mustard,  Turmeric  in. — Wilder. 
Mustard  Oil,  Carbon  Bisulphide  in. — Luck. 
Myrrh. — Bonastre;  Righini. — BISABOL  and  HERABOL:  Tucholka. 
Naphtalin. — Edlefsen;  Penzoldt;  Thorns. 
Naphtol. — ALPHA:  Aymonier;  Leger. — BETA:  Leger. 
Naphtols. — Flueckiger;       Lustgarten;       Richardson;      Thorns; 

Wolf. 

Naphtol  Yellow. — In  PASTRY:  Schaefer. — In  URINE:  Vitali. 
Narceine. — Arnold;      Dragendorff;      Mecke;      Melzer;      Stein; 

Vogel. 

Narcotine. — Couerbe;  Elias;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Robin. 
Narcotization. — METHOD:    Foettinger;  Fol;  Korotnoff;  Reden- 

baugh;  Tullberg;  Verworn. — SOLUTION:  Bianco;  Hofer. 
Nataloin. — Histed. 
Natural  Injections. — Zellner. 
Nerve-Centre  Stain. — Adamkiewicz. 
Nerve  Stain. — Alt;  Henle;  Kaiser;  Kultschitzky;  Lewis,  Bevan-; 

Magini;  Mann;  Nissl;  Rehm;  Sahli;  Sankey;  Schmans;  Von 

Marchi;  Wolter. 
Neuroglia  Stain. — Weigert. 
Neurological  Method. — Bellonci;  Kallins. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  367 

^Nickel. — Braun;  Deniges;  Papasogli. 

Nicotine. — Heut;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Palm;  Schindelmeiser; 
Wender. 

Nitrates. — Allesandri-Guaceni ;  Deniges ;  Grimaux ;  Jean- Alvarez ; 
Lindo;  Spiegel. — In  WATER:  Cazeneuve-Defournel. 

Nitric  Acid. — Allesandri-Guaceni;  Altman;  Austen-Chamber- 
lain; Bailey;  Boettger;  Bolas;  Boussingalt;  Broun;  Desbassin; 
Hager  (iodic  acid);  Hilger  (iodic  acid);  Horsley;  Kammerer; 
Kersting;  Kopp;  Lindo;  Longi;  Lunge-Lwoff;  Martin;  Nichol- 
son; Piccini;  Reichardt;  Richmond;  Schmidt;  Sprengel; 
Stein;  Tassini-Piazza ;  Uffelmann;  Vogel. — In  URINE:  Schoen- 
bein;  Schulze;  Weyl. 

Nitrites. — Bujwid;  Deniges;  De  venter;  Fresenius;  Green  wait; 
Lindo;  Pichard;  Riegler;  Sabatier;  Schaefer. 

Nitrobenzene. — Bechampo;  Bourgoin;  Brunner;  Debrunner; 
Dragendorff;  Jacquemin;  Morpurgo. — In  ESSENTIAL  OIL 
ALMOND:  Hager;  Henninger;  Maisch;  Pegna. 

Nitro-Glycerin. — Mohr;  Werber. 

Nitrogen. — Donath;  Kjeldahl;  Knop. — In  URINE:  Allen. 

Nitrogenous  Compounds,  Organic. — Lassaigne. 

Nitrophenol. — Langbeck. 

Nitroso  Compounds. — Liebermann. 

Nitrous  Acid. — Boettger;  Chatard;  Frankland;  Fresenius; 
Griess;  Griess-Ilosvay;  Hager;  Jorrisen;  Kammerer;  Kopp; 
Lunge-Lwoff;  Meldola;  Plugge;  Rideal-Green ;  Schoenbein; 
Schuyten;  Trommsdorff;  Wilson. — In  BLOOD:  Bertoni-Ray- 
mondi. — In  URINE:  Schoenbein. — In  WATER:  Maschke. 

Nitrous  Ether,  Water  in.— Lloyd. 

Nucleo  Albumins. — Just  (iron). — In  URINE:  Reissner. 

Nutrient  Medium. — Sachs. 

Nux  Vomica. — Schlienkamp. — ASSAY:  Dunstan-Short. 

Oil,  Almond,  Expressed. — Bieber. 

Oil,  Almond,  Essential,  Nitrobenzene  in. — Hager;  Henninger; 
Maisch;  Pegna. 

Oil  Anise. — FREEZING  MASS:  Kuehne. — IMBEDDING  PROCESS: 
Moore. 

Oil  Bergamot,  Oil  Turpentine  in. — Gulli. 

Oil  Cacao. — Filsinger. 

Oil  Cajuput,  Cineol  in. — Faulding. 


368  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Oil  Cassia. — Hirschsohn. 

Oil  Castor. — Bollet;  Draper;  Finkener;  Di  Vetere. — In  COPAIVA: 
Hager;  Maupy. — In  CROTON  OIL:  Maupy. — In  OLIVE  OIL: 
Leonard!. 

Oil  Cedarwood. — In  SPEARMINT  OIL:  Kremers-Schreiner. 

Oil  Clove,  Phenol  in. — Flueckiger. 

Oil  Copaiva. — In  URINE:  Nobel. 

Oil,  Coriander. — Schimmel. 

Oil  Cottonseed. — Bechi;  Deiss;  Halphen;  Hirschsohn;  Labiche; 
Millian;  Ruggieri-Tortelli ;  Wolfbauer. — In  LARD:  Conroy; 
Gantter. — In  OLIVE  OIL:  Brulle;  Hauchecorne;  Heydenreich. 

Oil  Croton. — Maisch;  Maupy  (castor  oil). — In  TINCTURE  IODINE: 
Durien. 

Oil  Eucalyptus,  Cineol  in. — Faulding. 

Oil,  Fusel.— Betelli;  Vitali. 

Oil  Gurjun. — Flueckiger. — In  COPAIVA:  Enell. 

Oil  Lemon. — Schimmel. 

Oil  Linseed. — Morrell. 

Oil  Olive. — Boudet;  Bradford;  Brulle  (foreign  oils);  Buch- 
heister;  Codina-Laenglin ;  Conroy;  Diesel;  Hauchecorne  (cot- 
tonseed oil);  Kopp;  Laillier;  Leonardi  (castor  oil);  Lipowitz; 
Marchand;  Merz;  Schneider  (cruciferous  oils);  Wimmer; 
Zechini. 

Oil,  Peach  Kernel. — Bieber. 

Oil  Peanut. — Renard;  Souchere. 

Oil  Peppermint. — Arzberger;  Flueckiger;  Jehn;  Schack;  Schim- 
mel. 

Oil  Rose. — Ganswindt;  Guibourt. 

Oil  Rose-Geranium. — Jaillard. 

Oil  Rosin. — Storch-Morawski. — In  OIL  MIXTURES:  Storch. 

Oil,  Sandal. — Hendrix. 

Oil,  Sesame. — Basoletto;  Baudowin;  Breinl;  Bremer;  Camoin; 
Carlinfanti;  Fabris- Villa vecchia ;  Flueckiger- Behren;  Gassend; 
Lewin;  Soltsiens;  Tambon;  Tocher. 

Oil  Spearmint. — Schreiner-Kremers. 

Oil  Turpentine. — Vogel. — In  OIL  BERGAMOT:  Gulli. 

Oil  Valerian. — Flueckiger. 

Oil  Mixtures,  Rosin  Oil  in. — Storch. 

Oiled  Wheat.— Himly. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  369 

Oils. — Cailletet     (copper);     Huebl;     Jean;     Maumene;     Penot; 

Schoenvogel;  Schramm;  Wemince. — CRUCIFEROUS:  Grehant; 

Miahle. — ESSENTIAL:  Barbier  (alcohol);  Crismer  (turpentine); 

Dragendorff  (alcohol);  Elram;  Flueckiger;  Forney  (alcohol); 

Hager    (alcohol;    chloroform);    Hoppe;    Leonard!    (alcohol); 

Leuch     (Water);     McClellan- Forney     (alcohol;    turpentine); 

Maier  (turpentine);  Maisch;  OberdoerfTer  (alcohol);  Perrot; 

Puscher    (alcohol);    Redwood    (alcohol);    Stuart    (alcohol): 

Sulzer  (alcohol);  Tuchen;  Walz  (fixed  oils). — FATTY:  Barbot; 

Behrens;  Bieber;  Bourdat;  Cailletet;  Calvert;  Crace-Calvert ; 

Glaessner;  Hager;  Heidenreich;  Jacobsen;  Livache;  Massie; 

Merz;    Nickles;    Poutet;   Roth;    Royere,    de    la-. — MINERAL: 

Wiederhold. — ROSIN:  Wiederhold. — In  COPAIVA:  Gerber;  Ha- 
ger; Hirschsohn;  Muter;  Lux. 
Olive    Oil. — Boudet;    Bradford;    Brulle    (foreign    oils);    Buch- 

heister;    Codina-Laenglin ;    Conroy;    Di   Vetere    (castor   oil); 

Diessel;  Hauchecorne  (cottonseed  oil);  Heydenreich  (cotton- 
seed  oil);   Kopp;   Laillier;   Leonardi   (castor   oil);   Lipowitz; 

Marchand;  Merz;  Millian  (linseed  oil);  Schneider  (foreign  oils); 

Wimmer;  Zechini. 
One-Third  Alcohol. — Ranvier. 
Opium. — Brissemoret  (alkaloids  of);Everitt;  Merck;  O'Shaugh- 

nessy;  Southey. 
Orange  Method. — Flemming. 
Orcein  Stain. — Israel. 
Orchella  Stain.— Wedl. 
Organic  Acids. — Geogehan;  Nickel  (mineral  acids);  Pinerna. — 

In  PHENOL:  Bachmeier. 
Organic  Matter. — Lassaigne. — In  WATER:  Dupasquier ;  Garrigou; 

Marchand. 

Orseille  Stain. — Wedl. 
Osmic    Acid. — METHOD:    Azoulay;    Bristol;     Mann;    Overton; 

Ranvier-Vignal. — STAINS:  Kolossow;  Lee;  Mahrenthal,  von-; 

Pal-Exner. 

Ova,  Examination  Liquid  for. — Henking. 
Oxalic    Acid. — Salkowsky. — SOLUTION:     Boccardi. — In    URINE: 

Reoch. 

Oxalic-Acid  Carmine. — Thiersch. 
Oxalic-Acid  Indigo-Carmine. — Thiersch. 


370  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Oxygen  Process. — Tidy. 

Ozone. — Boettger;    Chlopin;    Houzeau    (test    paper);    Merget; 

Schoenbein  (test  paper);  Wurster  ("tetra"  paper). 
Palladium-Iodide  Stain. — Paladino. 

Papaverine. — Anderson;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Tattersall;  Wender. 
Paper. — Dahlmann ;  Friedlander  (wood  fibre) ;  Geissler  (albumin 

test-);    Griess    (test-);    Herzberg;    Houzeau    (ozone    test-); 

Wolesky  (wood  fibre). 
Paracarmine. — Mayer. 

Para-Amidophenetol  in  Phenacetin. — Reuter. 
Para-cresol. — Jaksch,  Von-. 
Paraffin. — Spee,   Graf. — MASS:   Van   Walsem. — In  WAX:   Est- 

court-Parry;  Landott. 
Paranitrophenol. — Spiegel. 
Paraoxyphenylacetic  Acid. — Millon. 
Paratoliudine. — Lauth ;  Rosenstiehl. 
Paraxanthin . — Salomon . 
Peanut  Oil. — Renard;  Souchere. 
Peach-Kernel  Oil.— Bieber. 
Peas,  Preserved,  Copper  in. — Nikitin. 
Pentose.— Bial;  Tollens. 
Ptlagic  Animals,  fixing  delicate. — Bedot. 
Peppermint  Oil. — Arzberger;  Flueckiger;  Jehn;  Schack. 
Pepsin. — Langley. 
Pepsinogen. — L  angley . 
Peptones.  —  Bogomolow-Wassilieff ;     Devoto ;     Gorup-Besanez ; 

Hofmeister;  Riegler. — In  URINE:  Jaworowski;  Martin;  Posner; 

Ralfe;  Randolph;  Salkowsky. 
Permanganate  Method. — Henneguy. 
Permanganate  Solutions,  Standardizing. — Stolba. 
Peronin. — Robert . 
Peroxides. — Dudderidge. 
Peru  Balsam. — Gawalowski  (alcohol);  Gehe;  Hager  (benzoin); 

Hirschsohn. 

Petrolatum,  Animal  and  Vegetable  Fats  in. — Crouzel-Dupin. 
Petroleum. — Bird;  Holde. 
Phenacetin. — Autenrieth-Hinsberg;   Gigli;  Hirschsohn  (acetani- 

lid);  Moers;  Reuter  (para-amidophenetol) ;  Ritsert;  Schroeder 

(acetanilid) ;  Strobel. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  371 

Phenacetolin. — Degener ;  Lunge. 

Phenetidin  in  Urine. — Edlefsen. 

Phenol. — Allen;  Almen;  Bachmeier  (organic  acids);  Berthelot; 

Clarke;  Cotton;  Davy;  Deville;  Eykmann;  Fiora;  Flueckiger; 

Frisch;  Fresenius;  Hirsch;  Hoffmann;  Hoppe-Seyler ;  Jacque- 

min;   Klunge;   Landolt;   Lex;   Liebermann;   Lindo;   Maseau; 

Mene;  Millon;  Morson;  Neubauer;  Penzoldt-Fischer;  Plugge; 

Pollacci;  Salkowsky. — In  URINE:  Dragendorff. 
Phenols. — Candussio;    Chapman;    Defacqz;    Hoffmann;    Lowe; 

Orlow;  Thorns. 
Phenolphtalein. — Luck. 

Phloroglucin. — Thorns ;  Weselsky . — MIXTURE  :  Ferreri. 
Phosphoric   Acid. — Bunsen;    Fourcroy;    Gilbert;   Merz;   Pagel; 

Ross;  Selmi;  Svanberg. 
Phosphorus. — Fresenius- Neubauer;    Hager;    Mitscherlich ;    Mu- 

kerji;  Scherer;  Schiff;  Schoenn;  Woehler. — In  IRON:  Fairbank. 

— In    ORGANIC    MATTER:    Lipowitz. — In   PHOSPHORIC   ACID: 

Pagel. — In  TISSUES:  Bastelaer;  Dusart-Blondlot. 
Phosphorus  Hydride. — Hager. 
Phosphotungstic  Acid  for  Alkaloids. — Schering. 
Phyllocyanin. — Pellagri. 
Physostigmine. — Mecke;  Petti. 
Picric  Acid. — Brunner;  Pohl. — In  BEER:  Rupeau. 
Picric  Alcohol. — Gage. 
Picro-Carmine.— Ranvier;   Squire;  Vignal-Ranvier;  Weigert. — 

METHOD:  Cole. 

Picro-Chromic  Acid. — METHOD:  Fol. — SOLUTION:  Haensel. 
Picro-Hydrochloric  Acid. — Mayer. 
Picro-Nigrosin  Stain. — Freeborn;  Martinotti. 
Picro-Nitric  Acid. — Mayer. 
Picro-Osmic  Acid. — Vom  Rath. 
Picro-Platinic  Mixture. — Vom  Rath. 
Picro-Platinic-Osmic  Mixture. — Vom  Rath. 
Picro-Sublimate  Mixture. — Rabl;  Vom  Rath. 
Picro-Sublimate-Osmic  Mixture. — Vom  Rath. 
Picro-Sulphuric  Acid. — Kleinenberg;  Mayer. 
Picro-tannin  Mixtures. — Mann. 
Picrotoxin. — Becker;  Duflos;  Mecke;  Melzer;  Minovici;  Oglialoro; 

Otto;  Palm. 


372  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Pigments,  Biliary. — Barral;  Bartley;  Basham;  Bruecke;  Casali; 
Capranika;  Dumontpallier ;  Dumontpallier-Trousseau ;  Dra- 
gendorff;  Deubner;  Fleischl;  Gerard;  Gerhardt;  Heller;  Hilger; 
Hoppe-Seyler ;  Huppert;  Jolles;  Krehbiel;  Lewin;  Marechal; 
Neukomm;  Noel;  Paul;  Penzoldt;  Riegler;  Rosenbach;  Rosin; 
Schwanda;  Smith;  Triollet;  Tiedemann-Gmelin ;  Ultzmann; 
Vitali;  Yvon. 

Pigments,  Wine. — Nessler.  i 

Pilocarpine. — Helch;  Lenz;  Nagelvoort. 

Plasma  Cells,  Staining  Method  for. — Bergonzini. 

Platino-Aceto-Osmic  Mixture. — Hermann. 

Platino-Sublimate  Mixture. — Rabl. 

Platinum. — Fischer. — FIXING  SOLUTION:  Rabl. — HARDENING- 
MIXTURE:  Johnson. 

Platinum  Chloride. — Merkel. 

Podophyllum  Resin. — Millard. 

Polka-Paper. — Schott . 

Pomegranate-Root  Bark. — Kuhl. 

Potash  Preparations,  Preservative  for. — Gage. 

Potassa  Solution. — Moleschott. 

Potassio-Ferric  Tartrate. — Griggi. 

Potassio-Mercuric  Iodide  Solution. — Masin;  Mayer. 

Potassium. — Erdmann;  Konick,  de-;  Woerner. — ACETATE  (so- 
lution): Squire. — BICHROMATE:  Donath. — -CHROMATE:  Do- 
nath;  Ludwig. — CYANATE:  Schneider. — IODIDE:  Lepage. — 
PERMANGANATE  (solution):  Mohr. — PICRAMATE:  Frebault. — 
PLATINIC-CHLORIDE  (reagent):  Schwarzenbach-Delff. — SALTS: 
Campani;  Gurtman;  Mohr;  Stolba. — In  URINE:  Heintz; 
Salkowsky. 

Precipitates,  Soluble. — Borodin. 

Preservative  Fluid. — Barff;  Flemming;  Gage;  Gilson;  Glage; 
Goadby  (or  Godbay);  Harting;  Keiser;  Pacini;  Pick;  Ripart- 
Pettit;  Thwaite;  Wickersheimer. 

Primary  Amines. — Hoffmann. 

Proteids. — Bruecke;  Mandel;  Michailow;  Petri;  Piotrowski; 
Rideal-Stewart. 

Protein. — Ritthausen ;  Sonnenschein. 

Proximate  Principles. — Johannson. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  373 

Prussian-Blue. — GLYCERIN  MASS:   Beale;    Robins. — INJECTION: 

Leber;  Ranvier;  Thiersch. 
Ptomaines. — Brouardel-Boutmy ;  Trotarelli. 
Pus. — Day. — In  URINE:  Donne. 
Pyridine. — Anderson. — For  HARDENING:  Souza,  de-. 
Pyrocatechin. — Brieger;   Mueller- Ebstein. — In  URINE:  Mueller- 

Ebstein;  Neubauer. 
Pyrogallol. — Griggi;  Mathieu-Plessy ;  Watson. — Stain:  Lee;  Mah- 

renthal,  von-. 

Pyroligneous  Matter  in  Acetic  Acid. — Lightfoot. 
Pyrophosphoric  Acid  in  Urine. — Joly-Pacquelin. 
Quinamine . — Oudemans . 
Quince  Mucilage. — Born-Wieger. 
Quinidine. — Hesse ;  Hirschsohn. 
Quinine. — Andre;  Blaise;  Creuse  (salicin);  DeVrij;  Flueckiger; 

Glenard;  Hager;  Heyninger,  van-;  Hesse   (allied  alkaloids); 

Kerner;    Kletzinski;    Kubli;   Leers;   Leube;   Liebig;    Maisch; 

Mecke;  Pelletier;  Robin;  Schwabe;  Vogel;  Vrij,  de-;  Wender; 

Zeller. — In  URINE:  Binz;  Kerner;  Vitali. — SULPHATE:  Hesse 

(morphine);  Paul  (cinchonidine) ;  Schaefer. 
Quinoline. — Anderson. 

Raspberry  Syrup,  Cherry  Syrup  in. — Windisch. 
Reagent.— Faktor;  White. 
Red  Injection  Fluid. — Bruecke. 
Red  Wine,  Coloring  Matters  of. — Boettger. 
Reduced  Iron. — Fuge. 
Reducing  Solution. — Pritchard. 
Regenerating  Osmic-Acid  Solutions. — Bristol. 
Regenerating  Weigert's  Hematoxylin. — Berlinerblau. 
Rennet,  Zymogen  of. — Klemperer. 
Resazurin. — Crismer. 

Resin  in  Wax. — Donath;  Donath-Schmidt ;  Estcourt-Parry. 
Resin. — Elram;  Hehn;  Unverdorben-Franchimont ;  Storch-Mo- 

rawski. — In  WAX:  Schmidt- Donath. — PODOPHYLLUM:  Millard. 

See  also  ROSIN. 

Resorcin. — Bodde;  Ferraro;  Thorns. 
Rhubarb. — Maisch    (turmeric);    Opwyrda    (turmeric);    Wilder 

(turmeric). — In  URINE:  Proksch. 
Rose  Oil. — Ganswindt;  Guibourt. 


374  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Rose-Geranium  Oil. — Jaillard. 

Rosin. — In    BALSAM    TOLU:    Hirschsohn. — In   GUAIAC    RESIN: 

Hirschsohn. 
Rosin  Oil. — Storch-Morawski ;  Wiederhold. — In  OIL  MIXTURES: 

Storch. 

Rotifiers. — Rousselet . 
Rubidium. — Erdmann. 
Rum,  Genuine. — Wiederholt. 
Rye-Flour,  Ergot  in. — Boettger. 
Rye  Flour.— Wittmack. 
Sabadilline. — Wender. 
Saccharin. — Boernstein;  Bornstein;  Hairs;  Kayser;  Leys;  Linde- 

mann-Motten ;  Lindo;  Remsen;  Schmidt;  Spica. 
Saffrol. — Chapman. 

Safranine. — Boettger;  Martinotti-Resegotti. — SOLUTION:  Bates; 
Flemming. — STAIN:  Babes;  Foa;  Pfitzner;  Podwysotzki;  Rese- 
gotti-Martinotti ;  Szobolew;  Zwaardemaker. 
Salicin. — Robin. — In  QUININE:  Creuse. 

Salicylic  Acid. — Almen;  Hager;  Jorissen;  Lindemann-Motten ; 
Millon;  Phipson;  Ridenour;  Schulze;  Thorns. — In  MILK: 
Medicus. — In  URINE  :  Robinet ;  Siebold-Bradbury. — In  WINE  : 
Spicea. 

Salicylic  Vinegar. — Meyer. 
Salicylic  Vinegar  and  Gum  Medium. — Noll. 
Salipyrine. — Strobel . 
Saliva,  Iodides  in. — Bourget. 
Salol.— Strobel. 

Salophen. — Goldmann ;  Reutmann. 
Salt  Solution. — Carnoy. 
Sandal  Oil. — Hendrix. 
Sandarac  Medium. — Lavdowsky. 
Sanguinarine. — Orlow-Horst. 
Santonica. — Astolfi. 
Santonin. — Ferraro;  Hager;  Lindo;  Pain;  Schermer;  Smith. — In 

URINE:  Crouzel;  Hoppe-Seyler. 
Sausage,  Decomposed. — Eber. 
Scammony. — Buchner. 
Scheele's-Green  Coloring  Mass. — Robins. 
Serial  Sections. — Poli;  Rabl;  Schaellibaum. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  375 

Serum. — ARTIFICIAL:    Kronecker;    Frey     (iodized). — CHOLERA 

REACTION:  Pfeiffer. — IODIZED:  Ranvier. 
Serum  Paper. — Richardson. 
Sesame    Oil. — Basoletto;   Baudouin;   Bremer;   Breinl;  Camoin; 

Carlinfanti;  Fabris-Villavecchia ;  Flueckiger-Behren ;  Gassend; 

Lewin;  Soltsiens;  Tambon. — In  OTHER  OILS:  Tocher. 
Sesquiterpenes. — Wallach . 
Shellac  Fixative. — Giesbrecht;  Mayer. 
Shellac  Injection  Mass. — Hoyer. 
Shellac  Method  for  Hard,  Chitinous  Objects.— Hyatt. 
Shikimi  Fruit  in  Star  Anise. — Lenz. 
Silicic  Acid. — Barfoed. 

Silk. — Hoehnel,  Von-;  Jacquemin;  Lidof;  Liebermann;  Peltier. 
Silver. — In    LEAD    ORE:    Krutwig. — STAIN:    Alferow;    Hoyer; 

Mueller;   Jakimovitch;   Oppitz;   Renaut;   Robinski;   Rouget; 

Sattler;  Tartuferi;  Tourneux- Hermann. 
Silver  Bromide,  Chloride,  and  Iodide. — Volhard. 
Silver    Nitrate. — GELATIN  MASS:  Hoyer. — INJECTION:  Ranvier. 

— SOLUTION:  Wanklyn. 
Skat  ol. — Ciamician-  M  agn  anini . 

Slide  Cleaning  Solution. — Fol;  Hanaman;  James;  Knauer;  Nias. 
Smegma  Bacillus  Stain. — Housell. 
Soap. — IMBEDDING  MASS:  Fischer. — SOLUTION:  Clark;  Wanklyn. 

— In  LUBRICATING  OILS:  Schweitzer. 
Soda  Preparations,  Preservative  for. — Gage. 
Soda  Solution. — Moleschott. 
Sodium  Bicarbonate  in  Milk. — Hosaeus. 
Sodium  Carbonate. — Biltz. 

Sodium  Chloride  and  Alcohol. — Moleschott-Piso-Borme. 
Sodium-Hypochlorite  Solution. — Labarraque ;  Noll. 
Sodium  in  Lithium  Carbonate. — Symons. 
Sodium  Picramate. — Frebault. 
Sodium  Salts. — Hager;  Streng. 
Soil,  Excrement  in. — Finkelbury. 

Solanine. — Bach;  Bauer;  Clarus;  Dragendorff ;  Helwig;  Mecke. 
Soluble  Precipitates. — Borodin. 
Solution. — Hayem  (hypodermoclysis) ;  Huebl;  Loeffler;  Melassez: 

(for   hemin   crystals);    Prollius. — ALKALINE-PERMANGANATE: 

Wanklyn.  —  AMMONIUM-CHLORIDE:      Wanklyn.  —  ANILINE: 


376  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Kuehne. — CARMINE:  Hamann. — CARMINE-ALUM:  Grenacher. — 
CELLOIDIN:  Busse;  Elsching. — CHLORAL-HYDRATE:  Munson. — 
CULTURE:  Cohn;  Zune. — DAMMAR:  Pfitzner. — DECALCIFICA- 
TION:  Haug. — DIPHENYLAMINE-SULPHATE:  Kopp;  Pollet. — 
FIXING:  Altmann;  Carter;  Eisig;  Flemming;  Fol;  Hayem; 
Kollmann;  Kultchitzky;  Zencker. — FORMALDEHYDE:  Her- 
mann; Lavdowsky;  Lee. — FORMIC-ACID:  Boccardi. — FUCH- 
SINE:  Frey. — GENTIAN- VIOLET:  Ehrlich. — HARDENING:  Blum; 
Carnoy;  Flemming;  Remak. — HEMATEIN:  Hansen. — IODINE: 
Gram;  Huebl- Waller. — IODINE-POTASSIUM-!ODIDE:  Wagner- 
Fresenius. —  IRON-SUB  SULPHATE:  Monsel. — MAGNESIUM-HY- 
POCHLORITE:  Ramsay. — MANGANESE-CHLORIDE:  Pictet. — ME- 
THYL-VIOLET: Koch;  Kuehne. — METHYLENE-BLUE:  Koch. — 
MICRO-PRESERVATIVE:  Keiser. — NARCOTIZATION:  Hofer. — Os- 
Mic-Acio:  Bristol. — OXALIC  ACID.:  Boccardi. — PICRO-CHROMIC 
ACID:  Haensel. — PLATINIC-CHLORIDE:  Rabl. — POTASSA:  Mole- 
schott. — POTASSIO-MERCURIC  IODIDE:  Masin;  Mayer. — PO- 
TASSIUM-ACETATE :  Squire.  —  POTASSIUM-PERMANGANATE  : 
Mohr. — PRESERVATIVE:  Glage;  Pick. — SAFFRANINE:  Bates; 
Flemming.  —  SALT:  Carnoy.  —  SILVER-NITRATE:  Wanklyn. 
— SLIDE-CLEANING:  Fol;  Hanaman. — SOAP:  Clark;  Wanklyn. 
— SODA:  Moleschott.  —  SODIUM-CHLORIDE-ALCOHOL:  Piso- 
Borme  -  Moleschott.  —  SODIUM  -  HYPOCHLORITE  :  Labarraque ; 
Noll. — STARCH:  Zulkowsky. — SUBLIMATE:  Frenzel;  Heiden- 
hain;  Keiser;  Lee. — TANNIN:  Carnoy. — TURPENTINE:  Huehne- 
feld. — WASHING-SODA  :  Nias. 

Sparteine . — M  arque . 

Spinal  Chord  Stain. — Kaiser. 

Spirit  Nitrous  Ether. — Allen. 

Spore  Stain. — Ernst;  Neisser;  Neisser-Bienstock. 

Stain. — ACTINOMYCOSIS:  Weigert.  — ALUM-PICRO-CARMINE:  Le- 
gal.—  AMMONIA-CARMINE:  Hartig. — ANILINE:  Hanstein. — 
BACTERIA:  Blanchard;  Ehrlich;  Ermengen,  van-;  Ernst; 
Fischer;  Gram;  Gunther;  Koch;  Kuehne;  Loeffler;  Lugol; 
Schutz-Weigert ;  Weigert.  —  BENZOAZURIN:  Martin.  —  BIL- 
BERRY-JUICE: Lavdowsky. — BLEU-DE-LYON:  Baumgarten. — 
BLOOD:  Ganther;  Kastenbine;  Moore;  Rosenbach;  Toison; 
Willeband;  Wissowsky. — BLUE:  Hoffmann. — BONE:  Busch. — 
BRAIN:  Weigert. — BISMARCK-BROWN:  Kaiser;  Maysel. — CELL- 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  377 

NUCLEUS:  Grenadier. — CHITIN:  Bethe. — CHOLERA  BACILLUS: 
Kuehne. — COMMA-BACILLUS:  Bates. — CILIA:  Ermengen,  von-. 
— COCHINEAL:  Mayer. — DAHLIA:  Ehrlich. — DOUBLE:  Benda; 
Gibbes;  Kossinski;  Seller. — EMBRYO:  Allen. — EPITHELIA: 
Jakobsohn. — FERRIC-CHLORIDE:  Fol;  Hoggan. — FIBRIN:  Wei- 
gert. — FLAGELLA:  Bunge;  Crookshank;  Hessert;  Koch;  Loef- 
fler;  Lutesch;  Nicholle-Morax ;  Sclavo;  Trenckmann;  Von 
Ermengen. — FORMALDEHYDE:  Ohlmacher. — FUCHSINE:  Nissl. 

—  FUCHSINE-METHYLENE    BLUE:     Baumgarten. —  GENTIAN- 
'S      VIOLET:  Ehrlich;  Nissen. — GOLD:    Bastian;    Hoyer;    Under- 
wood. —  GOLD-SUBLIMATE  :     Ziehen.  —  GONOCOCCI  :    Pick.  — 
HEMATEIN:    Rawitz.  —  HEMATOXYLIN:    Apathy;    Foa;    Gre- 
nacher;  Pal;  Squire;  Unna;  Wolter. — HEMATOXYLIN-EOSINE: 
List.  —  INDULINE  :    Calberla.  —  IRON-PYROGALLATE  :     Roose- 
velt. —  KERNSCHWARZ  :    Lee.  —  LEPROSY-BACILLI  :    Bates.  — 
MAGENTA:    Gibbes.  —  METHOD:    Biondi;   Berkley;    Boettger; 
Brosicke;     Ehrlich;     Ehrlich-Biondi ;     Friedlander;    Gaffky; 
Giacomi;   Graser;    Hermann-Boettger;    Koch-Ehrlich;   Lanz; 
Rabl;     Paneth;     Sterling.  —  METHYL-GREEN-EOSINE:      List. 

—  METHYLENE-BLUE:     Dogiel;     Koch.  —  METHYLENE-BLUE- 
EOSINE:    Pianese. — MICRO-SECTION:   Genfer;  Gram-Gunther. 
— MUCICARMINE:  Mayer. — MUCOHEMATEIN:  Mayer. — NERVE: 
Alt;      Henle;      Kaiser;       Kultschitzky ;       Lewis;       Magini; 
Rehm;  Sahli;  Sankey;  Schmans;  Von  Marchi. — NEUROGLIA: 
Weigert. — ORCEIN:     Israel. — ORCHELLA:     Wedl. — ORSEILLE: 
Wedl. — OSMIUM:    Kolossow;    Lee;   Mahrenthal,    von-. — PAL- 
LADIUM-IODIDE:  Paladine. — PICRO-NIGROSINE:   Martinotti. — 
PLASMA-CELL:   Berganzini. — PYROGALLOL:   Lee;  Mahrenthal, 
von-. — SAFRANINE:     Babes;    Foa;    Pfitzner;    Podwyssotzki ; 
Szobolew;  Zwaardemaker. — SILVER:  Alferow;  Hoyer;  Mueller; 
Oppitz;    Robinski;    Rouget;    Sattler;   Tourneux- Hermann. — 
SMOOTH-MUSCLE:    Unna.  —  SPINAL-CHORD:    Kaiser. — SPORE- 
BEARING  BACILLI:  Neisser. — SYPHILIS  BACILLI:  Doutrelepont- 
Schiitz;    Giacomi;    Lewy;    Lustgarten. — TUBERCLE    BACILLI: 
Balmer-Fraenzel;  Benysek;  Gabbet;  Gibbs;  Koch;  Pewsner- 
Nastinkow ;       Schultz ;       Ziehl-Neelsen.  —  TYPHUS-BACILLI  : 
Kuehne. — VANADIUM  :  Wolter. 

Stannous  Chloride. — Rogers. 

Star  Anise,  Shikimi  Fruit  in. — Lenz. 


378  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Starch. — Boettger  (flour). — In  CHOCOLATE:  Wittstein. — In* 
DRUGS  and  FOOD  PRODUCTS:  Lagerheim. — SOLUTION:  Zulkow- 
sky. 

Stearin  in  Wax. — Escourt-Parry;  Geith. 

Strychnine. — Allen;  Brieger;  Davy;  Dragendorff;  Dunstan- 
Short;  Hagen;  Hager;  Horsley;  Landerer;  Lefort;  Lyon  (mix- 
ture for  extracting);  Mack;  Mandelin;  Marchand;  Mecke; 
Melzer;  Orlow-Horst;  Otto;  Strychnine;  Selmi;  Slater;  Taf el; 
Thomas;  Vitali;  Wender. — In  URINE:  Schultzen. 

Sublimate. — METHOD:  Golgi. — SOLUTION:  Fraenzel;  Heidenhain; 
Keiser;  Lee;  Van  Beneden. 

Sublimate  and  Gold  Stain. — Ziehen. 

Succinic  Acid. — Neuberg;  Papasogli-Poli. 

Sucrol. — Morpurgo ;  Wender. 

Sugar. — Gentele;  Mathieu-Plessy;  Pettenkofer;  Vidan;  Villiers- 
Fayolle. — In  GLYCERIN:  Boettger;  Hager. — In  URINE:  Arndt^ 
Cappezuoli;  Einhorn;  Eschbaum;  Fehling;  Fiebig;  Haines; 
Hoppe-Seyler ;  Jack;  Jaksch,  von-;  Johnson;  Kowarsky;. 
Leismer;  Moore;  Oliver;  Ost;  Otto;  Penzoldt;  PifTard;  Schrei- 
ber;  Schwartz;  Seegen;  Tollman;  Ventre-Pascha;  Wender. 

Sulfonal. — Ritsert;  Schwarz;  Strobel;  Vulpius. 

Sulphates  in  Urine. — Freund. 

Sulphides. — Alvarez-Jean ;  Schott. 

Sulphites. — Alvarez-Jean;  Boedecker;  Grant-Cohen. 

Sulphocarbolates. — Prescott. 

Sulphocarbonates. — Mermet. 

Sulphocyanic  Acid. — Colasanti;  Kuelz;  Munk. 

Sulphocyanides. — Boettger. 

Sulphur. — Bailey;  Brunner;  Gil;  Schoenn;  Vohl. — HYDRIDE: 
Caro;  Fischer;  Hager;  Lauth.  —  In  ILLUMINATING  GAS: 
Wartha. 

Sulphur  Compounds  in  Petroleum. — Bird. 

Sulphuretted  Hydrogen. — Caro;  Fischer;  Hager;  Lauth. 

Sulphuric  Acid. — Donath;  Thresh;  Vogel;  Wormley. — In  ALU- 
MINIUM SULPHATE:  Giesecke. — In  VINEGAR:  Nessler;  Pol- 
lacci. — In  WINE:  Liebermann. 

Sulphurous  Acid. — Girardin;  Kroupa;  Reinsch;  Schiff. — In 
URINE:  Salkowsky. 

Syntonin. — Kuehn . 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  379* 

Syphilis  Bacilli,  Staining.  —  Doutrelepont-Schiitz;  Giacomij, 
Lewy;  Lustgarten. 

Tannin. — Baemes;  Gardiner;  Gayard;  Griessmayer;  Griggi;, 
Guyard;  Hager;  Oliver;  Proctor;  Saul;  Seyda;  Vogel;  Watson;, 
Young. — In  DRUGS :  Lutz. — IN  WINE :  Carlinfanti. — SOLUTION:. 
Carnoy. 

Tarry  Matter. — Donath. — In  AMMONIA:  Kupf erschlaeger ;  Witt- 
stein. 

Tarry  Constituents  of  Lubricants  Obtained  from  Petroleum.— 
Holde. 

Tars,  Differentiating. — Hirschsohn. 

Tartaric  Acid. — Cailletet;  Chapman-Smith;  Crismer;  Fenton; 
Hager;  Mohler;  Pusch. — In  WINE:  Nessler. 

Taurine. — Lang. 

Tellurium. — Kerstal. 

Terpenes. — Unverdorben-Fanchimont. 

Test-Paper. — Boas;  Boettger;  Bourget;  Chevreuil;  Flueckiger^ 
Geissler;  Greenwalt;  Griess;  Guenzburg;  Herzberg;  Hoff- 
mann; Houzeau;  Kroupa;  Lutke;  Mann;  Merget;  Musculusj 
Oliver;  Richardson;  Schiff;  Schoenbein;  Schott;  Selle;  StahU 
Stevenin;  Uffelmann;  Weselsky;  Wurster. 

Textile  Fabrics. — Lidoff;  Liebermann;  Maugin;  Persoz;  Schloss> 
berger;  Schweitzer. 

Thalleioquin  Reaction. — Brand;  Hyde. 

Thalline. — Jaksch,  Von-;  Kotzebue;  Penzoldt;  Skraup. 

Thallium  in  Urine. — Manne*. 

Thebaine. — Mecke ;  Melzer. 

Theine. — Thompson. 

Theobromine. — Francois ;  Treumann. 

Thiophene. — Meyer. 

Thiotolene. — Laubenheimer. 

Thymol. — Hammarsten-Robbert ;  Thorns;  Vitali. — In  MENTUOL: 
Eykmann. 

Tin. — Deniges;  Dryer;  Rideal;  Rogers;  Schmatolla.. 

Tincture  Iodine,  Croton  Oil  in. — Durien. 

Tinfoil,  Lead  in. — Kopp. 

Titanium. — Jackson;  Lacroix;  Weller. 

Tolu  Balsam,  Rosin  in. — Hirschsohn. 

Tolu  Cement. — Carnoy. 


380  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Toluene . — Thorns . 

"Triacid"  Mixture.— Ehrlich. 

Trioxybenzene   (Phloroglucin). — Thorns. 

Tropaeolin. — Lunge ;  Miller. 

Tropine. — Vre  ven . 

Tubercle  Bacilli  Stain. — B aimer- Fraentzel;  Baumgarten;  Beny- 

sek;  Frankel;  Gabbet;   Gabbet-Ernst;    Gibbs;   Koch;  Koch- 

Ehrlich;  Hermann;  Kaatzer;  Pewsner-Nastinkow;  Pfuhl-Petri; 

Rindfleisch;  Weichselbaum. 
Turmeric. — In  MUSTARD:  Wilder. — In  RHUBARB:  Maisch;  Op- 

wyrda;  Wilder. 
Turpentine. — Dragendorff;  Vogel. — CEMENT:  Csoker  (or  Czoker); 

Parker. — COLOPHONY  MOUNTING  MEDIUM:  Lee. — In  COPAIVA: 

Hager. — In    ESSENTIAL    OILS:    Crismer;    Gulli;    McClellan- 

Forney;  Maier;  Merz. — SOLUTION:  Huehnefeld. 
Typhoid  and  Cholera  Bacillus  Stain. — Kuehne. 
Typhoid    and   Tubercle   Bacilli,    Diazo  Reaction  for. — Freden- 

wald-Ehrlich. 

Typhoid  Fever  Bacilli,  Extraneous  Organisms  Among. — Parietti. 
Typhoid. — Richardson;  Widal;  Widal-Gruber. — MEDIUM :  Stod- 

dart. 
Tyrosin. — Deniges;  Frerich;  Hoffmann;  Piria;  Piria-Staedeler; 

Scherer;  Udransky;  Wurster. 
Tyrotoxicon. — Vauglm-Novy. 
Unrolling  Sections. — Duval. 
Unsaponifiable  Substances  in  Fats. — Holde. 
Uranium. — Crolas-Ducker;  Kern. 
Uranium  Acetate,  Fixing  Fluid. — Schenk. 
Urates  and  Uric  Acid. — Riegler. 
Urea. — Bloxham;    Bruecke;    Claus;    Davy-Leconte;    Huefner; 

Liebig- Woehler ;  Luedy;   Musculus;  Schiff;  Smith-Chapman; 

Udransky. 
Uric  Acid. — Archetti;  Babo;  Bayrac;  Behier;  Berlin;  Bertrand; 

Deniges;  Dieterich;  Fokker;  Hopkins;  Jaksch,  von-;  Leconte; 

Magnier  de  la  Source;  Neubauer;  Riegler;  Schiff;  Schulten- 

Wetzlar;  Rudish-Boroschek ;  Schwanert;  Source;  Stadthagen. 

— In  BLOOD:  Garrod;  Luff. — In  URINARY  CALCULI:  Deniges. 
Urinary  Calculi,  Uric  Acid  in. — Deniges. 
Urinary  Deposits. — Bohland. 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  381 

Urine. — Abram  (lead);  Alpers  (albumin);  Allen  (nitrogen); 
Anstie  (alcohol) ;  Arnold  (aceto-acetic  acid) ;  Barfoed  (glucose 
and  lactose);  Baumann  (bacterial  products;  carbohydrates; 
glycerin) ;  Bayer  (acetone) ;  Bayrac  (uric  acid) ;  Binz  (quinine) ; 
Bourget  (iodides) ;  Bremer  (glucose) ;  Bretet  (glucose ;  levulose ; 
saccharose);  Bruecke  (biliary  pigments);  Carter  (indican); 
Chautard  (acetone);  Downe  (pus);  Dragendorff  (phenol); 
Drewson  (acetone);  Ebstein-Muller  (pyrocatechin) ;  Edlefsen 
(chloric  acid) ;  phenetidin) ;  Einhorn  (sugar) ;  Eiselt  (melanin) ; 
Eschbaum  (sugar) ;  Eschbach-Gawalowsky  (albumin) ;  Francis 
(biliary  acids);  Frerich  (leucin;  tyrosin);  Freund  (sulphates); 
Gallois  (inosite) ;  Gawalowsky  (albumin) ;  Gerhardt  (acetone) ; 
Grismer  (glucose);  Grocco  (creatinine) ;  Guerin  (albumin); 
albuminoids);  Hager  (albumin);  Hahnemann  (copper;  lead); 
Haines  (sugar);  Hammarsten  (caffeine;  indican;  globulin); 
Harnack  (iodine);  Haslan  (albumin);  Heintz  (potassium); 
Heller  (albumin;  indican;  urophain);  Heller-Teichmann 
(blood) ;  Heynsius  (albumin) ;  Hindenlang  (albumin) ;  Hoppe- 
Seyler  (sugar;  santonin);  Huehnefeld  (blood);  Ilimow  (albu- 
min); Jack  (sugar);  Jaffe  (indican);  Jaksch,  von-  (diacetic 
acid;  melanin;  sugar);  Jakobsohn  (epithelia);  Jaworowsky 
(albumin;  peptone);  Johnson  (sugar);  Jolles  (albumin;  iodine; 
mercury);  Joly-Pacquelin  (pyrophosphoric  acid);  Kerner 
(quinine);  Klett  (indican);  Kowarsky  (sugar);  Kuelz  (sulpho- 
cyanic  acid);  Landsberg-Wislicenus  (morphine);  Latschen- 
berger  (ammonia) ;  Lechini  (blood) ;  Leffmann ;  Legal  (acetone) 
Leismer  (sugar);  Le  Noble  (acetone);  Luchsinger  (glycerin); 
Ludwig  (mercury) ;  Lugol  (albumin) ;  Mahomed  (hemoglobin) ; 
Mai-Hilger  (coloring);  Marme  (cadmium;  thallium);  Martin 
(peptones);  Millard  (albumin);  Moore  (glucose;  sugar); 
Mueller  (hydrogen  sulphide);  Munk  (hemapheinic ;  sulpho- 
cyanic  acid);  Neubauer  (ammonia;  chloroform);  Newmann- 
Wender  (glucose;  hydroquinone ;  pyrocatechin);  Nobel  (co- 
paiva;  gurjun  oil);  Obermayer  (indican);  Ott  (bilirubin); 
Pacquelin-Joly  (pyrophosphoric  acid) ;  Patton  (globulin) ; 
Piffard  (sugar);  Petri  (kairin);  Pollacci  (albumin);  Posner 
(albumin;  peptone);  Pratesi  (glucose);  Proescher  (bilirubin); 
Proksch  (rhubarb);  Renzone  (kairin);  Quirini  (glucose); 
Raabe  (albumin);  Rabuteau  (bromic  acid;  chloric  acid); 


-382  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS. 

Rafaele  (albumin);  Ralfe  (acetone;  peptone);  Randolph 
(peptones) ;  Reichardt  (arsenic) ;  Reissner  (nucleo-albumin) ; 
Rheoch  (oxalic  acid);  Reynold  (acetone);  Reynold- 
Gunning  (acetone);  Roberts  (albumin;  glucose);  Roberts- 
Stolnikoff  albumin) ;  Roch  (albumin) ;  Roman-Delluc  (uro- 
bilin);  Rosenbach  (indigo-red);  Rossel  (blood);  Ruber  (glu- 
'cose);  Salkowsky  (peptone;  potassium;  sulphurous  acid); 
Salkowsky-Leubes  (mucin);  Sandlund  (iodine);  Schoenbein 
(nitric  acid;  nitrous  acid);  Schulz  (nitric  acid);  Schwartz 
(sugar);  Schwicker  (acetone);  Scivoletto  (hydriodic  acid); 
Seivolete  (iodine);  Senator-Lehmann  (globulin);  Siebold- 
Bradbury  (salicylic  acid);  Stevenson  (hemoglobin);  Stilling- 
fleet-Johnson  (creatinine) ;  Stock  (acetone);  Studenski 
(urobilin);  Thormaehlin  (melanin);  Teichman- Heller  (blood); 
Tre*trop  (albumin);  Vitali  (Martius'  yellow;  quinine);  Weil- 
Gilbert  (indican)  ;  Wender  (sugar)  ;  Weyl  (nitric  acid)  ; 
Wislicenus-Landsberg  (morphine) ;  Woodbury  (alcohol) ;  Yvon 
(acetanilid;  antifebrin);  Zeller  (melanin) ;  Zouchlos  (albumin). 

Urobilin  in  Urine. — Roman-Delluc;  Studenski. 

Urohematin. — Harley. 

Urophaine  in  Urine. — Heller. 

Valeraldehyde  in  Valerianic  Acid. — Finzelberg. 

Valerian  Oil. — Flueckiger. 

Valerianic  Acid,  Valeraldehyde  in. — Finzelberg. 

Vanadates,  Meta. — Werther. 

Vanadium  and  Gold  Method. — Upson. 

Vanadium  Nerve  Stain. — Wolter. 

Vapors,  Mercury,  in  Atmosphere. — Gaglio. 

Varnish,  Asphalt. — Kitton. 

Varnish  for  Mounting  Sections. — Weigert. 

Vegetable  Coloring  Matter  in  Wine. — Hertz. 

Vegetable  Fats. — Allen;  Schoenvogel;  Welmann. — In  PETRO- 
LATUM: Crouzel-Dupin. 

Vegetable  Fibers.— Frankenstein. 

Venice-Turpentine  Mounting  Medium. — Vosseler. 

Veratrine. — Ferraro ;  Mecke ;  Melzer ;  Robin ;  Schumpelitz ;  Trapp ; 
Wender;  Weppen. 

Vinegar.  —  For  CARAMEL:  Crampton-Simons. — For  COPPER: 
Hager.  —  For  MINERAL  ACIDS:  Ashley;  Chiappe;  Griggi; 


INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS.  383 

Hehner;  Jorrissen;  Mallet;  Nessler;  Pollacci;  Strohl;  Whar- 
ton;  Witz. 

Violet  Ammonia-Garb olate. — Hermann. 

Water. — Claus;  Cavalli  (alkalinity);  Dupasquier  (organic  mat- 
ter); Finkelburg  (fecal  matter);  Fleck  (ammonia);  Gottstein 
(bacteria) ;  Griess  (fecal  matter) ;  Guldensteen  (copper) ; 
Himly  (illuminating  gas);  Cazeneuve-Defournel  (nitrates); 
Marchand  (organic  matter);  Maschke  (nitrates). — ANILINE: 
Ehrlich-Weigert-Koch ;  Koch. — In  ALCOHOL:  Casoria;  De- 
brunner;  Mann;  Winkler. — In  BUTTER:  Wibel. — In  ETHER: 
Boettger;  Mann;  Napier;  Romei. — In  ESSENTIAL  OILS: 
Leuchs. — In  SPIRIT  NITROUS  ETHER:  Lloyd. — POLLUTED: 
Causse. — POTABLE:  Brantlecht;  Hager. 

Wax. — Donath  (resin) ;  Donath-Schmidt  (resin) ;  Estcourt-Parry 
(paraffin;  resin;  stearin);  Geith;  Hager. 

Wax  Feet. — Vosseler. 

Wheat  Flour. — Donny;  Wittmack. 

Wheat,  Oiled.— Himly. 

White-Lead  Cement.— Kitton. 

White-Lead  Paper.— Schott. 

Wine. — Arata  (dyes);  Brand  (abrastol);  Carpene  (tannin); 
Cazeneuve  (dyes);  Dupre'  (dyes);  Faure  (dyes);  Giessler 
(fuchsine);  Girard  (dyes);  Heise  (Kermes  coloring  matter); 
Liebermann  (sulphurous  acid);  Nessler  (citric  acid;  tartaric 
acid;  pigments);  Niviere- Hubert  (fluorides);  Pasteur- Wurtz 
(fuchsine);  Pradines  (fuchsine);  Spicea  (salicylic  acid). 

Woman's  Milk.— Umikoff. 

Wood  Fiber  in  Paper. — Friedlander;  Wolesky. 

Wood  Pulp. — Kaiser;  Molesch. 

Wool. — Jacquemin;  Jandrier  (cotton);  Liebermann;  Lidoff; 
Overbeck  (cotton);  Peltier. 

Xanthin. — Hoppe-Seyler;  Salomon;  Simon;  Strecker;  Weidel. 

Xanthoprotein. — Mulder. 

Xylene.— Thorns. 

Zinc. — Deniges;  Gayard  or  Guyard  (manganese);  Rinman; 
Stahl. 

Zymozen  of  Rennet. — Klemperer. 


SHORT-TITLE      CATALOGUE 

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Sharpe's  Art  of  Subsisting  Armies  in  War i8mo,  morocco,  i  50 


*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives ovo,  4  oo 

*  Wheeler's  Siege  Operations  and  Military  Mining 8vo,  2  'oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law lamo,  2  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  on  Military  Hygiene i6mor  i  50 

Young's  Simple  Elements  of  Navigation i6mo  morocco,  i  oo 

Second  Edition,  Enlarged  and  Revised i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 


ASSAYING. 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe. 

i2mo,  morocco,  i  30 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Miller's  Manual  of  Assaying i2mo,  i  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo»  2  oo 

Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,  3  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes i2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 


ASTRONOMY. 

Gomstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  2  50 

Craig's  Azimuth 4to,  3  50 

Doolittle's  Treatise  on  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  4  oo 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

*  Michie  and  Harlow's  Practical  Astronomy 8vo,  3  oo 

*  White's  Elements  of  Theoretical  and  Descriptive  Astronomy i2mo,  2  oo 


BOTANY. 

Davenport's  Statistical  Methods,  with  Special  Reference  to  Biological  Variation. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

Thome  and  Bennett's  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany iGmo,  2  25 

Westermaier's  Compendium  of  General  Botany.     (Schneider.) 8vo,  2  oo 


CHEMISTRY. 

kdriance's  Laboratory  Calculations  and  Specific  Gravity  Tables i2mo,  x  25 

Allen's  Tables  for  Iron  Analysis 8vo,  3  oo 

Arnold's  Compendium  of  Chemistry.     (Mandel.)     (In  preparation.) 

Austen's  Notes  for  Chemical  Students i2ino,  I  50 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder. — Nitro-cellulose,  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  J  50 

Bolton's  Quantitative  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

*  Browning's  Introduction  to  the  Rarer  Elements 8vo,  I  50 

Brush  and  Penfield's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.  (Boltwood.)  . . .   8vo,  300 

Cohn's  Indicators  and  Test-papers I2mo,  2  oo 

Tests  and  Reagents 8vo,  3  oo 

Copeland's  Manual  of  Bacteriology.     (In  preparation.) 

Craft's  Short  Course  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.  (Schaeffer.). . . .  I2mo,  I  50 

Drechsel's  Chemical  Reactions.     (Merrill. ) 12 mo,  i  25 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 


EfEront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.)  ................  8vo,  3  oo 

Erdmann's  Introduction  to  Chemical  Preparations.    '(Dunlap.)  ........  i2mo,  i  25 

Fletcher's  Practical  Instructions  in  Quantitative  Assaying  with  the  Blowpipe 

i2mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses  .................................  i2mo,  2  oo 

Fresenius's  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     (Wells.)  .........  8vo,  5  oo 

Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis.     Parti.    Descriptive.     (Wells.) 

8vo,  3  oo 

System  of  Instruction  in    Quantitative   Chemical  Analysis.     (Cohn.) 

2  vols.    (Shortly.) 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health  ................................  i2mo,  i  50 

Furman's  Manual  of  Practical  Assaying  .............................  8vo,  3  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers  ..........................  i2mo,  i  25 

Grotenfelt's  Principles  of  Modern  Dairy  Practice.     (Wo  11.)  .............  i2mo,  2  oo 

Hammarsten's  Text-book  of  Physiological  Chemistry.     (Mandel.)  .......  8vo,  4  oo 

Helm's  Principles  of  Mathematical  Chemistry.     (Morgan.)  ............  i2mo,  i  50 

Hinds's  Inorganic  Chemistry  ......................................  8vo,  3  oo 

*  Laboratory  Manual  for  Students  ...........  ,  ..................  i2mo,  75 

Holleman's  Text-book  of  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Cooper.)  .............  8vo,  2  50 

Text-book  of  Organic  Chemistry.     (Walker  and  Mott.)  ...........  .8vo,  2  50 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook  .................................  8vo,  3  oo 

Jackson's  Directions  for  Laboratory  Work  in  Physiological  Chemistry.  .8vo,  i  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron  ............................................  .....  8vo,  2  50 

Ladd's  Manual  of  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis.  .  ..................  I2mo.  i  oo 

Landauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.    (Tingle.)  ............................  8vo,  3  oo 

Lassar-Cohn's  Practical  Urinary  Analysis.     (Lorenz.)  ................  i2mo,  i  oo 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control.     (In  preparation.) 

Lob's  Electrolysis  and  Electrosynthesis  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.)  i2mo,  i  oo 

Mandel's  Handbook  for  Bio-chemical  Laboratory  ....................  i2mo,  i  50 

*  Martin's  Laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis  with  the  Blowpipe  .  .  i2mo,  60 
Mason's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Principally  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint.) 

3d  Edition,  Rewritten  ......................  .  .............  8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.)  .........  i2mo,  i  25 

Meyer's  Determination  of  Radicles  in  Carbon  Compounds.     (Tingle.).  .i2mo,  i  oo 

MiUer's  Manual  of  Assaying  ......................................  i2mo,  i  oo 

Mizter's  Elementary  Text-book  of  Chemistry  ........................  i2mo,  i  50 

Morgan's  Outline  of  Theory  of  Solution  and  its  Results  ................  i2mo,  i  oo 

Elements  of  Physical  Chemistry  .............................  ,  121110,  2  oo 

Nichols's  Water-supply.     (Considered  mainly  from  a  Chemical  and  Sanitary 

Standpoint,  1883.)  ........................................  8vo,  2  50 

O'Brine's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Chemical  Analysis  .....................  8vo,  2  oo 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores  ......................  8vo,  2  oo 

Ost  and  Kolbeck's  Text-book  of  Chemical  Technology.     (Lorenz  —  Bozart.) 
(In  preparation.) 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  50 
Pictet's  The   Alkaloids  and  their  Chemical  Constitution.      (Biddle.)      (In 


Pinner's  Introduction  to  Organic  Chemistry.     (Austen.)  ..............  i2mo,  i  50 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels  ....................................  8vo.  3  oo 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing  ....................................  8vo,  25  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air  .Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Standpoint  .  8vo,  2  oo 

Richards's  Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science  .............  i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Food  a  Study  in  Dietaries  ..............  .  ..............  I2mo,  i  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  The  Dietary  Computer  .....................  8vo,  i  50 

Ricketts  and  Russell's  Skeleton  Notes  upon  Inorganic  Chemistry.     (Part  I.  — 

Non-metallic  Elements.)  ........................  8vo,  morocco,  75 

M 


Ricketts  and  Miller's  Notes  on  Assaying 8vo,    3  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,    3  50 

Ruddiman's  Incompatibilities  in  Prescriptions 8vo,    2  oo 

Salkowski's  Physiological  and  Pathological  Chemistry.     (Orndorff.) 

(Shortly.) 


Schimpf's  Text-book  of  Volumetric  Analysis tamo, 

Essentials  of  Volumetric  Analysis i2mo, 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco, 

Handbook  for  Sugar  Manufacturers  and  their  Chemists.  .i6mo,  morocco, 


Stockbridge's  Rocks  and  Soils 8vo,        50 

*  Tillman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,        50 

*  Descriptive  General  Chemistry 8vo  3  oo 

Treadwell's  Qualitative  Analysis.     (Hall.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  '  5  oo 

Van  Deventer's  Physical  Chemistry  for  Beginners.     (Boltwood.) I2mo,  I  50 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Wells's  Laboratory  Guide  in  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 8vo,  i  50 

Short  Course  in  Inorganic  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis  for  Engineering 

Students i2mo,  I  50 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Wiechmann's  Sugar  Analysis Small  8vo.  2  59 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes 1 2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process i2mo,  i  50 

Wulling's  Elementary  Course  in  Inorganic  Pharmaceutical  and  Medical  Chem- 
istry  i2mo  2  oo 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES  AND    ROOFS.       HYDRAULICS.      MATERIALS    OF   ENGINEERING 
RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Engineers'  Surveying  Instruments i2mo,  3  oo 

Bixby's  Graphical  Computing  Table Paper  1 9*  X  24*  inches,        25 

**  Burr's  Ancient  and  Modern  Engineering  and  the  Isthmian  Canal.     (Postage , 

27  cents  additional.) 8vo,  net,  3  50 

Comstock's  Field  Astronomy  for  Engineers 8vo,  3  50 

Davis's  Elevation  and  Stadia  Tables 8vo,  I  «o 

Elliott's  Engineering  for  Land  Drainage 121110,  i  50 

Practical  Farm  Drainage 1 2010,  i  oo 

FolwelTs  Sewerage.     (Designing  and  Maintenance.) 8vo,  3  *o 

Freitag's  Architectural  Engineering.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  3  50 

French  and  Ives's  Stereotomy 8vo,  2  50 

Goodhue's  Municipal  Improvements 1 2itto,  I.  75 

Goodrich's  Economic  Disposal  of  Towns'  Refuse 8vo,  3  50 

Gore's  Elements  of  Geodesy 8vo,  2  30 

Hayford's  Text-book  of  Geodetic  Astronomy 8vo,  3  *o 

Howe's  Retaining  Walls  for  Earth I2mo,  x  35 

Johnson's  Theory  and  Practice  of  Surveying Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Statics  by  Algebraic  and  Graphic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Kiersted's  Sewage  Disposal 121110,  i  35 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.)  i2tno,  2  oo 

Mahan's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering.     (1873  )     (Wood.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Descriptive  Geometry   8vo,  i  50 

Merriman's  Elements  of  Precise  Surveying  and  Geodesy 8vo,  2  50 

Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,  2  oo 

Merriman  and  Brooks's  Handbook  for  Surveyors i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 

Nugent's  Plane  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Treatise  on  Civil  Engineering 8vo  half  leather,  7  50 

5 


Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  the  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Siebert  and  Biggin's  Modern  Stone-cutting  and  Masonry 8vo,  i  50 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Sondericker's   Graphic   Statics,  wnn   Applications   to   Trusses,  Beams,   and 

Arches 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Trautwine's  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,  6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture  8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Warren's  Stereotomy — Problems  in  Stone-cutting 8vo,  2  50 

Webb's  Problems  in  the  Use  and  Adjustment  of  Engineering  Instruments. 

i6mo,  morocco,  i  25 

*  Wheeler's  Elementary  Course  of  Civil  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 


BRIDGES  AND  ROOFS. 

Boiler's  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron  Highway  Bridges.  .8vo,  2  oo 

*         Thames  River  Bridge 4to,  paper,  5  oo 

Burr's  Course  on  the  Stresses  in  Bridges  and  Roof  Trusses,  Arched  Ribs,  and 

Suspension  Bridges 8vo,  3  50 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     VoL  II Small  4to,  10  oo 

Foster's  Treatise  on  Wooden  Trestle  Bridges 4to,  5  oo 

Fowler's  Coffer-dam  Process  for  Piers 8vo,  2  50 

Greene's  Roof  Trusses 8vo,  i  25 

Bridge  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Arches  in  Wood,  Iron,  and  Stone 8vo,  2  50 

Howe's  Treatise  on  Arches 8vo  4  oo 

Design  of  Simple  Roof-trusses  in  Wood  and  Steel 8vo,  2  oo 

Johnson,  Bryan,  and  Turneaure's  Theory  and  Practice  in  the  Designing  of 

Modern   Framed   Structures Small  4to,  10  oo 

Merriman  and  Jacoby's  Text-book  on  Roofs  and  Bridges: 

Parti. — Stresses  in  Simple  Trusses 8vo,  2  50 

Part  n. — Graphic  Statics 8vo,  2  50 

Part  III. — Bridge  Design.    4th  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  2  30 

Part  IV. — Higher  Structures 8vo,  2  50 

Morison's  Memphis  Bridge 4to,  10  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus,  a  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers. . .  i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  i  23 

Wood's  Treatise  on  the  Theory  of  the  Construction  of  Bridges  and  Roofs.Svo,  2  oo 
Wright's  Designing  of  Draw-spans: 

Part  I.  — Plate-girder  Draws 8vo,  2  50 

Part  II. — Riveted-truss  and  Pin-connected  Long-span  Draws 8vo,  2  50 

Two  parts  in  one  volume 8vo,  3  50 


HYDRAULICS. 

Bazin's  Experiments  upon  the  Contraction  of  the  Liquid  Vein  Issuing  from  an 

Orifice.     (Trautwine.) 8vo,  2  oo 

Bovey's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics 8vo,  5  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Diagrams  of  Mean  Velocity  of  Water  in  Open  Channels paper,  i  50 


Coffin's  Graphical  Solution  of  Hydraulic  Problems i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power I2mo,  3  oo 

Folwell's  Water-supply  Engineering t 8vo,  4  oo 

Frizell's  Water-power , 8vo,  5  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health izmo,  i  50 

Water-filtration  Works i2mo,  2  50 

Ganguillet  and  Kutter's  General  Formula  for  the  Uniform  Flow  of  Water  in 

Rivers  and  Other  Channels.     (Bering  and  Trautwine.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supply 8vo,  3  oo 

Hazlehurst's  Towers  and  Tanks  for  Water- works 8vo.  2  50 

Herschel's  115  Experiments  on  the  Carrying  Capacity  of  Large,  Riveted,  Metal 

Conduits 8vo,  2  oo 

Mason's    Water-supply.     (Considered    Principally   from    a    Sanitary    Stand- 
point.)    3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics,     pth  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Schuyler's   Reservoirs  for  Irrigation,   Water-power,   and   Domestic   Water- 
supply Large  8vo,  5  oo 

**  Thomas  and  Watt's  Improvement  of  Riyers.     (Post.,  44  c.  additional),  4to,  6  oo 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  5  oo 

Wegmann's  Design  and  Construction  of  Dams 4to,  5  oo 

Water-supply  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1658  to'iSgs 4to,  10  oo 

Weisbach's  Hydraulics  and  Hydraulic  Motors.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Wilson's  Manual  of  Irrigation  Engineering Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines 8vo,  a  50 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Baker's  Treatise  on  Masonry  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Roads  and  Pavements 8vo,  5  oo 

Black's  United  States  Public  Works Oblong  4to,  5  oo 

Sovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  SO 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.     6th  Edi- 
tion, Rewritten 8vo,  7  So 

Byrne's  Highway  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Inspection  of  the  Materials  and  Workmanship  Employed  in  Construction. 

i6mo,  3  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Du  Bois's  Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.  I Small  4to,  7  50 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.)     2  vols 8vo.  7  50 

Merrill's  Stones  for  Building  and  Decoration 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Text-book  on  the  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Strength  of  Materials i2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Patton's  Practical  Treatise  on  Foundations 8vo,  5  oo 

Rockwell's  Roads  and  Pavements  in  France i2mo,  i   25 

Smith's  Wire:  Its  Use  and  Manufacture Small  4to,  3  oo 

Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  i   oo 

Snow's  Principal  Species  of  Wood 8vo,  3  50 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement i2mo,  2  oo 

Text-book  on  Roads  and  Pavements i2mo,  2  oo 

7 


Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     3  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part  I. — Non-metallic  Materials  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy 8vo,  2  oo 

Part  n. — Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III. — A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction 8vo,  5  oo 

Tillson's  Street  Pavements  and  Paving  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

Waddell's  De  Pontibus.     (A  Pocket-book  for  Bridge  Engineers.) . .  i6mo,  mor.,  3  oo 

Specifications  for  Steel  Bridges i2mo,  i  25 

Wood's  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials,  and  an  Appendix  on  the  Pres- 
ervation of  Timber 8vo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings.     (Shortly.') 


RAILWAY  ENGINEERING. 

Andrews's  Handbook  for  Street  Railway  Engineers.     3X5  inches,  morocco,  i  25 

Berg's  Buildings  and  Structures  of  American  Railroads 4to,  5  oo 

Brooks's  Handbook  of  Street  Railroad  Location i6mo.  morocco,  I  50 

Butts's  Civil  Engineer's  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  2  50 

CrandalTs  Transition  Curve i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Railway  and  Other  Earthwork  Tables 8vo,  i  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.    i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 

Dredge's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad:    (1879) Paper,  5  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunneling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills,  4to,  half  mor.,    25  oo 

Fisher's  Table  of  Cubic  Yards Cardboard.  25 

Godwin's  Railroad  Engineers'  Field-book  and  Explorers'  Guide i6mo,  mor.,  2  50 

Howard's  Transition  Curve  Field-book i6mo,  morocco,  i  so 

Hudson's  Tables  for  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Em- 
bankments   8vo,  i  oo 

Molitor  and  Beard's  Manual  for  Resident  Engineers i6mo,  i  oo 

Nagle's  Field  Manual  for  Railroad  Engineers i6mo,  morocco.  3  oo 

Philbrick's  Field  Manual  for  Engineers " i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Pratt  and  Alden's  Street-railway  Road-bed 8vo,  2  oo 

Searles's  Field  Engineering i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Railroad  Spiral. i6mo,  morocco,  i  50 

Taylor's  Prismoidal  Formulae  and  Earthwork 8vo,  i  50 

*  Trautwine's  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and 

Embankments  by  the  Aid  of  Diagrams 8vo,  2  oo 

The  Field  Practice  of  [Laying    Out    Circular    Curves    for    Railroads. 

iamo,  morocco,  2  50 

*  Cross-section  Sheet Paper,  25 

Webb's  Railroad  Construction.     2d  Edition,  Rewritten i6mo.  morocco,  5  oo 

Wellington's  Economic  Theory  of  the  Location  of  Railways Small  8vo,  5  oo 


DRAWING. 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "               "                "         Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Hill's  Text-book  on  Shades  and  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I. — Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  n. — Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

8 


Mac  Cord's  Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  3  oo 

Kinematics;   or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i  50 

*  Mahan's  Descriptive  Geometry  and  Stone-cutting 8vo,  i  50 

Industrial  Drawing.    (Thompson.) 8vo,  3  50 

Reed's  Topographical  Drawing  and  Sketching 4to,  5  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design.  .8vo.  3  oo 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Manual  of  Topographical  Drawing.     (McMillan.) 8vo,  2  50 

Warren's  Elements  of  Plane  and  Solid  Free-hand  Geometrical  Drawing . .  1 2mo,  I  oo 

Drafting  Instruments  and  Operations I2mo,  i  25 

Manual  of  Elementary  Projection  Drawing I2mo,  i  50 

Manual  of  Elementary  Broblems  in  the  Linear  Perspective  of  Form  and 

Shadow i2mo,  i  oo 

Plane  Problems  in  Elementary  Geometry i2mo,  i  25 

Primary  Geometry I2mo,  75 

Elements  of  Descriptive  Geometry,  Shadows,  and  Perspective 8vo,  3  50 

General  Problems  of  Shades  and  Shadows 8vo,  3  oo 

Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  So 

Problems.  Theorems,  and  Examples  in  Descriptive  Geometry 8vo,  2  50 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  the  Power  of  Transmission.       (Hermann  and 

Klein.)  8vo,  5  oo 

Whelpley's  Practical  Instruction  in  the  Art  of  Letter  Engraving i2mo,  2  oo 

Wilson's  Topographic  Surveying 8vo,  3  50 

Free-hand  Perspective 8vo,  a  50 

Free-hand  Lettering 8vo,  I  oo 

Woolf' s  Elementary  Course  in  Descriptive  Geometry Large  8vo,  3  oo 

ELECTRICITY  AND  PHYSICS. 

Anthony  and  Brackett's  Text-book  of  Physics.     (Magie.) Small  8vo,  3  oo 

Anthony's  Lecture-notes  on  the  Theory  of  Electrical  Measurements lamo,  i  oo 

Benjamin's  History  of  Electricity 8vo,  3  oo 

Voltaic  Cell 8vo,  3  oo 

Classen's  Quantitative  Chemical  Analysis  by  Electrolysis.    (Boltwood.).  .8vo,  3  oo 

Crehore  and  Sauier's  Polarizing  Photo-chronograph 8vo,  3  oo 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  ,i6mo,  morocco,  5  oo 
Dolezalek's    Theory    of    the    Lead    Accumulator.     (Storage  Battery.) 
(Shortly.)     (Von  Ende.) 

Duhem's  Thermodynamics  and  Chemistry.     (Burgess.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dvnamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Giioert's  De  Magnete.     (Mottelay.) 8vo,  2  50 

Hanchett's  Alternating  Currents  Explained.     (Shortly.) 

Holman's  Precision  of  Measurements 8vo,  2  oo 

Telescopic  Mirror-scale  Method,  Adjustments,  and  Tests.    .  .    Large  8vo,  75 

Lanaauer's  Spectrum  Analysis.    (Tingle.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.  (Boudouard — .burgess.  )i2mo,  3  oo 

Lob's  Electrolysis  and  Electrosynthesis  of  Organic  Compounds.  (Lorenz.)  12010,  i  oo 

*  Lyons's  Treatise  on  Electromagnetic  Phenomena.     Vo Is.  I.  and  II.  bvo,  each,  6  oo 

*  Michie.     Elements  of  Wave  Motion  Relating  to  Sound  and  Light 8vo .  4  oo 

Niaudet's  Elementary  Treatise  on  Electric  Batteries.     (Fishoack. ) i2mo,  2  50 

*  Parshall  and  Hobart's  Electric  Generators Small  4to.  half  morocco,  10  oo 

*  Rosenberg's  Electrical  Engineering.    (Haldane  Gee — Kinzbrunner.).  . .  .8vo,  i  50 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery.     Vol.  1 8vo,  2  50 

Thurston's  Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2l$o 

*  Tollman's  Elementary  Lessons  in  Heat 8vo,  i  50 

9 


Tory  and  Pitcher's  Manual  of  Laboratory  Physics.  * Small  8vo,    2  oo 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,    3  oo 

LAW. 

*  Davis's  Elements  of  Law 8vo,    2  50 

*  Treatise  on  the  Military  Law  of  United  States 8vo,    7  oo 

*  Sheep,    7  50 

Manual  for  Courts-martial i6mo,  morocco,    i  50 

Wait's  Engineering  and  Architectural  Jurisprudence 8vo,    6  oo 

Sheep,  6  50 

Law  of  Operations  Preliminary  to  Construction  in  Engineering  and  Archi- 
tecture      8vo,  5  oo 

Sheep,  5  50 

Law  of  Contracts 8vo,  3  oo 

Winthrop's  Abridgment  of  Military  Law i2mo,  2  50 

MANUFACTURES. 

Bernadou's  Smokeless  Powder — Nitro-cellulose  and  Theory  of  the  Cellulose 

Molecule i2mo,  2  50 

Holland's  Iron  Founder i2mo,  2  50 

"  The  Iron  Founder,"  Supplement i2mo,  2  50 

Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry  Terms  Used  in  the 

Practice  of  Moulding i2mo,  3  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Effront's  Enzymes  and  their  Applications.     (Prescott.) 8vo,  3  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i8mo,  i  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Hopkins's  Oil-chemists'  Handbook 8vo,  3  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 
Control.     (In  preparation.} 

Metcalf's  Steel    A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  2  oo 

Metcalfe's  Cost  of  Manufactures  —And  the  Administration    of   Workshops, 

Public  and  Private 8vo,  5  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

*  Reisig's  Guide  to  Piece-dyeing 8vo,  25  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Wire:  Its  Use  and  Manufacture Small  4to,  3  oo 

Spalding's  Hydraulic  Cement i2mo,  2  oo 

Spencer's  Handbook  for  Chemists  of  Beet-sugar  Houses i6mo,  morocco,  3  oo 

Handbook  lor  sugar  Manufacturers  and  their  Chemists..  .  i6mo,  morocco,  2  oo 
Thurston's  Manual  of  Steam-boilers,  their  Designs,  Construction  and  Opera- 
tion  8vo,  5  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

West's  American  Foundry  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Moulder's  Text-book i2mo,  2  50 

Wiechmann's  Sugar  Analysis. Small  8vo,  2  50 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Woodbury's  Fire  Protection  of  Mills 8vo,  2  50 

MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's  Elliptic  Functions 8vo,    i   50 

*  Bass's  Elements  of  Differential  Calculus 1 2mo,    4  oo 

Briggs's  Elements  of  Plane  Analytic  Geometry lamo,    i   oo 

10 


50 
50 
50 
25 

75 
50 


Compton's  Manual  of  Logarithmic  Computations i2mo, 

Davis's  Introduction  to  the  Logic  of  Algebra. 8vo, 

*  Dickson's  College  Algebra Large  i2mo, 

*  Introduction  to  the  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations   Large  i2mo, 

Halsted's  Elements  of  Geometry 8vo, 

Elementary  Synthetic  Geometry 8vo, 

Rational  Geometry.     (Shortly.') 

*  Johnson's  Three-place  Logarithmic  Tables:    Vest-pocket  size paper,  15 

100  copies  for  5  oo 

*  Mounted  on  heavy  cardboard,  8  X  to  inches,  25 

10  copies  for  2  oo 

Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus Small  8vo,  i  50 

Curve  Tracing  in  Cartesian  Co-ordinates i2mo,  i  oo 

Treatise  on  Ordinary  and  Partial  Differential  Equations Small  8vo,  3  50 

Theory  of  Errors  and  the  Method  of  Least  Squares 12010,  i  50 

*  Theoretical  Mechanics i2mo,  3  oo 

Laplace's  Philosophical  Essay  on  Probabilities.     (Truscott  and  Emory.)  i2mo,  2  oo 

*  Ludlow  and  Bass.     Elements  of  Trigonometry  and  Logarithmic  and  Other 

Tables 8vo,  3  oo 

Trigonometry  and  Tables  published  separately Each,  2  oo 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman  and  Woodward's  Higher  Mathematics 8vo,  5  oo 

Merriman's  Method  of  Least  Squares 8vo,  2  oo 

Rice  and  Johnson's  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Differential  Calculus .  Sm.,  8vo,  3  oo 

Differential  and  Integral  Calculus.     2  vols.  in  one Ginall  8vo,  2  50 

Wood's  Elements  of  Co-ordinate  Geometry 8vo,  2  oo 

Trigonometry:  Analytical,  Plane,  and  Spherical i2mo,  i  oo 


MECHANICAL   ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING,  STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Baldwin's  Steam  Heating  for  Buildings I2mo,  2  50 

Barr's  Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

*  Bartlett's  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  3  oo 

*  "  "  "        Abridged  Ed 8vo,  i  50 

Benjamin's  Wrinkles  and  Recipes i2mo,  2  oo 

Carpenter's  Experimental  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Heating  and  Ventilating  Buildings 8vo,  4  oo 

Gary's  Smoke  Suppression  in  Plants  using  Bituminous  Coal.      (In  prep- 
aration.) 

Clerk's  Gas  and  Oil  Engine Small  8vo,  4  oo 

Coolidge's  Manual  of  Drawing 8vo,    paper,  x  oo 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing i2mo,  i  50 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulieys 12010,  i  50 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers  and  the  Measurement  of  Power 121110,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

Gill's  Gas  and  Fuel  Analysis  for  Engineers I2mo,  i  25 

Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Button's  The  Gas  Engine 8vo,  5  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part   I. — Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i  50 

Part  II. — Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineer's  Pocket-book i6mo,    morocco,  5  oo 

Kerr's  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

MacCord's  Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism 8vo,  5  oo 

Mechanical  Drawing 4to,  4  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams 8vo,  i   50 

11 


Mahan's  Industrial  Drawing.    (Thompson.) Svo,  3  5<> 

Poole's  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels 8vo,  3  oo 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo.  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design.  .8vo.  3  oo 

Richards's  Compressed  Air I2mo,  i  50 

•Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Treatise  on   Friction   and    Lost  Work  in    Machinery   and  Miil 

Work 8vo,  300 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics .  i2mo,  x  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8<ro,  75° 

Weisbach's  Kinematics  and  the  Power  of  Transmission.      Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.).  .8vo,  500 

HydrauLcs  and  Hydraulic  Motors.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Wolff's  Windmill  as  a  Prime  Mover 8vo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Turbines...  8vo,  2  50 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGINEERING. 

Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Burr's  Elasticity  and  Resistance  of  the  Materials  of  Engineering.     6th  Edition, 

Reset 8vo.  7  SO 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Johnson's  Materials  of  Construction Large  8vo,  6  oo 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  2  50 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

Martens's  Handbook  on  Testing  Materials.     (Henning.) 8vo,  7  50 

Merriman's  Text-book  on  the  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  bo 

Strength  of  Materals I2mo,  i  oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo  2  oo 

Smith's  Wire:   Its  Use  and  Manufacture Small  4to,  3  oo 

Materials  of  Machines I2mo  i  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering 3  vols  ,  Svo,  8  oo 

Part   II. — Iron  and  Steel Svo,  3  50 

Part  III. — A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents Svo  2  so 

Text-book  of  the  Materials  of  Construction Svo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Treatise  on  the  Resistance  of  Materials  and  an  Appendix  on  the 

Preservation  of  Timber Svo,  2  oo 

Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics Svo,  3  oo 

Wood's  Rustless  Coatings.     (Shortly.) 


STEAM-ENGINES  AND  BOILERS. 

Carnot's  Reflections  on  the  Motive  Power  of  Heat.     (Thurston.) lamo,  I  50 

Dawson's  "Engineering"  and  Electric  Traction  Pocket-book.  .i6mo,  mor.,  5  oo 

Ford's  Boiler  Making  for  Boiler  Makers i8mo,  i  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks Svo,  2  oo 

Hemenway's  Indicator  Practice  and  Steam-engine  Economy i2mo,  a  oo 

Button's  Mechanical  Engineering  of  Power  Plants Svo,  5  oo 

Heat  and  Heat-engines Svo,  5  oo 

Kent's  Steam-bo'ler  Economy Svo,  4  oo 

Kneass's  Practice  and  Theory  of  the  Injector Svo  i  50 

MacCord's  Slide-valves Svo,  2  oo 

Meyer's  Modern  Locomotive  Construction 4to,  10  oo 

12 


Peabody's  Manuai  of  the  Steam-engine  Indicator 12 mo,  i  50 

Tables  of  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  and  Other  Vapors 8vo,  i  oo 

Thermodynamics  of  the  Steam-engine  and  Other  Heat-engines 8vo»  5  oo 

Valve-gears  for  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Peabody  and  Miller's  Steam-boilers 8vo,  4  oo 

Pray'g  Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator Large  8vo,  2  50 

Pupln's  Thermodynamics  of  Reversible  Cycles  in  Gases  and  Saturated  Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) i2mo,  i  25 

Reagan's  Locomotives :  Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Rontgen's  Principles  of  Thermodynamics.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Sinclair's  Locomotive  Engine  Running  and  Management I2mo,  2  oo 

Smart's  Handbook  of  Engineering  Laboratory  Practice i2mo,  2  50 

Snow's  Steam-boiler  Practice 8vo,  3  oo 

Spangler's  Valve-gears 8vo,  2  50 

Notes  on  Thermodynamics I2mo,  i  oo 

Spangler.  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Handy  Tables 8vo.  i   50 

Manual  of  the  Steam-engine 2  vols.,  8vo,  10  oo 

Part  I. — History  Structuce,  and  Theory 8vo,  6  oo 

Part  H. — Design,  Construction,  and  Operation 8vo,  6  oo 

Handbook  of  Engine  and  Boiler  Trials,  and  the  Use  of  the  Indicator  and 

the  Prony  Brake 8vo,  5  o» 

Stationary  Steam-engines 8vo,  2  50 

Steam-boiler  Explosions  in  Theory  and  in  Practice i2mo  i   50 

Manual  of  Steam-boiler? ,  Their  Designs,  Construction,  and  Operation .  8vo,  5  oo 

Weisbach's  Heat,  Steam,  a   I  Steam-engines.     (Du  Bois.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Whitham's  Steam-engine  1  asign 8vo,  5  oo 

Wilson's  Treatise  on  Steam-boilers.     (Flather.) i6mo,  2  SO 

Wood's  Thermodynamics.  Heat  Motors,  and  Refrigerating  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 


MECHANICS    AND  MACHINERY. 

Barr's  Kinematics  ot  machinery. 8vo,  2  50 

Bovey's  Strength  of  Materials  and  Theory  of  Structures 8vo,  7  50 

Chase's  The  Art  of  Pattern-making I2mo,  2  50 

Chordal. — Extracts  from  Letters   i2mo,  2  oo 

Church's  Mechanics  of  Engineering 8vo,  6  oo 

Notes  and  Examples  in  Mechanics 8vo,  2  oo 

Compton's  First  Lessons  in  Metal-working I2mo,  i  50 

Compton  and  De  Groodt's  The  Speed  Lathe I2mo,  i  50 

Cromwell's  Treatise  on  Toothed  Gearing I2mo,  i  30 

Treatise  on  Belts  and  Pulleys i2mo,  i  50 

Dana's  Text-book  of  Elementary  Mechanics  for  the  Use  of  Colleges  and 

Schools i2mo,  i  50 

Dingey's  Machinery  Pattern  Making izmo,  2  oo 

Dredge's  Record  of  the  Transportation  Exhibits  Building  of  the  World's 

Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  half  morocco,  5  oo 

Du  Bois's  Elementary  Principles  of  Mechanics : 

VoL     I. — Kinematics 8vo,  3  50 

Vol    H.— Statics 8vo,  4  oo 

Vol.  III. — Kinetics 8vo,  3  50 

Mechanics  of  Engineering.     Vol.    I Small  4to,  7  50 

Vol.  II Small  4to,    10  oo 

Durley's  Kinematics  of  Machines 8vo,  4  oo 

Fitzgerald's  Boston  Machinist i6mo,  I  oo 

Flather's  Dynamometers,  and  the  Measurement  of  Power i2mo,  3  oo 

Rope  Driving i2mo,  2  oo 

Goss's  Locomotive  Sparks 8vo,  2  oo 

13 


Hall's  Car  Lubrication i2mo,  i  oo 

Holly's  Art  of  Saw  Filing , i8mo,  75 

*  Johnson's  Theoretical  Mechanics I2mo,  3  oo 

Statics  by  Graphic  and  Algebraic  Methods 8vo,  2  oo 

Jones's  Machine  Design: 

Part  I. — Kinematics  of  Machinery 8vo,  i   50 

Part  II. — Form,  Strength,  and  Proportions  of  Parts 8vo,  3  oo 

KBIT'S  Power  and  Power  Transmission 8vo,  2  oo 

Lanza's  Applied  Mechanics 8vo,  7  50 

MacCord's  Kinematics;  or,  Practical  Mechanism  8vo,  5  oo 

Velocity  Diagrams  8vo,  i  50 

Maurer's  Technical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Merriman's  Text-book  on  the  Mechanics  of  Materials 8vo,  4  oo 

*  Michie's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  4  oo 

Reagan's  Locomotives:  Simple,  Compound,  and  Electric i2mo,  2  50 

Reid's  Course  in  Mechanical  Drawing 8vo,  2  oo 

Text-book  of  Mechanical  Drawing  and  Elementary  Machine  Design.  .8vo,  3  oo 

Richards's  Compressed  Air. i2mo,  i  50 

Robinson's  Principles  of  Mechanism 8vo,  3  oo 

Ryan,  Norris,  and  Hoxie's  Electrical  Machinery 8vo,  2  50 

Sinclair's  Locomotive-engine  Running  and  Management i2mo,  2  oo 

Smith's  Press-working  of  Metals 8vo,  3  oo 

Materials  of  Machines i2mo,  i  oo 

Spangler,  Greene,  and  Marshall's  Elements  of  Steam-engineering 8vo,  3  oo 

Thurston's  Treatise  on  Friction  and  Lost  Work  in  Machinery  and  Mill 

Work 8vo,  3  oo 

Animal  as  a  Machine  and  Prime  Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics.  i2mo,  i  oo 

Warren's  Elements  of  Machine  Construction  and  Drawing 8vo,  7  50 

Weisbach's    Kinematics    and    the  Power  of    Transmission.     (Herrmann — 

Klein.) 8vo,  5  oo 

Machinery  of  Transmission  and  Governors.     (Herrmann — Klein.). 8vo,  5  oo 

Wood's  Elements  of  Analytical  Mechanics 8vo,  3  oo 

Principles  of  Elementary  Mechanics .i2mo,  i  25 

Turbines 8vo,  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893 4to,  i  oo 

METALLURGY. 

Egleston's  Metallurgy  of  Silver,  Gold,  and  Mercury: 

Vol.   I. — Silver 8vo,  7  50 

Vol.   II. — Gold  and  Mercury 8vo,  7  50 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  9  cents  additional.) i2mo,  50 

Keep's  Cast  Iron 8vo,  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  50 

Le  Chatelier's  High-temperature  Measurements.   (Boudouard — Burgess.) .  i2mo,      oo 

Metcalf's  Steel.     A  Manual  for  Steel-users i2mo,  oo 

Smith's  Materials  of  Machines I2mo,  oo 

Thurston's  Materials  of  Engineering.     In  Three  Parts 8vo,  8  oo 

Part   II. — Iron  and  Steel 8vo,  3  50 

Part  III. — A  Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes,  and  Other  Alloys  and  their 

Constituents 8vo,  2  50 

Ulke's  Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining 8vo,  3  oo 

MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's  Description  of  Minerals  of  Commercial  Value.     Oblong,  morocco,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  2  oo 

14 


Brush's  Manual  of  Determinative  Mineralogy.     (Penfield.) 8vo,  4  oo 

Chester's  Catalogue  of  Minerals 8vo,  paper,  i  oo 

Cloth,  i  25 

Dictionary  of  the  Names  of  Minerals 8vo,  3  50 

Dana's  System  of  Mineralogy Large  8vo,  half  leather,  12  50 

First  Appendix  to  Dana's  New  "System  of  Mineralogy.". . .  .Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Text-book  of  Mineralogy 8vo,  4  oo 

Minerals  and  How  to  Study  Them. . . : 12010,  i  50 

Catalogue  of  American  Localities  of  Minerals Large  8vo,  i  oo 

Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Petrography I2mo,  2  oo 

Eakle's  Mineral  Tables.     (Shortly.) 

Egleston's  Catalogue  of  Minerals  and  Synonyms 8vo,  2  50 

Hussak's  The  Determination  of  Rock-forming  Minerals.     (Smith.)  Small  8vo,  2  oo 

Merrill's  Non-Metallic  Minerals.     (Shortly.) 

*  Penfield's  Notes  on  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Record  of  Mineral  Tests. 

8vo,  paper,  o  50 
Rosenbusch's   Microscopical   Physiography   of   the    Rock-making    Minerals. 

(Iddings.) 8vo,  5  oo 

*  Tillman's  Text-book  of  Important  Minerals  and  Docks 8vo,  2  oo 

Williams's  Manual  of  Lithology 8vo,  3  oo 


MINING. 

Beard's  Ventilation  of  Mines I2mo,  2  50 

Boyd's  Resources  of  Southwest  Virginia 8vo,  3  oo 

Map  of  Southwest  Virginia Pocket-book  form,  2  oo 

*  Drinker's  Tunneling,  Explosive  Compounds,  and  Rock  Drills. 

4to,  half  morocco,    25  oo 

Eissler's  Modern  High  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Fowler's  Sewage  Works  Analyses i2mo,  2  oo 

Goodyear's  Coal-mines  of  the  Western  Coast  of  the  United  States i2mo,  2  50 

Ihlseng's  Manual  of  Mining 8vo,  4  oo 

**  Iles's  Lead-smelting.     (Postage  pc.  additional  ) 121110,  2  50 

Kunhardt's  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing  in  Europe 8vo,  i  50 

O'Driscoll's  Notes  on  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores 8vo,  2  oo 

*  Walke's  Lectures  on  Explosives 8vo,  4  oo 

Wilson's  Cyanide  Processes I2mo,  i  50 

Chlorination  Process I2mo,    i  50 

Hydraulic  and  Placer  Mining I2mo,    2  oo 

Treatise  on  Practical  and  Theoretical  Mine  Ventilation I2mo     i  25 


SANITARY  SCIENCE. 

Copeland's  Manual  of  Bacteriology.     (In  preparation.) 

FolwelTs  Sewerage.     (Designing,  Construction   and  Maintenance.; 8vo,  3  oo 

Water-supply  Engineering 8vo,  4  oo 

Fuertes's  Water  and  Public  Health I2mo,  i  50 

Water-filtration   Works I2mo,  2  50 

Gerhard's  Guide  to  Sanitary  House-inspection i6mo,  i  oo 

Goodrich's  Economical  Disposal  of  Town's  Refuse Demy  8vo,  3  50 

Hazen's  Filtration  of  Public  Water-supplies 8vo,  3  oo 

Kiersted's  Sewage  Disposal I2mo,  i  23 

Leach's  The  Inspection  and  Analysis  of  Food  with  Special  Reference  to  State 

Control.     (In  preparation.) 

Mason's    Water-supply.     (Considered    Principally    from    a    Sanitary    Stand- 
point.)    3d  Edition,  Rewritten 8vo,  4  oo 

Examination  of  Water.     (Chemical  and  Bacteriological.) 121110,  i  25 

15 


Merriman's  Elements  of  Sanitary  Engineering 8vo,  2  oo 

Nichols's  Water-supply.     (Considered  Mainly  from  a  Chemical  and  Sanitary 

Standpoint.)     (1883.) 8vo,  2  50 

Ogden's  Sewer  Design i2mo,  2  oo 

*  Price's  Handbook  on  Sanitation i2mo,  i  50 

Richards's  Cost  of  Food.     A  Study  in  Dietaries   i2mo,  i  oo 

Cost  of  Living  as  Modified  by  Sanitary  Science izmo,  i  oo 

Richards  and  Woodman's  Air,  Water,  and  Food  from  a  Sanitary  Stand- 
point   8vo,  2  oo 

*  Richards  and  Williams's  The  Dietary  Computer . .8vo,  i  50 

Rideal's  Sewage  and  Bacterial  Purification  of  Sewage 8vo,  3  50 

Turneaure  and  Russell's  Public  Water-supplies Svo,  5  oo 

Whipple's  Microscopy  of  Drinking-water 8vo,  3  50 

Woodhull's  Notes  and  Military  Hygiene i6mo,  I  50 

MISCELLANEOCFS. 

Barker's  Deep-sea  Soundings Svo,  2  oo 

Emmons's  Geological  Guide-book  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Excursion  of  the 

International  Congress  of  Geologists Large  Svo,  i  50 

Ferrel's  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Winds Svo,  4  oo 

Haines's  American  Railway  Management I2mo,  2  50 

Mott's  Composition,  Digestibility,  and  Nutritive  Value  of  Food.   Mounted  chart,  i  25 

Fallacy  of  the  Present  Theory  of  Sound. i6mo,  i  oo 

Ricketts's  History  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,  1824-1894.  Small  Svo,  3  oo 

Rotherham's  Emphasized  New  Testament ._.  Large  Svo,  2  oo 

Steel's  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Dog Svo,  3  50 

Totten's  Important  Question  in  Metrology : Svo,  2  50 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  ot  1893 , 4to,  i  oo 

Worcester  and  Atkinson.     Small  Hospitals,  Establishment  and  Maintenance, 
and  Suggestions  for  Hospital  Architecture,  with  Plans  for  a  Small 

Hospital 121110,  i  25 

HEBREW  AND  CHALDEE   TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language Svo,  3  oo 

Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar i2mo,  i  25 

Hebrew  Chrestomathy Svo,  2  oo 

Gesenius's  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  Lexicon  to  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small  4to,  half  morocco,  5   oo 

Letteris's  Hebrew  Bible 8vo,  2  25 

16 


o 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


15 


6 


IAY  8  1922 


NOV  17  1856  I 


30m-l,'15 


